1
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Rogati GMA, Capecci C, Fazio E, Serroni S, Puntoriero F, Campagna S, Guidoni L. Molecular Modelling and Simulations of Light-Harvesting Decanuclear Ru-Based Dendrimers for Artificial Photosynthesis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103310. [PMID: 34752652 PMCID: PMC9299829 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The structure of a decanuclear photo- and redox-active dendrimer based on Ru(II) polypyridine subunits, suitable as a light-harvesting multicomponent species for artificial photosynthesis, has been investigated by means of computer modelling. The compound has the general formula [Ru{(μ-dpp)Ru[(μ-dpp)Ru(bpy)2 ]2 }3 ](PF6 )20 (Ru10; bpy=2,2'-bipyridine; dpp=2,3-bis(2'-pyridyl)pyrazine). The stability of possible isomers of each monomer was investigated by performing classical molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics (QM) simulations on each monomer and comparing the results. The number of stable isomers is reduced to 36 with a prevalence of MER isomerism in the central core, as previously observed by NMR experiments. The simulations on decanuclear dendrimers suggest that the stability of the dendrimer is not linked to the stability of the individual monomers composing the dendrimer but rather governed by the steric constrains originated by the multimetallic assembly. Finally, the self-aggregation of Ru10 and the distribution of the counterions around the complexes is investigated using Molecular Dynamics both in implicit and explicit acetonitrile solution. In representative examples, with nine and four dendrimers, the calculated pair distribution function for the ruthenium centers suggests a self-aggregation mechanism in which the dendrimers are approaching in small blocks and then aggregate all together. Scanning transmission electron microscopy complements the investigation, supporting the formation of different aggregates at various concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna M. A. Rogati
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Scienze dell'Informazione e MatematicaUniversità dell'AquilaVia Vetoio 2, Coppito67100L'AquilaItaly
| | - Chiara Capecci
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Scienze dell'Informazione e MatematicaUniversità dell'AquilaVia Vetoio 2, Coppito67100L'AquilaItaly
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di Roma La SapienzaPiazzale Aldo Moro, 500185RomaItaly
| | - Enza Fazio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della TerraUniversità di MessinaPiazza Pugliatti, 198122MessinaItaly
| | - Scolastica Serroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed AmbientaliUniversità di MessinaPiazza Pugliatti, 198122MessinaItaly
| | - Fausto Puntoriero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed AmbientaliUniversità di MessinaPiazza Pugliatti, 198122MessinaItaly
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed AmbientaliUniversità di MessinaPiazza Pugliatti, 198122MessinaItaly
| | - Leonardo Guidoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e ChimicheUniversità dell'AquilaVia Vetoio, 2, Coppito67100L'AquilaItaly
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2
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Palo A, La Ganga G, Nastasi F, Guelfi M, Bortoluzzi M, Pampaloni G, Puntoriero F, Campagna S, Marchetti F. Unsymmetrical Dinuclear Ru
II
Complexes with Bridging Polydentate Nitrogen Ligands as Potential Water Oxidation Catalysts. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Palo
- Università di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Ganga
- Università di Messina Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Interuniversitary Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (SOLAR-CHEM) Via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Francesco Nastasi
- Università di Messina Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Interuniversitary Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (SOLAR-CHEM) Via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Massimo Guelfi
- Università di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Ca' Foscari Università di Venezia Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi Via Torino 155 30170 Mestre (VE) Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Università di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Fausto Puntoriero
- Università di Messina Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Interuniversitary Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (SOLAR-CHEM) Via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Università di Messina Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Interuniversitary Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (SOLAR-CHEM) Via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Università di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
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Bondareva JV, Evlashin SA, Lukin OV. Sulfonimide-Based Dendrimers: Progress in Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2987. [PMID: 33333758 PMCID: PMC7765173 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than 50 families of dendrimers, and some of which, such as polyamidoamine PAMAM, are well studied, and some are just starting to attract the attention of researchers. One promising type of dendrimers is sulfonimide-based dendrimers (SBDs). To date, SBDs are used in organic synthesis as starting reagents for the convergent synthesis of higher generations dendrimers, in materials science as alternative electrolyte solutions for fuel cells, and in medicinal chemistry as potential substances for drug transfer procedures. Despite the fact that most dendrimers are amorphous substances among the SBDs, several structures are distinguished that are prone to the formation of crystalline solids with melting points in the range of 120-250 °C. Similar to those of other dendrimers, the chemical and physical properties of SBDs depend on their outer shell, which is formed by functional groups. To date, SBDs decorated with end groups such as naphthyl, nitro, methyl, and methoxy have been successfully synthesized, and each of these groups gives the dendrimers specific properties. Analysis of the structure of SBD, their synthesis methods, and applications currently available in the literature reveals that these dendrimers have not yet been fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V. Bondareva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Stanislav A. Evlashin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Oleg V. Lukin
- Life Chemicals Inc., 5 Murmanskaya St., 02660 Kiev, Ukraine;
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4
