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Martínez AG, Siehl HU, de la Moya S, Gómez PC. Easy and accurate computation of energy barriers for carbocation solvation: an expeditious tool to face carbocation chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31012-31019. [PMID: 37938916 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03544a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
An expeditious procedure for the challenging computation of the free energy barriers (ΔG≠) for the solvation of carbocations is presented. This procedure is based on Marcus Theory (MT) and the popular B3LYP/6-31G(d)//PCM method, and it allows the easy, accurate and inexpensive prediction of these barriers for carbocations of very different stability. This method was validated by the fair mean absolute error (ca. 1.5 kcal mol-1) achieved in the prediction of 19 known experimental barriers covering a range of ca. 50 kcal mol-1. Interestingly, the new procedure also uses an original method for the calculation of the required inner reorganization energy (Λi) and free energy of reaction (ΔG). This procedure should pave the way to face computationally the pivotal issue of carbocation chemistry and could be easily extended to any bimolecular organic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Siehl
- Abteilung Organische Chemie I, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Alee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Santiago de la Moya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro C Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Bigelow JO, England J, Klein JEMN, Farquhar ER, Frisch JR, Martinho M, Mandal D, Münck E, Shaik S, Que L. Oxoiron(IV) Tetramethylcyclam Complexes with Axial Carboxylate Ligands: Effect of Tethering the Carboxylate on Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:3287-3301. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer O. Bigelow
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jason England
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Johannes E. M. N. Klein
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Erik R. Farquhar
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Frisch
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marlène Martinho
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Debasish Mandal
- Institute of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva
Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eckard Münck
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva
Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lawrence Que
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Ramanan R, Dubey KD, Wang B, Mandal D, Shaik S. Emergence of Function in P450-Proteins: A Combined Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical and Molecular Dynamics Study of the Reactive Species in the H2O2-Dependent Cytochrome P450SPα and Its Regio- and Enantioselective Hydroxylation of Fatty Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6786-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Ramanan
- Institute of Chemistry and
the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Institute of Chemistry and
the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Binju Wang
- Institute of Chemistry and
the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Debasish Mandal
- Institute of Chemistry and
the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and
the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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4
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Guthrie JP, Wu YY, Bannister AR, Peiris S, Povar I, Wilson EA, Wang Q. Rate constants for formation of bisulfite addition compounds: an examination in terms of No Barrier Theory. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of the rates of sulfite addition to carbonyl compounds. This reaction is useful in separating compounds (aldehydes react more extensively than ketones, thus becoming water soluble) because the reaction is readily reversible. Although the reaction is mainly by addition of sulfite dianion, the equilibrium is much more favorable for the addition of bisulfite to give a monoanionic adduct. It is also of interest because bisulfite addition is very favorable; thus, we are dealing with a very strong nucleophile. This work demonstrates that No Barrier Theory can calculate rates for good nucleophiles (cyanide and now sulfite) as well as poor nucleophiles such as water. It has been necessary to develop good ways to handle the anionic tetrahedral adducts (in the case of sulfite as nucleophile, dianionic), which tend to break down in the gas phase unless explicitly solvated, and modified procedures for crowded transition states to allow for some relief of steric congestion while maintaining the essential definition of the distorted species resulting from bond formation without geometry change.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Peter Guthrie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yin-Yin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | | | - Sriyawathie Peiris
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Igor Povar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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5
