1
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Solti D, Chapkin KD, Renard D, Bayles A, Clark BD, Wu G, Zhou J, Tsai AL, Kürti L, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Plasmon-Generated Solvated Electrons for Chemical Transformations. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20183-20189. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Solti
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kyle D. Chapkin
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - David Renard
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Aaron Bayles
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Clark
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ah-Lim Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - László Kürti
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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2
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Ahmadi S. Hydrated electrons and cluster science. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Baranyi B, Turi L. Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Solvated Electrons in Ammonia Clusters. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7205-7216. [PMID: 32697593 PMCID: PMC7458421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated excess electron solvation dynamics in (NH3)n- ammonia clusters in the n = 8-32 size range by performing finite temperature molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, we focused on three possible scenarios. The first case is designed to model electron attachment to small neutral ammonia clusters (n ≤ ∼10) that form hydrogen-bonded chains. The excess electron is bound to the clusters via dipole bound states, and persists with a VDE of ∼160 meV at 100 K for the n = 8 cluster. The coupled nuclear and electronic relaxation is fast (within ∼100 fs) and takes place predominantly by intermolecular librational motions and the intramolecular umbrella mode. The second scenario illustrates the mechanism of excess electron attachment to cold compact neutral clusters of medium size (8 ≤ n ≤ 32). The neutral clusters show increasing tendency with size to bind the excess electron on the surface of the clusters in weakly bound, diffuse, and highly delocalized states. Anionic relaxation trajectories launched from these initial states provide no indication for excess electron stabilization for sizes n < 24. Excess electrons are likely to autodetach from these clusters. The two largest investigated clusters (n = 24 and 32) can accommodate the excess electron in electronic states that are mainly localized on the surface, but they may be partly embedded in the cluster. In the last 500 fs of the simulated trajectories, the VDE of the solvated electron fluctuates around ∼200 meV for n = 24 and ∼500 meV for n = 32, consistent with the values extrapolated from the experimentally observed linear VDE-n-1/3 trend. In the third case, we prepared neutral ammonia cluster configurations, including an n = 48 cluster, that contain possible electron localization sites within the interior of the cluster. Excess electrons added to these clusters localize in cavities with high VDEs up to 1.9 eV for n = 48. The computed VDE values for larger clusters are considerably higher than the experimentally observed photoelectric threshold energy for the solvated electron in bulk ammonia (∼1.4 eV). Molecular dynamics simulations launched from these initial cavity states strongly indicate, however, that these cavity structures exist only for ∼200 fs. During the relaxation the electron leaves the cavity and becomes delocalized, while the cluster loses its initial compactness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Baranyi
- Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 32, Budapest 112 H-1518, Hungary
| | - László Turi
- Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 32, Budapest 112 H-1518, Hungary
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4
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Buttersack T, Mason PE, McMullen RS, Schewe HC, Martinek T, Brezina K, Crhan M, Gomez A, Hein D, Wartner G, Seidel R, Ali H, Thürmer S, Marsalek O, Winter B, Bradforth SE, Jungwirth P. Photoelectron spectra of alkali metal–ammonia microjets: From blue electrolyte to bronze metal. Science 2020; 368:1086-1091. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Buttersack
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0482, USA
| | - Philip E. Mason
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan S. McMullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0482, USA
| | - H. Christian Schewe
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Martinek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Krystof Brezina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Crhan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Axel Gomez
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dennis Hein
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Garlef Wartner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hebatallah Ali
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ondrej Marsalek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen E. Bradforth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0482, USA
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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5
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Liu G, Díaz-Tinoco M, Ciborowski SM, Martinez-Martinez C, Lyapustina S, Hendricks JH, Ortiz JV, Bowen KH. Excess electrons bound to H2S trimer and tetramer clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3273-3280. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06872d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared the hydrogen sulfide trimer and tetramer anions, (H2S)3− and (H2S)4−, measured their anion photoelectron spectra, and applied high-level quantum chemical calculations to interpret the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Manuel Díaz-Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jay H. Hendricks
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Joseph Vincent Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kit H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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6
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Ponomareva EA, Stumpf SA, Tcypkin AN, Kozlov SA. Impact of laser-ionized liquid nonlinear characteristics on the efficiency of terahertz wave generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:5485-5488. [PMID: 31730089 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.005485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The generation of terahertz (THz) radiation during the propagation of subpicosecond pulses in liquid media is investigated using a theoretical model considering the relative contribution of Kerr and plasma nonlinearity. The dependences of the THz emission generation efficiency on the contribution of plasma nonlinearity with a fixed third-order nonlinearity value revealed the existence of weak and strong ionization modes. It is shown that the transition between these modes is determined by the ratio of plasma to Kerr nonlinearity coefficients and the pump energy. In the strong ionization mode and with the fixed contribution of plasma nonlinearity, the optical-to-THz conversion efficiency decreases with increasing Kerr nonlinearity due to the redistribution of the pump energy for the third-order effects. These results contribute to estimating the potential of liquid media as highly efficient THz sources.