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de Palo A, La Ganga G, Nastasi F, Guelfi M, Bortoluzzi M, Pampaloni G, Puntoriero F, Campagna S, Marchetti F. Ru(ii) water oxidation catalysts with 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine and tris(pyrazolyl)methane ligands: assembly of photo-active and catalytically active subunits in a dinuclear structure. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:3341-3352. [PMID: 32103210 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04815d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two mononuclear Ru(ii) complexes, i.e. [RuCl(κ3N-terpy)(κ2N-dpp)]PF6 ([1]PF6; terpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine; dpp = 2,3-bis(2'-pyridyl-pyrazine) and [RuCl(κ3N-tpm)(κ2N-dpp)]Cl ([2]Cl; tpm = tris(1-pyrazolyl)methane), and one dinuclear complex, i.e. [Ru2Cl(κ3N-tpm)(μ-κ2N:κ2N-dpp)Ru(κ2N-bpy)2][PF6]3 ([3][PF6]3; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), have been synthesized and their water oxidation catalytic properties have been investigated. A combined DFT and experimental (35Cl NMR and conductivity measurements) study aimed to elucidate the nature of [1]+ and [2]+ in aqueous solution has also been performed, indicating that one water molecule is allowed to enter the first coordination sphere of [2]+ in the ground state, replacing one tpm nitrogen. Conversely, in the case of [1]+, water coordination, assumed to be needed for the water oxidation process, presumably occurs following the oxidation of the metal. For all complexes, a catalytic wave has been detected in acetonitrile/water 1 : 1 (v/v) solution in the range 1.4-1.7 V vs. SCE. In all cases, water oxidation (investigated at pH < 8) takes place initially via a proton-coupled two-electron, two-proton process with the formation of an Ru(iv)[double bond, length as m-dash]O moiety, followed by one electron oxidation and water nucleophilic attack. The TON and TOF values (within the range of 16-33 and 1.3-2.2 h-1, respectively) of the complexes are higher than those of the benchmark [Ru(LLL)(LL)(OH2)]2+-type species (LLL and LL are tridentate and bidentate polypyridine ligands, respectively), which is [Ru(terpy)(bpm)(OH2)]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice de Palo
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
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5
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Puntoriero F, Serroni S, La Ganga G, Santoro A, Galletta M, Nastasi F, La Mazza E, Cancelliere AM, Campagna S. Photo‐ and Redox‐Active Metal Dendrimers: A Journey from Molecular Design to Applications and Self‐Aggregated Systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Puntoriero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (Chibiofaram) Università di Messina Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Fotosintesi Artificiale (SOLAR‐CHEM, sede di Messina) Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Scolastica Serroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (Chibiofaram) Università di Messina Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Ganga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (Chibiofaram) Università di Messina Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (Chibiofaram) Università di Messina Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Maurilio Galletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (Chibiofaram) Università di Messina Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Francesco Nastasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (Chibiofaram) Università di Messina Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Fotosintesi Artificiale (SOLAR‐CHEM, sede di Messina) Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Emanuele La Mazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (Chibiofaram) Università di Messina Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Ambra M. Cancelliere
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (Chibiofaram) Università di Messina Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (Chibiofaram) Università di Messina Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Fotosintesi Artificiale (SOLAR‐CHEM, sede di Messina) Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
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6
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Arrigo A, Puntoriero F, La Ganga G, Campagna S, Burian M, Bernstorff S, Amenitsch H. Aggregation-Induced Energy Transfer in a Decanuclear Os(II)/Ru(II) Polypyridine Light-Harvesting Antenna Dendrimer. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Floris B, Donzello MP, Ercolani C, Viola E. The chameleon-like coordinating ability of 2,3-di(pyridyl)pyrazine-type ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Manbeck GF, Fujita E, Brewer KJ. Tetra- and Heptametallic Ru(II),Rh(III) Supramolecular Hydrogen Production Photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7843-7854. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F. Manbeck
- Chemistry
Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry
Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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9
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Artificial, molecular-based light-harvesting antenna systems made of metal dendrimers and multibodipy species. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Cadranel A, Tate JE, Oviedo PS, Yamazaki S, Hodak JH, Baraldo LM, Kleiman VD. Distant ultrafast energy transfer in a trimetallic {Ru-Ru-Cr} complex facilitated by hole delocalization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:2882-2893. [PMID: 28074958 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06562g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multi-metallic complexes based on {Ru-Cr}, {Ru-Ru} and {Ru-Ru-Cr} fragments are investigated for their light-harvesting and long-range energy transfer properties. We report the synthesis and characterization of [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(μ-CN)Ru(py)4Cl]2+ and [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(μ-CN)Ru(py)4(μ-NC)Cr(CN)5]. The intercalation of {RuII(py)4} linked by cyanide bridges between {Ru(tpy)(bpy)} and {Cr(CN)5} results in efficient, distant energy transfer followed by emission from the Cr moiety. Characterization of the energy transfer process based on photophysical and ultrafast time-resolved absorption suggests the delocalization of holes in the excited state, providing a pathway for energy transfer between the end moieties. The proposed mechanism opens the door to utilize this family of complexes as an appealing platform for the design of antenna compounds as the properties of the fragments could be tuned independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cadranel
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Inorgánica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina.