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Usharani D, Lacy DC, Borovik AS, Shaik S. Dichotomous hydrogen atom transfer vs proton-coupled electron transfer during activation of X-H bonds (X = C, N, O) by nonheme iron-oxo complexes of variable basicity. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17090-104. [PMID: 24124906 PMCID: PMC3876471 DOI: 10.1021/ja408073m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT)/proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reactivity for Fe(IV)-oxo and Fe(III)-oxo complexes (1-4) that activate C-H, N-H, and O-H bonds in 9,10-dihydroanthracene (S1), dimethylformamide (S2), 1,2-diphenylhydrazine (S3), p-methoxyphenol (S4), and 1,4-cyclohexadiene (S5). In 1-3, the iron is pentacoordinated by tris[N'-tert-butylureaylato)-N-ethylene]aminato ([H3buea](3-)) or its derivatives. These complexes are basic, in the order 3 ≫ 1 > 2. Oxidant 4, [Fe(IV)N4Py(O)](2+) (N4Py: N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine), is the least basic oxidant. The DFT results match experimental trends and exhibit a mechanistic spectrum ranging from concerted HAT and PCET reactions to concerted-asynchronous proton transfer (PT)/electron transfer (ET) mechanisms, all the way to PT. The singly occupied orbital along the O···H···X (X = C, N, O) moiety in the TS shows clearly that in the PCET cases, the electron is transferred separately from the proton. The Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle does not account for the observed reactivity pattern, as evidenced by the scatter in the plot of calculated barrier vs reactions driving forces. However, a plot of the deformation energy in the TS vs the respective barrier provides a clear signature of the HAT/PCET dichotomy. Thus, in all C-H bond activations, the barrier derives from the deformation energy required to create the TS, whereas in N-H/O-H bond activations, the deformation energy is much larger than the corresponding barrier, indicating the presence of a stabilizing interaction between the TS fragments. A valence bond model is used to link the observed results with the basicity/acidity of the reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandamudi Usharani
- Institute of Chemistry and the Lise-Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David C. Lacy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - A. S. Borovik
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and the Lise-Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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Guthrie JP, Yim JCH, Wang Q. Hydration of nitriles: an examination in terms of No Barrier Theory. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Peter Guthrie
- Department of Chemistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ont. Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Jacky C.-H. Yim
- Department of Chemistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ont. Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ont. Canada N6A 5B7
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Wang X, Fang X, Xiao H, Gong D, Yang X, Wu F. A new and direct route to 3-fluoromethyl substituted pyrazol-4-acrylates via Pd-catalyzed C–H activation. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mayr H, Breugst M, Ofial AR. Farewell to the HSAB treatment of ambident reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6470-505. [PMID: 21726020 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) proved to be useful for rationalizing stability constants of metal complexes. Its application to organic reactions, particularly ambident reactivity, has led to exotic blossoms. By attempting to rationalize all the observed regioselectivities by favorable soft-soft and hard-hard as well as unfavorable hard-soft interactions, older treatments of ambident reactivity, which correctly differentiated between thermodynamic and kinetic control as well as between different coordination states of ionic substrates, have been replaced. By ignoring conflicting experimental results and even referring to untraceable experimental data, the HSAB treatment of ambident reactivity has gained undeserved popularity. In this Review we demonstrate that the HSAB as well as the related Klopman-Salem model do not even correctly predict the behavior of the prototypes of ambident nucleophiles and, therefore, are rather misleading instead of useful guides. An alternative treatment of ambident reactivity based on Marcus theory will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany.
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Guthrie JP. No barrier theory and the origins of the intrinsic barrier. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386047-7.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Weng CM, Hong FE. Density functional studies on diimine chelated palladium complex catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction: the impact of Lewis base employed in transmetallation process. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6458-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10233h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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van Zeist WJ, Bickelhaupt FM. The activation strain model of chemical reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3118-27. [PMID: 20490400 DOI: 10.1039/b926828f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we provide an account of the activation strain model of chemical reactivity and its recent applications. In this model, the potential energy surface DeltaE(zeta) along the reaction coordinate zeta is decomposed into the strain DeltaE(strain)(zeta) of the increasingly deformed reactants plus the interaction DeltaE(int)(zeta) between these deformed reactants, i.e., DeltaE(zeta) = DeltaE(strain)(zeta) + DeltaE(int)(zeta). The purpose of this fragment-based approach is to arrive at a qualitative understanding, based on accurate calculations, of the trends in activation barriers and transition-state geometries (e.g., early or late along the reaction coordinate) in terms of the reactants' properties. The usage of the activation strain model is illustrated by a number of concrete applications, by us and others, in the fields of catalysis and organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem-Jan