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Dheda K, Mirzayev F, Cirillo DM, Udwadia Z, Dooley KE, Chang KC, Omar SV, Reuter A, Perumal T, Horsburgh CR, Murray M, Lange C. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:22. [PMID: 38523140 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the foremost cause of death by an infectious disease globally. Multidrug-resistant or rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB; resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid, or rifampicin alone) is a burgeoning public health challenge in several parts of the world, and especially Eastern Europe, Russia, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Pre-extensively drug-resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) refers to MDR/RR-TB that is also resistant to a fluoroquinolone, and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) isolates are additionally resistant to other key drugs such as bedaquiline and/or linezolid. Collectively, these subgroups are referred to as drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). All forms of DR-TB can be as transmissible as rifampicin-susceptible TB; however, it is more difficult to diagnose, is associated with higher mortality and morbidity, and higher rates of post-TB lung damage. The various forms of DR-TB often consume >50% of national TB budgets despite comprising <5-10% of the total TB case-load. The past decade has seen a dramatic change in the DR-TB treatment landscape with the introduction of new diagnostics and therapeutic agents. However, there is limited guidance on understanding and managing various aspects of this complex entity, including the pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, management and prevention of MDR-TB and XDR-TB, especially at the primary care physician level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Fuad Mirzayev
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Maria Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Zarir Udwadia
- Department of Pulmonology, Hinduja Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Kelly E Dooley
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kwok-Chiu Chang
- Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Shaheed Vally Omar
- Centre for Tuberculosis, National & WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anja Reuter
- Sentinel Project on Paediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tahlia Perumal
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - C Robert Horsburgh
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Murray
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU-TB, Borstel, Germany
- Respiratory Medicine & International Health, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Paediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Liu Y, Tan Y, Wei G, Lu Z, Liu Y, Yang B, Hui AM, Li K. Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of pretomanid in healthy Chinese adults: Results of a phase I single dose escalation study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2022; 73-74:102132. [PMID: 35595003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of pretomanid (formerly PA-824) in healthy Chinese volunteers. This was a single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I dose escalation study, in which healthy volunteers were consecutively allocated to increasing pretomanid dose groups (50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, or 1000 mg) and randomized to receive pretomanid or matching placebo. The primary objective was to evaluate the safety, tolerability and PK profile of pretomanid. In total, 306 volunteers were screened, and 60 were assigned to treatment (pretomanid: n = 46, placebo: n = 14) of whom 83.3% were male, age ranged from 19 to 39 years and BMI ranged from 19.2 to 25.9 kg/m2. At least one adverse event (AE) was reported by 67.4% of subjects assigned to pretomanid and 50.0% of those who received placebo, there were no serious AEs or AEs leading to withdrawal. Drug-related events that occurred in ≥5% of participants assigned to pretomanid were proteinuria (26.1%), insignificant microscopic hematuria (15.2%), conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (6.5%), hyperbilirubinemia (6.5%) and elevated uric acid (6.5%). No relationship between pretomanid dose and AEs was observed. In the PK analysis (n = 46), maximum pretomanid plasma concentration was reached in a median of 4 h in all dose groups except 800 mg (12 h) and the plasma half-life ranged from 20.2 to 25.2 h. No dose proportionality was observed for maximum plasma concentration, or area under the plasma concentration curve. In conclusion, single pretomanid doses from 50 to 1000 mg were well tolerated in healthy Chinese participants and the PK profile was generally consistent with findings in non-Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Global R&D Center, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development, Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wei
- Global R&D Center, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development, Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifei Lu
- Global R&D Center, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development, Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yazhou Liu
- Shenyang Hongqi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Shenyang Hongqi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenyang, China
| | - Ai-Min Hui
- Global R&D Center, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development, Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kexin Li
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Beijing, China.
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Bruning-Barry R, Ambroso JL, Dillberger J, Yang TJ. Toxicity and toxicokinetic assessment of an anti-tubercular drug pretomanid in cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:927-936. [PMID: 35864921 PMCID: PMC9294187 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pretomanid is a nitroimidazooxazine antimycobacterial drug that was approved in more than 10 countries as part of a three-drug, all oral regimen, consisting of bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid (BPaL) for 6-months treatment of adults with pulmonary extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) or with complicated forms of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The toxicological profile of pretomanid was thoroughly evaluated in repeat-dose oral toxicity studies up to 39 weeks long in cynomolgus monkeys. Exposures up to 10-fold higher than in humans at the approved pretomanid dose (200 mg) were achieved in acute studies allowing for characterization of dose-limiting toxicity. Target organs and processes identified in acute and chronic toxicity studies included QT prolongation, nervous system effects, and liver effects (minimal hepatocellular hypertrophy without elevations in liver enzymes). In a 13-week study, no cataracts were present at the end of dosing, but 2 of 12 monkeys had cataracts at the end of a 13-week recovery period. No cataracts related to pretomanid administration were observed in subsequent 13-week or 39-week studies. No male reproductive toxicity was observed in these studies. No-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) were identified in all studies. Exposures at the NOAELs equaled, or exceeded, human exposure at the approved pretomanid dose with the exception of female monkeys in a 39-week chronic toxicity study. These data support the use of pretomanid as part of the 6-month BPaL regimen for treating XDR-TB and MDR-TB.
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Pretomanid for tuberculosis treatment: an update for clinical purposes. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100128. [PMID: 36105740 PMCID: PMC9461242 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic determined a 10 years-set back in tuberculosis (TB) control programs. Recent advances in available therapies may help recover the time lost. While Linezolid (LZD) and Bedaquiline (BDQ), previously Group D second line drugs (SLDs) for TB, have been relocated to Group A, other drugs are currently being studied in regimens for drug resistant TB (DR-TB). Among these, Pretomanid (PA), a recently introduced antimycobacterial drug derived from nitroimidazole with both solid bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect, and with an excellent effectiveness and tolerability profile, is in the spotlight. Following promising data obtained from recently published and ongoing randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the World Health Organization (WHO) determined to include PA in its guidelines for the treatment of rifampicin-resistant (RR), multi drug resistant (MDR) and pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) with BDQ, LZD and Moxifloxacine (MFX) in a 6-month regimen. Although further studies on the subject are needed, PA may also represent a treatment option for drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB), latent TB infection (LTBI) and non tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). This narrative review aims to examine current implementation options and future possibilities for PA in the never-ending fight against TB.
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