| | - Jaired E Tate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO BOX 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
| | - Paola S Oviedo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Inorgánica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina.
| | - Shiori Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO BOX 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
| | - José H Hodak
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Inorgánica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina.
| | - Luis M Baraldo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Inorgánica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina.
| | - Valeria D Kleiman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO BOX 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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11
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Wächtler M, Kübel J, Barthelmes K, Winter A, Schmiedel A, Pascher T, Lambert C, Schubert US, Dietzek B. Energy transfer and formation of long-lived 3MLCT states in multimetallic complexes with extended highly conjugated bis-terpyridyl ligands. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2350-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04447b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multimetallic complexes with extended conjugated ligands show efficient energy transfer to the lowest excited states and prolonged Fe(ii) 3MLCT lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Joachim Kübel
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
| | - Kevin Barthelmes
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
| | | | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
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12
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Troian-Gautier L, Moucheron C. RutheniumII complexes bearing fused polycyclic ligands: from fundamental aspects to potential applications. Molecules 2014; 19:5028-87. [PMID: 24759069 PMCID: PMC6270827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19045028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we first discuss the photophysics reported in the literature for mononuclear ruthenium complexes bearing ligands with extended aromaticity such as dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (DPPZ), tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3'',2''-h:2''',3'''-j]-phenazine (TPPHZ), tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3'',2''-h:2''',3'''-j]acridine (TPAC), 1,10-phenanthrolino[5,6-b]1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene (PHEHAT) 9,11,20,22-tetraaza- tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3'',2''-l:2''',3'''-n]pentacene (TATPP), etc. Photophysical properties of binuclear and polynuclear complexes based on these extended ligands are then reported. We finally develop the use of binuclear complexes with extended π-systems for applications such as photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP160/08, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP160/08, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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13
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Iengo E, Cavigli P, Gamberoni M, Indelli MT. A Selective Metal-Mediated Approach for the Efficient Self-Assembling of Multi-Component Photoactive Systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Vallett PJ, Damrauer NH. Experimental and Computational Exploration of Ground and Excited State Properties of Highly Strained Ruthenium Terpyridine Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6489-507. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404248z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Vallett
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
United States
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
United States
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15
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Rank M, Zabel M, Winter RF. Pyridine vs. Bipyridine Coordination in PtCl2Complexes of 4-tButyl-4'-(4-pyridinyl)-2, 2'-bipyridine. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Berardi S, La Ganga G, Puntoriero F, Sartorel A, Campagna S, Bonchio M. Photo-induced water oxidation: New photocatalytic processes and materials. PHOTOCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734882-00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
New progress towards artificial photosynthetic methods and solar fuels will depend on the discovery of highly robust multi-electron catalysts and materials enabling light-activated water splitting with high quantum efficiency and low overpotential, thus mimicking the natural process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Berardi
- ITM-CNR and Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Ganga
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica Università di Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell’Energia Solare (Sezione di Messina) Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Fausto Puntoriero
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica Università di Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell’Energia Solare (Sezione di Messina) Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- ITM-CNR and Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica Università di Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell’Energia Solare (Sezione di Messina) Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- ITM-CNR and Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova Italy
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17