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7
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Vogler T, Vöhringer P. Probing the band gap of liquid ammonia with femtosecond multiphoton ionization spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25657-25665. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solvated electron primary yield is used in a multiphoton-ionization action-spectroscopic experiment to explore the band gap of liquid ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vogler
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
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8
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Rivas N, Moriena G, Domenianni L, Hodak JH, Marceca E. Counterion effects on the ultrafast dynamics of charge-transfer-to-solvent electrons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:31581-31591. [PMID: 29170768 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05903e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We performed femtosecond transient absorption (TA) experiments to monitor the solvation dynamics of charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) electrons originating from UV photoexcitation of ammoniated iodide in close proximity to the counterions. Solutions of KI were prepared in liquid ammonia and TA experiments were carried out at different temperatures and densities, along the liquid-gas coexistence curve of the fluid. The results complement previous femtosecond TA work by P. Vöhringer's group in neat ammonia via multiphoton ionization. The dynamics of CTTS-detached electrons in ammonia was found to be strongly affected by ion pairing. Geminate recombination time constants as well as escape probabilities were determined from the measured temporal profiles and analysed as a function of the medium density. A fast unresolved (τ < 250 fs) increase of absorption related to the creation/thermalization of solvated electron species was followed by two decay components: one with a characteristic time around 10 ps, and a slower one that remains active for hundreds of picoseconds. While the first process is attributed to an early recombination of (I, e-) pairs, the second decay and its asymptote reflects the effect of the K+ counterion on the geminate recombination dynamics, rate and yield. The cation basically acts as an electron anchor that restricts the ejection distance, leading to solvent-separated counterion-electron species. The formation of (K+, NH3, e-) pairs close to the parent iodine atom brings the electron escape probability to very low values. Transient spectra of the electron species have also been estimated as a function of time by probing the temporal profiles at different wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rivas
- DQIAQF-FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 3er piso, Pabellón II, Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Argentina.