van Zeist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Osuna SÃ, Houk K. Cycloaddition Reactions of Butadiene and 1,3-Dipoles to Curved Arenes, Fullerenes, and Nanotubes: Theoretical Evaluation of the Role of Distortion Energies on Activation Barriers. Chemistry 2009; 15:13219-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Guthrie JP, Povar I. A test of various computational solvation models on a set of “difficult” organic compounds. CAN J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Various dielectric continuum models in Gaussian 03, based on the SCRF approach, PCM, CPCM, DPCM, IEFPCM, IPCM, and SCIPCM, have been tested on a set of 54 highly polar, generally polyfunctional compounds for which experimental solvation energies are available. These compounds span a range of 13 kcal/mol in ΔGt. The root-mean-square (RMS) errors for the full set of compounds range from 2.48 for DPCM to 1.77 for IPCM. For each method, classes of compounds which were not handled well could be identified. If these classes of compounds were omitted, the performance improved, and ranged from 1.58 (PCM, 39 compounds) to 1.02 (IPCM, 42 compounds). Models in the PCM family (PCM, CPCM, DPCM, and IEFPCM) with the recommended UAHF or UAKS sets of radii rely on a highly parameterized definition of the solvent cavity. Where this parameterization was inadequate, the calculated solvation energies were less reliable. This has been demonstrated by devising a new parameterization for PCM and halogen compounds, which markedly improves performance for polyhalogen compounds. The effective radius for the portion of the cavity centered on a halogen atom was assumed to be linear in the electron-withdrawing or -donating properties of the rest of the molecule as measured by Hammett σ (for halogens on aromatic rings) or Taft σ* (for halogens on aliphatic carbons). This new parameterization for PCM was tested on a set of 45 aliphatic and 22 aromatic polyhalogen compounds and shown to do well. IPCM, which was already the best of the methods in Gaussian, can be considerably improved by a parameterization to allow for cavitation, dispersion, and hydrogen bonding. A large set of compounds was used for the parameterization to have multiple examples for each parameter and as far as possible to have molecules with multiple instances of each structural feature. In the end, 15 parameters were found to be defined by the data for 241 compounds. With this parameter set, the RMS error for the set used for fitting was 0.81 kcal/mol, and the RMS error for the original set of 54 compounds was 0.85. With this new parameterization, IPCM is clearly the best of the methods available in Gaussian 03.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Peter Guthrie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Igor Povar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Schaller HF, Tishkov AA, Feng X, Mayr H. Direct Observation of the Ionization Step in Solvolysis Reactions: Electrophilicity versus Electrofugality of Carbocations. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:3012-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0765464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heike F. Schaller
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Alexander A. Tishkov
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany
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Legault CY, Garcia Y, Merlic CA, Houk KN. Origin of regioselectivity in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of polyhalogenated heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12664-5. [PMID: 17914827 DOI: 10.1021/ja075785o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Y Legault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Berger STA, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Inverse Solvent Effects in Carbocation Carbanion Combination Reactions: The Unique Behavior of Trifluoromethylsulfonyl Stabilized Carbanions. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:9753-61. [PMID: 17636911 DOI: 10.1021/ja072135b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Second-order rate constants for the reactions of the trifluoromethylsulfonyl substituted benzyl anions 1a-e (CF3SO2CH(-)-C6H4-X) with the benzhydrylium ions 2f-j and structurally related quinone methides 2a-e have been determined by UV-vis spectroscopy. The reactions proceed approximately 10-40 times faster in methanol than in DMSO leading to the unique situation that these carbocation carbanion combinations are faster in protic than in dipolar aprotic media. The pK(a) values of some benzyl trifluoromethylsulfones were determined in methanol (1c-H, 17.1; 1d-H, 16.0; 1e-H, 15.0) and found to be 5 units larger than the corresponding values in DMSO. Rate and equilibrium measurements thus agree that the trifluoromethylsulfonyl substituted benzyl anions 1a-e are more effectively solvated by ion-dipole interactions in DMSO than by hydrogen bonding in methanol. Brønsted correlations show that in DMSO the trifluoromethylsulfonyl substituted carbanions 1 are less nucleophilic than most other types of carbanions of similar basicity, indicating that in DMSO the intrinsic barriers for the reactions of the localized carbanions 1 are higher than those of delocalized carbanions, including nitroalkyl anions. The situation is reversed in methanol, where the reactions of the localized carbanions 1 possess lower intrinsic barriers than those of delocalized carbanions as commonly found for proton-transfer processes. As a consequence, the relative magnitudes of intrinsic barriers are strongly dependent on the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan T A Berger
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
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