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Wächtler M, Guthmuller J, González L, Dietzek B. Analysis and characterization of coordination compounds by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Verma S, Kar P, Banerjee T, Das A, Ghosh HN. Sequential Energy and Electron Transfer in Polynuclear Complex Sensitized TiO2 Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:1543-1548. [PMID: 26285635 DOI: 10.1021/jz3005305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polynuclear-polypyridyl complexes exhibit a directional energy-transfer property that can improve their photosensitization activity. In the present work, the energy-transfer process is explored in a trinuclear Ru2(∧)Os1 complex using transient absorption spectroscopy. This study reveals an efficient excitation energy transfer from the terminal (Ru(II) complex) to the core (Os(II) complex) region in the ultrafast time domain (400 fs-40 ps). The excitation energy funnel is useful in improving the functionalized core activity. This is evidenced in an interfacial electron-transfer study of Ru2(∧)Os1, Ru2(∧)Ru1, and Os1 complex sensitized TiO2 nanoparticle (TiO2 NP) systems. The intramolecular energy transfer causes sequential excitation of the core part of the Ru2(∧)Os1 complex, which leads to multiexponential electron injection into TiO2 NP. Besides this, the electronic coupling between the metal ion centers stabilizes the positive charge within the trinuclear complex, which results in a slow charge recombination reaction. This study shows that polynuclear complexes can be very useful for their panchromatic effects, unidirectional energy- and electron-transfer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Verma
- †Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Prasenjit Kar
- ‡Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Tanmay Banerjee
- ‡Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Amitava Das
- ‡Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- †Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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Puntoriero F, Sartorel A, Orlandi M, La Ganga G, Serroni S, Bonchio M, Scandola F, Campagna S. Photoinduced water oxidation using dendrimeric Ru(II) complexes as photosensitizers. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Iengo E, Pantoş GD, Sanders JKM, Orlandi M, Chiorboli C, Fracasso S, Scandola F. A fully self-assembled non-symmetric triad for photoinduced charge separation. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00520g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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21
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Balzani V, Bergamini G, Ceroni P. Photochemistry and photophysics of metal complexes with dendritic ligands. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385904-4.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Artificial Photosynthesis Challenges: Water Oxidation at Nanostructured Interfaces. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 303:121-50. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Puntoriero F, Nastasi F, Campagna S, Bura T, Ziessel R. Vectorial Photoinduced Energy Transfer Between Boron-Dipyrromethene (Bodipy) Chromophores Across a Fluorene Bridge. Chemistry 2010; 16:8832-45. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nastasi F, Puntoriero F, Campagna S, Olivier JH, Ziessel R. Hybrid complexes: Pt(ii)-terpyridine linked to various acetylide-bodipy subunits. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7392-402. [DOI: 10.1039/c003789c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Dendritic polyallyl and polyferrocenyl bipyridine ligands: Synthesis, MALDI-TOF characterization and ruthenium(II) complexation studies. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Velayudham M, Rajkumar M, Rajagopal S, Ramamurthy P. Synthesis, characterization, electrochemical and photophysical properties of bimetallic complexes of rhenium(I) and osmium(II). Polyhedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Henry W, Coates CG, Brady C, Ronayne KL, Matousek P, Towrie M, Botchway SW, Parker AW, Vos JG, Browne WR, McGarvey JJ. The Early Picosecond Photophysics of Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes: A Tale of Two Timescales. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:4537-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711873s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Henry
- National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K., Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Colin G. Coates
- National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K., Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clare Brady
- National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K., Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kate L. Ronayne
- National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K., Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pavel Matousek
- National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K., Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Towrie
- National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K., Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stanley W. Botchway
- National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K., Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony W. Parker
- National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K., Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. Vos
- National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K., Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K., Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John J. McGarvey
- National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, U.K., Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sharma S, Singh SK, Pandey DS. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: potential precursors, metalloligands, and topo II inhibitors. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:1179-89. [PMID: 18171055 DOI: 10.1021/ic701518e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutral and cationic mononuclear complexes containing both group 15 and polypyridyl ligands [Ru(kappa3-tptz)(PPh3)Cl2] [1; tptz=2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine], [Ru(kappa3-tptz)(kappa2-dppm)Cl]BF4 [2; dppm=bis(diphenylphosphino)methane], [Ru(kappa3-tptz)(PPh3)(pa)]Cl (3; pa=phenylalanine), [Ru(kappa3-tptz)(PPh3)(dtc)]Cl (4; dtc=diethyldithiocarbamate), [Ru(kappa3-tptz)(PPh3)(SCN)2] (5) and [Ru(kappa3-tptz)(PPh3)(N3)2] (6) have been synthesized. Complex 1 has been used as a metalloligand in the synthesis of homo- and heterodinuclear complexes [Cl2(PPh3)Ru(micro-tptz)Ru(eta6-C6H6)Cl]BF4 (7), [Cl2(PPh3)Ru(mu-tptz)Ru(eta6-C10H14)Cl]PF6 (8), and [Cl2(PPh3)Ru(micro-tptz)Rh(eta5-C5Me5)Cl]BF4 (9). Complexes 7-9 present examples of homo- and heterodinuclear complexes in which a typical organometallic moiety [(eta6-C6H6)RuCl]+, [(eta6-C10H14)RuCl]+, or [(eta5-C5Me5)RhCl]+ is bonded to a ruthenium(II) polypyridine moiety. The complexes have been fully characterized by elemental analyses, fast-atom-bombardment mass spectroscopy, NMR (1H and 31P), and electronic spectral studies. Molecular structures of 1-3, 8, and 9 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Complex 1 functions as a good precursor in the synthesis of other ruthenium(II) complexes and as a metalloligand. All of the complexes under study exhibit inhibitory effects on the Topoisomerase II-DNA activity of filarial parasite Setaria cervi and beta-hematin/hemozoin formation in the presence of Plasmodium yoelii lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, U.P., India