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9
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Ellis JL, Hickstein DD, Xiong W, Dollar F, Palm BB, Keister KE, Dorney KM, Ding C, Fan T, Wilker MB, Schnitzenbaumer KJ, Dukovic G, Jimenez JL, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Materials Properties and Solvated Electron Dynamics of Isolated Nanoparticles and Nanodroplets Probed with Ultrafast Extreme Ultraviolet Beams. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:609-615. [PMID: 26807653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present ultrafast photoemission measurements of isolated nanoparticles in vacuum using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light produced through high harmonic generation. Surface-selective static EUV photoemission measurements were performed on nanoparticles with a wide array of compositions, ranging from ionic crystals to nanodroplets of organic material. We find that the total photoelectron yield varies greatly with nanoparticle composition and provides insight into material properties such as the electron mean free path and effective mass. Additionally, we conduct time-resolved photoelectron yield measurements of isolated oleylamine nanodroplets, observing that EUV photons can create solvated electrons in liquid nanodroplets. Using photoemission from a time-delayed 790 nm pulse, we observe that a solvated electron is produced in an excited state and subsequently relaxes to its ground state with a lifetime of 151 ± 31 fs. This work demonstrates that femotosecond EUV photoemission is a versatile surface-sensitive probe of the properties and ultrafast dynamics of isolated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ellis
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Franklin Dollar
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- CIRES and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - K Ellen Keister
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kevin M Dorney
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chengyuan Ding
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tingting Fan
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Molly B Wilker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kyle J Schnitzenbaumer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- CIRES and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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10
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West AHC, Yoder BL, Luckhaus D, Saak CM, Doppelbauer M, Signorell R. Angle-Resolved Photoemission of Solvated Electrons in Sodium-Doped Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1487-1492. [PMID: 26263156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the unpaired electron in sodium-doped water, methanol, ammonia, and dimethyl ether clusters is presented. The experimental observations and the complementary calculations are consistent with surface electrons for the cluster size range studied. Evidence against internally solvated electrons is provided by the photoelectron angular distribution. The trends in the ionization energies seem to be mainly determined by the degree of hydrogen bonding in the solvent and the solvation of the ion core. The onset ionization energies of water and methanol clusters do not level off at small cluster sizes but decrease slightly with increasing cluster size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H C West
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Luckhaus
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clara-Magdalena Saak
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Doppelbauer
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Abstract
Solvated electrons were first discovered in solutions of metals in liquid ammonia. The physical and chemical properties of these species have been studied extensively for many decades using an arsenal of electrochemical, spectroscopic, and theoretical techniques. Yet, in contrast to their hydrated counterpart, the ultrafast dynamics of ammoniated electrons remained completely unexplored until quite recently. Femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy on metal-ammonia solutions and femtosecond multiphoton ionization spectroscopy on the neat ammonia solvent have provided new insights into the optical properties and the reactivities of this fascinating species. This article reviews the nature of the optical transition, which gives the metal-ammonia solutions their characteristic blue appearance, in terms of ultrafast relaxation processes involving bound and continuum excited states. The recombination processes following the injection of an electron via photoionization of the solvent are discussed in the context of the electronic structure of the liquid and the anionic defect associated with the solvated electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vöhringer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
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12
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Urbanek J, Vöhringer P. Below-Band-Gap Ionization of Liquid-to-Supercritical Ammonia: Geminate Recombination via Proton-Coupled Back Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem B 2013; 118:265-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janus Urbanek
- Abteilung für Molekulare
Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische
Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Abteilung für Molekulare
Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische
Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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13
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Urbanek J, Vöhringer P. Vertical Photoionization of Liquid-to-Supercritical Ammonia: Thermal Effects on the Valence-to-Conduction Band Gap. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:8844-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404532s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janus Urbanek
- Abteilung für Molekulare
Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Abteilung für Molekulare
Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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14
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Urbanek J, Dahmen A, Torres-Alacan J, Vöhringer P. Femtosecond two-photon ionization of fluid NH 3at 9.3 eV. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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16