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Abstract
Energy is the most important issue of the 21st century. About 85% of our energy comes from fossil fuels, a finite resource unevenly distributed beneath the Earth's surface. Reserves of fossil fuels are progressively decreasing, and their continued use produces harmful effects such as pollution that threatens human health and greenhouse gases associated with global warming. Prompt global action to solve the energy crisis is therefore needed. To pursue such an action, we are urged to save energy and to use energy in more efficient ways, but we are also forced to find alternative energy sources, the most convenient of which is solar energy for several reasons. The sun continuously provides the Earth with a huge amount of energy, fairly distributed all over the world. Its enormous potential as a clean, abundant, and economical energy source, however, cannot be exploited unless it is converted into useful forms of energy. This Review starts with a brief description of the mechanism at the basis of the natural photosynthesis and, then, reports the results obtained so far in the field of photochemical conversion of solar energy. The "grand challenge" for chemists is to find a convenient means for artificial conversion of solar energy into fuels. If chemists succeed to create an artificial photosynthetic process, "... life and civilization will continue as long as the sun shines!", as the Italian scientist Giacomo Ciamician forecast almost one hundred years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Balzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Larsen J, Puntoriero F, Pascher T, McClenaghan N, Campagna S, Åkesson E, Sundström V. Extending the Light-Harvesting Properties of Transition-Metal Dendrimers. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:2643-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Stagni S, Orselli E, Palazzi A, De Cola L, Zacchini S, Femoni C, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Zanarini S. Polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes with tetrazolate-based chelating ligands. Synthesis, reactivity, and electrochemical and photophysical properties. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:9126-38. [PMID: 17902649 DOI: 10.1021/ic7011556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we report the synthesis, the chemical and photophysical characterization, and the study of the reactivity toward electrophiles of two mononuclear complexes of the type [Ru(bpy)2L]+ (bpy is 2,2'-bipyridyl), in which L is represented by the deprotonated form of 2-(1,H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridine (L1) or 2-(1,H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrazine (L2). The 1H and 13C NMR experiments that were performed on complexes RuL1 and RuL2 allowed us to establish that the tetrazolate moiety is bonded to the metal center via the N-1 nitrogen, while the coplanar arrangement adopted by the coordinated ligand upon coordination and the consequent interannular conjugation effect accounts for the unexpectedly low field resonance of the tetrazole carbon. The 13C NMR spectroscopy is also of fundamental importance to determine the chemo- and regioselectivity of the addition of a methyl group to RuL1 and RuL2, which takes place at the N-3 nitrogen of the five-membered ring. All these features were confirmed by the X-ray diffraction structures of RuL1 and of the methylated compounds RuL1Me and RuL2Me. Relative to these latter complexes, the presence of a methyl moiety does not cause any distortion from coplanarity of the coordinated tetrazolates. The redox properties of the complexes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and indicated a quite different behavior between the pyrazinyl-tetrazolate and the pyridyl-tetrazolate complexes as the consequence of the higher electron-withdrawing character of the pyrazine ring. The study of the photophysical properties of the complexes also shows a significant diversity between the luminescent RuL1 and the rather poorly emissive RuL2. Interestingly, the methylated compounds RuL1Me and RuL2Me display radiative excited-state decays with longer lifetimes than their precursors; this feature indicates that methylation is a useful reaction for the tuning of the light emission performances of similar tetrazolate complexes. The synthesis and the characterization of a novel dinuclear complex of type [(bpy)2Ru-L3-Ru(bpy)2]2+, Ru(L3)Ru, where L3 is the bis-anion derived from bis-2,3-(1,H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrazine, is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stagni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna, Italy.
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Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Fontanesi C, Fioravanti G, Zanarini S. Electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry of polypyridine ligands: A theoretical approach. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Puntoriero F, Nastasi F, Cavazzini M, Quici S, Campagna S. Coupling synthetic antenna and electron donor species: A tetranuclear mixed-metal Os(II)–Ru(II) dendrimer containing six phenothiazine donor subunits at the periphery. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Balzani V, Bergamini G, Ceroni P, Vögtle F. Electronic spectroscopy of metal complexes with dendritic ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bergamini G, Ceroni P, Maestri M, Lee SK, van Heyst J, Vögtle F. Cyclam cored luminescent dendrimers as ligands for Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Browne WR, Passaniti P, Gandolfi MT, Ballardini R, Henry W, Guckian A, O’Boyle N, McGarvey JJ, Vos JG. Probing inter-ligand excited state interaction in homo and heteroleptic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes using selective deuteriation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Melnikov SM, Yeow EKL, Uji-i H, Cotlet M, Müllen K, De Schryver FC, Enderlein J, Hofkens J. Origin of Simultaneous Donor−Acceptor Emission in Single Molecules of Peryleneimide−Terrylenediimide Labeled Polyphenylene Dendrimers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:708-19. [PMID: 17249814 DOI: 10.1021/jp0655625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Förster type resonance energy transfer (FRET) in donor-acceptor peryleneimide-terrylenediimide dendrimers has been examined at the single molecule level. Very efficient energy transfer between the donor and the acceptor prevent the detection of donor emission before photobleaching of the acceptor. Indeed, in solution, on exciting the donor, only acceptor emission is detected. However, at the single molecule level, an important fraction of the investigated individual molecules (about 10-15%) show simultaneous emission from both donor and acceptor chromophores. The effect becomes apparent mostly after photobleaching of the majority of donors. Single molecule photon flux correlation measurements in combination with computer simulations and a variety of excitation conditions were used to determine the contribution of an exciton blockade to this two-color emission. Two-color defocused wide-field imaging showed that the two-color emission goes hand in hand with an unfavorable orientation between one of the donors and the acceptor chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Melnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Miao R, Mongelli MT, Zigler DF, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. A Multifunctional Tetrametallic Ru−Pt Supramolecular Complex Exhibiting Both DNA Binding and Photocleavage. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:10413-5. [PMID: 17173387 DOI: 10.1021/ic061252p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new tetrametallic supramolecular complex, [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2Ru(dpp)PtCl2](PF6)6 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine), has been prepared and characterized. This supramolecular assembly is multifunctional, forming coordinate covalent bonds to DNA through its cis-PtCl2 moiety and photocleaving DNA through its Ru polypyridine chromophores. Electronic absorption spectroscopy shows ligand-based pi-->pi* transitions in the UV with Ru-based metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions throughout much of the visible. The Ru-->dpp CT transitions center at 542 nm (eta = 35 000 M-1 cm-1). This complex has a HOMO localized on peripheral Ru with E(1/2)oxd = 1.58 V vs Ag/AgCl, and a LUMO based on the mu-dpp connecting Ru and Pt, E(1/2)red = -0.40 V. Gel electrophoresis analysis shows the tetrametallic coordinates to pUC18 DNA and, when excited with visible light, cleaves DNA through an oxygen-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Miao
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
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Bergamini G, Ceroni P, Balzani V, Villavieja MDM, Kandre R, Zhun I, Lukin O. A Photophysical Study of Terphenyl Core Oligosulfonimide Dendrimers Exhibiting High Steady-State Anisotropy. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:1980-4. [PMID: 16900563 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of three dendrimers containing a p-terphenyl core with appended sulfonimide branches of different size and n-octyl chains have been investigated in dichloromethane solution. In the dendrimer absorption spectra contributions from both the branches and the core are clearly identified. The fluorescence spectra show only the characteristic fluorescence of the terphenyl unit. Energy transfer from the appended chromophoric groups to the core does not occur. In the dendrimers, the terphenyl core exhibits a very high fluorescence quantum yield (ca. 0.75) and a short emission lifetime (0.8 ns). These properties allowed investigations of the fluorescence depolarization caused by rotation of the dendrimers. The dendrimers show a very high steady-state anisotropy in dichloromethane solution at room temperature (0.24 for the largest one), compared to that of the parent terphenyl under the same experimental conditions (<0.01) and in rigid matrix (0.33). Both the n-octyl chains and the sulfonimide branches play important roles to slow down the molecular rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bergamini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Mongelli MT, Brewer KJ. Synthesis and study of the light absorbing, redox and photophysical properties of Ru(II) and Os(II) complexes of 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline containing the polyazine bridging ligand 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Cifuentes MP, Powell CE, Morrall JP, McDonagh AM, Lucas NT, Humphrey MG, Samoc M, Houbrechts S, Asselberghs I, Clays K, Persoons A, Isoshima T. Electrochemical, Spectroelectrochemical, and Molecular Quadratic and Cubic Nonlinear Optical Properties of Alkynylruthenium Dendrimers1. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:10819-32. [PMID: 16910677 DOI: 10.1021/ja062246v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A combination of cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry, hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) [including depolarization studies], Z-scan and degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) [including studies employing an optically transparent thin-layer electrochemical (OTTLE) cell to effect electrochemical switching of nonlinearity], pump-probe, and electroabsorption (EA) measurements have been used to comprehensively investigate the electronic, linear optical, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of nanoscopic pi-delocalizable electron-rich alkynylruthenium dendrimers, their precursor dendrons, and their linear analogues. CV, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry reveal that the reversible metal-centered oxidation processes in these complexes are accompanied by strong linear optical changes, "switching on" low-energy absorption bands, the frequency of which is tunable by ligand replacement. HRS studies at 1064 nm employing nanosecond pulses reveal large nonlinearities for these formally octupolar dendrimers; depolarization measurements are consistent with lack of coplanarity upon pi-framework extension through the metal. EA studies at 350-800 nm in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix are consistent with the important transitions having a charge-transfer exciton character that increases markedly on introduction of peripheral polarizing substituent. Time-resolved pump-probe studies employing 55 ps, 527 nm pulses reveal absorption saturation, the longest excited-state lifetime being observed for the dendrimer. Z-scan studies at 800 nm employing femtosecond pulses reveal strong two-photon absorption that increases significantly on progression from linear complex to zero- and then first-generation dendrimer with no loss of optical transparency. Both refractive and absorptive nonlinearity for selected alkynylruthenium dendrimers have been reversibly "switched" by employing the Z-scan technique at 800 and 1180 nm and 100-150 fs pulses, together with a specially modified OTTLE cell, complementary femtosecond time-resolved DFWM and transient absorption studies at 800 nm suggesting that the NLO effects originate in picosecond time scale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie P Cifuentes
- Department of Chemistry and Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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Stagni S, Palazzi A, Zacchini S, Ballarin B, Bruno C, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Monari M, Carano M, Bard AJ. A new family of ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes bearing 5-aryltetrazolate ligands as systems for electrochemiluminescent devices. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:695-709. [PMID: 16411705 DOI: 10.1021/ic0514905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new family of mono- and dinuclear ruthenium polypyridyl complexes containing 5-aryltetrazolate ligands such as the deprotonated form of 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzonitrile (4-TBNH) and bis(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzene (BTBH(2)) have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized. The reactivity of the mononuclear species toward different electrophiles such as H(+) and CH(3)(+) has been investigated, and the effects of the resulting regioselective electrophilic attacks on the electronic and structural properties of the tetrazolate ligand have been studied by NMR ((1)H, (13)C) spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structures. Absorption and emission spectroscopy, together with an electrochemical and UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical investigation of the uncoordinated ligand and complexes, has been performed, highlighting a rather good luminescence efficiency and a poor bridge-mediated electronic communication between the metal centers of the dinuclear complexes. The electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of the dinuclear species has been explored, and for one of these, an exceptionally high ECL efficiency has been observed, comparable to that of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+), which is considered a standard in ECL studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stagni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
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Bernhardt PV, Mattsson J, Richardson DR. Complexes of cytotoxic chelators from the dipyridyl ketone isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPKIH) analogues. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:752-60. [PMID: 16411711 DOI: 10.1021/ic051573l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to better understand the antiproliferative effects of the tridentate hydrazone chelators di-2-pyridyl ketone isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPKIH) and di-2-pyridyl ketone benzoyl hydrazone (HPKBH), we report the coordination chemistry of these ligands with the divalent metal ions, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. These complexes are compared with their Fe(II) analogues which were reported previously. The crystal structures of Co(PKIH)(2), Ni(PKIH)(2), Cu(PKIH)(2), Mn(PKBH)(2), Ni(PKBH)(2), Cu(PKBH)(2), and Zn(PKBH)(2) are reported where similar bis-tridenate coordination modes of the ligands are defined. In pure DMF, all complexes except the Zn(II) compounds exhibit metal-centered M(III/II) (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) or M(II/I) (Cu) redox processes. All complexes show ligand-centered reductions at low potential. Electrochemistry in a mixed water/DMF solvent only elicited metal-centered responses from the Co and Fe complexes. Remarkably, all complexes show antiproliferative activity against the SK-N-MC neuroepithelioma cell line similar to (HPKIH) or significantly greater than that of the (HPKBH) ligand which suggests a mechanism that does not only involve the redox activity of these complexes. In fact, we suggest that the complexes act as lipophilic transport shuttles that allow entrance to the cell and enable the delivery of both the ligand and metal which act in concert to inhibit proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Bernhardt
- Centre for Metals in Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Dietzek B, Kiefer W, Blumhoff J, Böttcher L, Rau S, Walther D, Uhlemann U, Schmitt M, Popp J. Ultrafast Excited-State Excitation Dynamics in a Quasi-Two-Dimensional Light-Harvesting Antenna Based on Ruthenium(II) and Palladium(II) Chromophores. Chemistry 2006; 12:5105-15. [PMID: 16628758 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A detailed study on the excited-state-excitation migration taking place within the tetranuclear complex [{(tbbpy)(2)Ru(tmbi)}(2){Pd(allyl)}(2)](PF(6))(2) (tbbpy = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine and tmbi = 5,6,5',6'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bibenzimidazolate) is presented. The charge transfer is initiated by the photoexcitation into the lowest metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) band of one of the peripheral ruthenium(II) chromophores and terminates on the central structurally complex Pd(2) (II)(allyl)(2) subunit. Thus, the system under investigation can be thought of as a functional model for the photosynthesis reaction center in plants. The kinetic steps involved in the overall process are inferred from femtosecond time-resolved transient-grating kinetics recorded at spectral positions within the regions of ground-state bleach and transient absorption. The kinetics features a complex non-exponential time behavior and can be fitted to a bi-exponential rise (tau(1)> or =200 fs, tau(2) approximately 1.5 ps) and a mono- or bi-exponential decay, depending on the experimental situation. The data leads to the formulation of a model for the intramolecular excitation-hopping ascribing intersystem crossing and subsequent cooling as the two fastest observed processes. Following these initial steps, charge transfer from the ruthenium to the central complex Pd(2)(allyl)(2) moiety is observed with a characteristic time constant of 50 ps. A 220-ps component that is observed in the ground-state recovery only is attributed to excitation equilibration between the two identical Pd(allyl) chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dietzek