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Maeda K, Lodge MT, Harmer J, Freed JH, Edwards PP. Electron tunneling in lithium-ammonia solutions probed by frequency-dependent electron spin relaxation studies. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9209-18. [PMID: 22568866 PMCID: PMC3415590 DOI: 10.1021/ja212015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer or quantum tunneling dynamics for excess or solvated electrons in dilute lithium-ammonia solutions have been studied by pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy at both X- (9.7 GHz) and W-band (94 GHz) frequencies. The electron spin-lattice (T(1)) and spin-spin (T(2)) relaxation data indicate an extremely fast transfer or quantum tunneling rate of the solvated electron in these solutions which serves to modulate the hyperfine (Fermi-contact) interaction with nitrogen nuclei in the solvation shells of ammonia molecules surrounding the localized, solvated electron. The donor and acceptor states of the solvated electron in these solutions are the initial and final electron solvation sites found before, and after, the transfer or tunneling process. To interpret and model our electron spin relaxation data from the two observation EPR frequencies requires a consideration of a multiexponential correlation function. The electron transfer or tunneling process that we monitor through the correlation time of the nitrogen Fermi-contact interaction has a time scale of (1-10) × 10(-12) s over a temperature range 230-290 K in our most dilute solution of lithium in ammonia. Two types of electron-solvent interaction mechanisms are proposed to account for our experimental findings. The dominant electron spin relaxation mechanism results from an electron tunneling process characterized by a variable donor-acceptor distance or range (consistent with such a rapidly fluctuating liquid structure) in which the solvent shell that ultimately accepts the transferring electron is formed from random, thermal fluctuations of the liquid structure in, and around, a natural hole or Bjerrum-like defect vacancy in the liquid. Following transfer and capture of the tunneling electron, further solvent-cage relaxation with a time scale of ∼10(-13) s results in a minor contribution to the electron spin relaxation times. This investigation illustrates the great potential of multifrequency EPR measurements to interrogate the microscopic nature and dynamics of ultrafast electron transfer or quantum-tunneling processes in liquids. Our results also impact on the universal issue of the role of a host solvent (or host matrix, e.g. a semiconductor) in mediating long-range electron transfer processes and we discuss the implications of our results with a range of other materials and systems exhibiting the phenomenon of electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T.J. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Harmer
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jack H. Freed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca NY 14853-1301, USA
| | - Peter P. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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17
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Urbanek J, Dahmen A, Torres-Alacan J, Königshoven P, Lindner J, Vöhringer P. Femtosecond Two-Photon Ionization and Solvated Electron Geminate Recombination in Liquid-to-Supercritical Ammonia. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2223-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211725r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janus Urbanek
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Dahmen
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joel Torres-Alacan
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Königshoven
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Lindner
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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18
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Schäfer T, Kandratsenka A, Vöhringer P, Schroeder J, Schwarzer D. Vibrational energy relaxation of the ND-stretching vibration of NH2D in liquid NH3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11651-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Zurek E. Alkali metals in ethylenediamine: a computational study of the optical absorption spectra and NMR parameters of [M(en)3(δ+)·M(δ-)] ion pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4829-39. [PMID: 21366240 DOI: 10.1021/ja1085244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The optical absorption spectra of alkali metals in ethylenediamine have provided evidence for a third oxidation state, -1, of all of the alkali metals heavier than lithium. Experimentally determined NMR parameters have supported this interpretation, further indicating that whereas Na(-) is a genuine metal anion, the interaction of the alkali anion with the medium becomes progressively stronger for the larger metals. Herein, first-principles computations based upon density functional theory are carried out on various species which may be present in solutions composed of alkali metals and ethylenediamine. The energies of a number of hypothetical reactions computed with a continuum solvation model indicate that neither free metal anions, M(-), nor solvated electrons are the most stable species. Instead, [Li(en)(3)](2) and [M(en)(3)(δ+)·M(δ-)] (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs) are predicted to have enhanced stability. The M(en)(3) complexes can be viewed as superalkalis or expanded alkalis, ones in which the valence electron density is pulled out to a greater extent than in the alkali metals alone. The computed optical absorption spectra and NMR parameters of the [Li(en)(3)](2) superalkali dimer and the [M(en)(3)(δ+)·M(δ-)] superalkali-alkali mixed dimers are in good agreement with the aforementioned experimental results, providing further evidence that these may be the dominant species in solution. The latter can also be thought of as an ion pair formed from an alkali metal anion (M(-)) and solvated cation (M(en)(3)(+)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zurek
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, 331 Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA.