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Bayerische Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Balzani V, Bergamini G, Marchioni F, Ceroni P. Ru(II)-bipyridine complexes in supramolecular systems, devices and machines. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Goeb S, De Nicola A, Ziessel R, Sabatini C, Barbieri A, Barigelletti F. Energy Transfer in Hybrids Based on a Thiophene-Substituted Ethynylbipyridine Dimer Decorated with Re(I), Ru(II), and Os(II) Units. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:1173-83. [PMID: 16441128 DOI: 10.1021/ic051717w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation, structural features, electrochemical behavior, and optical properties (at room temperature and at 77 K) are reported for a series of thiophene-containing hybrids based on the bent conjugated backbone of a rigid ditopic ligand, the dimeric moiety 3,4-dibutyl-2,5-bis{5'-[(3,4-dibutylthien-2-ylethynyl)-2,2'-bipyridin-5-yl]ethynyl}thiophene (TBTBT). Within the dimer, the diethynyl-2,2'-bipyridine units (bpy, the coordination sites) alternate with three 3,4-dibuthylthiophene units and coordination of the [Re(CO)3Cl], [Ru(bpy)2]2+, and [Os(bpy)2]2+ centers results in the mononuclear species RuTBTBT and OsTBTBT and the binuclear species RuTBTBTRu, OsTBTBTOs, RuTBTBTOs, and ReTBTBTOs. At room temperature, the emitting states obtained by photoexcitation are of 3MLCT nature, and vibronic analysis of the emission spectra indicates that they are largely delocalized over the TBTBT ligand. In the binuclear species, the intermetal separation is ca. 17 A, and for RuTBTBTOs, an efficient Ru --> Os excitation transfer takes place, resulting solely in an Os-based emission. The process is ascribed to double-electron transfer (Dexter), as mediated by the TBTBT ligand; a similar conclusion holds for the case of ReTBTBTOs. For RuTBTBTOs, the process is discussed in some detail also with regard to the possibility of disentangling the constituent hole and electron-transfer events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Goeb
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Balzani V, Bandmann H, Ceroni P, Giansante C, Hahn U, Klärner FG, Müller U, Müller WM, Verhaelen C, Vicinelli V, Vögtle F. Host−Guest Complexes between an Aromatic Molecular Tweezer and Symmetric and Unsymmetric Dendrimers with a 4,4‘-Bipyridinium Core. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 128:637-48. [PMID: 16402852 DOI: 10.1021/ja056615j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the spectroscopic and electrochemical behavior of symmetric and unsymmetric first-, second-, and third-generation dendrimers comprising an electron-acceptor 4,4'-bipyridinium core (viologen type) and electron-donor 1,3-dimethyleneoxybenzene (Fréchet-type) dendrons. The quite strong fluorescence of the symmetrically and unsymmetrically disubstituted 1,3-dimethyleneoxybenzene units of the dendrons is completely quenched as a result of donor-acceptor interactions that are also evidenced by a low-energy tail in the absorption spectrum. In dichloromethane solution, the 4,4'-bipyridinium cores of the investigated dendrimers are hosted by a molecular tweezer comprising a naphthalene and four benzene components bridged by four methylene units. Host-guest formation causes the quenching of the tweezer fluorescence. The association constants, as measured from fluorescence and (1)H NMR titration plots, (i) are of the order of 10(4) M(-1), (ii) decrease on increasing dendrimer generation, and (iii) are slightly larger for the unsymmetric than for the symmetric dendrimer of the same generation. The analysis of the complexation-induced shifts of the temperature-dependent (1)H NMR signals of the host and guest protons confirms that the bipyridinium core is positioned inside the tweezer cavity and allows the conclusions that (i) shuttling of the tweezer from one to the other pyridinium ring is fast (DeltaG < 10 kcal/mol), (ii) in the case of the unsymmetric dendrimers, the less substituted pyridinium ring is preferentially complexed in apolar solvents, and (iii) complexation of the 4,4'-bipyridinium core proceeds by clipping for the symmetric dendrimers and by threading in the case of unsymmetric ones. Host-guest formation causes a displacement of the first reduction wave of the 4,4'-bipyridinium unit toward more negative potential values, whereas the second reduction wave is unaffected. These results show that the host-guest complexes between the tweezer and the dendrimers are stabilized by electron donor-acceptor interactions and can be reversibly assembled/disassembled by electrochemical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Balzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, Italy.
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Browne WR, O'Boyle NM, McGarvey JJ, Vos JG. Elucidating excited state electronic structure and intercomponent interactions in multicomponent and supramolecular systems. Chem Soc Rev 2005; 34:641-63. [PMID: 16186895 DOI: 10.1039/b400513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rational design of supramolecular systems for application in photonic devices requires a clear understanding of both the mechanism of energy and electron transfer processes and how these processes can be manipulated. Central to achieving these goals is a detailed picture of their electronic structure and of the interaction between the constituent components. We review several approaches that have been taken towards gaining such understanding, with particular focus on the physical techniques employed. In the discussion, case studies are introduced to illustrate the key issues under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Browne
- Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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