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20
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Meyer A, van Gastel M. EPR and ENDOR Study of the Frozen Ammoniated Electron at Low Alkali-Metal Concentrations. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:1939-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200600r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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21
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Kwon H, Hwang K, Park J, Ryu S, Kim SK. Electron solvation and solvation-induced crystallization of an ammonia film on Ag(111) studied by 2-photon photoemission. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:17785-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20804g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Torres-Alacan J, Kratz S, Vöhringer P. Independent pairs and Monte-Carlo simulations of the geminate recombination of solvated electrons in liquid-to-supercritical water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20806-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Iglev H, Fischer MK, Gliserin A, Laubereau A. Ultrafast Geminate Recombination after Photodetachment of Aqueous Hydroxide. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:790-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja103866s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hristo Iglev
- Physik-Department E11, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin K. Fischer
- Physik-Department E11, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Gliserin
- Physik-Department E11, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alfred Laubereau
- Physik-Department E11, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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24
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Kratz S, Torres-Alacan J, Urbanek J, Lindner J, Vöhringer P. Geminate recombination of hydrated electrons in liquid-to-supercritical water studied by ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12169-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00762e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Liu HT, Müller JP, Zhavoronkov N, Schulz CP, Hertel IV. Ultrafast Dynamics in Na-Doped Water Clusters and the Solvated Electron. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:1508-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp907835z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. T. Liu
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. P. Müller
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - N. Zhavoronkov
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. P. Schulz
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - I. V. Hertel
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Zurek E, Edwards P, Hoffmann R. Lithium-Ammoniak-Lösungen: eine molekulare Betrachtung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Zurek E, Edwards P, Hoffmann R. A Molecular Perspective on Lithium-Ammonia Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:8198-232. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Relaxation Dynamics upon Ultrashort UV Photo-Excitation of an Iodide Doped Ionic Liquid and of a Pure Lithium Iodide Melt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2006.220.10.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast dynamics of photolytically generated solvated electrons were investigated for the first time in a pure lithium iodide (LiI) melt at 480 °C and in an iodide doped room-temperature ionic liquid. A 70 fs UV-pulse was used to generate excess electrons and their subsequent transient response was monitored in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. In LiI a pulse-duration limited rise of the induced absorption at all probe wavelengths was attributed to the formation of excess electrons. A minor portion of these electrons (∼20%) were subject to geminate recombination with a time constant of 2 ps. Thereafter, the induced absorption remained unaltered for over 100 ps. The ultrafast dynamics in an iodide doped room-temperature ionic liquid contrasts with the ultrafast response of excess electrons in LiI and in pure room temperature ionic liquids. First, the formation of solvated electrons seems to be delayed by up to 2 ps and second, iodine atoms act as efficient electron scavengers on a tens of ps time scale. As a result, ∼80% of the initially prepared solvated electrons undergo geminate recombination after about 70 ps. Furthermore, an additional component around 720 nm is attributed to the formation of diiodide.
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29
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Fischer SF, Dietz W. Long Range Nonadiabatic Couplings and the Cluster-Size Dependence of the Lifetime of Excited Hydrated Electrons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2007.221.5.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The recently observed linear dependence of the lifetime of excited hydrated electrons upon the inverse of the cluster size is explained in terms of a nonadiabatic long range coupling mechanism. It is due to dipolar interactions between the p→s transition and the excitation of the infrared active modes of the solvent water molecules.
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30
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Ehrler OT, Griffin GB, Young RM, Neumark DM. Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Solvation in Iodide-doped Acetonitrile Clusters. J Phys Chem B 2008; 113:4031-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp806856m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oli T. Ehrler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Graham B. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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31
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Lindner J, Unterreiner AN, Vöhringer P. Femtosecond spectroscopy of solvated electrons from sodium-ammonia-d3 solutions: Temperature jump versus local density jump. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:064514. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2965818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Stähler J, Meyer M, Kusmierek DO, Bovensiepen U, Wolf M. Ultrafast Electron Transfer Dynamics at NH3/Cu(111) Interfaces: Determination of the Transient Tunneling Barrier. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:8797-803. [DOI: 10.1021/ja801682u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stähler
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela O. Kusmierek
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Bovensiepen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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33
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Lee IR, Lee W, Zewail AH. Dynamics of electrons in ammonia cages: the discovery system of solvation. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:83-8. [PMID: 18038379 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two centuries ago solvated electrons were discovered in liquid ammonia and a century later the concept of the solvent cage was introduced. Here, we report a real time study of the dynamics of size-selected clusters, n=20 to 60, of electrons in ammonia, and, for comparison, that of electrons in water cages. Unlike the water case, the observed dynamics for ammonia indicates the formation, through a 100 fs temperature jump, of a solvent collective motion in a 500 fs relaxation process. The agreement of the experimental results-obtained for a well-defined n, gated electron kinetic energy, and time delay-with molecular dynamics theory suggests the critical and different role of the kinetic energy and the librational motions involved in solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ren Lee
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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34
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Chuev GN, Quémerais P, Crain J. Nature of the metal–nonmetal transition in metal–ammonia solutions. I. Solvated electrons at low metal concentrations. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:244501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2812244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Bedard-Hearn MJ, Larsen RE, Schwartz BJ. Moving solvated electrons with light: Nonadiabatic mixed quantum/classical molecular dynamics simulations of the relocalization of photoexcited solvated electrons in tetrahydrofuran (THF). J Chem Phys 2006; 125:194509. [PMID: 17129125 DOI: 10.1063/1.2358131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivated by recent ultrafast spectroscopic experiments [Martini et al., Science 293, 462 (2001)], which suggest that photoexcited solvated electrons in tetrahydrofuran (THF) can relocalize (that is, return to equilibrium in solvent cavities far from where they started), we performed a series of nonequilibrium, nonadiabatic, mixed quantum/classical molecular dynamics simulations that mimic one-photon excitation of the THF-solvated electron. We find that as photoexcited THF-solvated electrons relax to their ground states either by continuous mixing from the excited state or via nonadiabatic transitions, approximately 30% of them relocalize into cavities that can be over 1 nm away from where they originated, in close agreement with the experiments. A detailed investigation shows that the ability of excited THF-solvated electrons to undergo photoinduced relocalization stems from the existence of preexisting cavity traps that are an intrinsic part of the structure of liquid THF. This explains why solvated electrons can undergo photoinduced relocalization in solvents like THF but not in solvents like water, which lack the preexisting traps necessary to stabilize the excited electron in other places in the fluid. We also find that even when they do not ultimately relocalize, photoexcited solvated electrons in THF temporarily visit other sites in the fluid, explaining why the photoexcitation of THF-solvated electrons is so efficient at promoting recombination with nearby scavengers. Overall, our study shows that the defining characteristic of a liquid that permits the photoassisted relocalization of solvated electrons is the existence of nascent cavities that are attractive to an excess electron; we propose that other such liquids can be found from classical computer simulations or neutron diffraction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bedard-Hearn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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36
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Zhao J, Li B, Onda K, Feng M, Petek H. Solvated Electrons on Metal Oxide Surfaces. Chem Rev 2006; 106:4402-27. [PMID: 17031992 DOI: 10.1021/cr050173c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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37
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Chandrasekhar N, Endres F, Unterreiner AN. Evidence for laser-induced formation of solvated electrons in room temperature ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:3192-6. [PMID: 16902711 DOI: 10.1039/b606234b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photolytic generation of solvated electrons was observed for the first time in two room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (IL) and 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (IL). A 70 fs UV-pulse was used to excite the RTILs, while the transient response was monitored in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. Immediately after excitation, a pulse duration limited rise of the induced absorption indicated the formation of solvated electrons suggesting the existence of pre-formed traps in RTILs. A broad transient absorption spectrum with a full width at half maximum of about 0.9 eV, typical for solvated electrons, was reconstructed from the transient profiles. Wavelength-independent relaxation dynamics at longer delay times suggest a lifetime of solvated electrons in the ns regime in agreement with results from pulse radiolysis studies. Adding 1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium iodide to IL led to an increase of the UV absorbance and consequently, to an increase of the yield of solvated electrons. Furthermore, this solute is an efficient electron scavenger causing the transients to decay within about 40 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chandrasekhar
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Kaiserstr. 12, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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