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Abstract
In our review we consider the results on the development and exploration of heterostructured photoactive materials with major attention focused on what are the better ways to form this type of materials and how to explore them correctly. Regardless of what type of heterostructure, metal–semiconductor or semiconductor–semiconductor, is formed, its functionality strongly depends on the quality of heterojunction. In turn, it depends on the selection of the heterostructure components (their chemical and physical properties) and on the proper choice of the synthesis method. Several examples of the different approaches such as in situ and ex situ, bottom-up and top-down, are reviewed. At the same time, even if the synthesis of heterostructured photoactive materials seems to be successful, strong experimental physical evidence demonstrating true heterojunction formation are required. A possibility for obtaining such evidence using different physical techniques is discussed. Particularly, it is demonstrated that the ability of optical spectroscopy to study heterostructured materials is in fact very limited. At the same time, such experimental techniques as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and electrophysical methods (work function measurements and impedance spectroscopy) present a true signature of heterojunction formation. Therefore, whatever the purpose of heterostructure formation and studies is, the application of HRTEM and electrophysical methods is necessary to confirm that formation of the heterojunction was successful.
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Valiūnienė A, Sabirovas T, Petronienė J, Ramanavičius A. Towards the application of fast Fourier transform - scanning electrochemical impedance microscopy (FFT-SEIM). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Izquierdo J, Knittel P, Kranz C. Scanning electrochemical microscopy: an analytical perspective. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:307-324. [PMID: 29214533 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has evolved from an electrochemical specialist tool to a broadly used electroanalytical surface technique, which has experienced exciting developments for nanoscale electrochemical studies in recent years. Several companies now offer commercial instruments, and SECM has been used in a broad range of applications. SECM research is frequently interdisciplinary, bridging areas ranging from electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and materials science to biomedical research. Although SECM is considered a modern electroanalytical technique, it appears that less attention is paid to so-called analytical figures of merit, which are essential also in electroanalytical chemistry. Besides instrumental developments, this review focuses on aspects such as reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility of SECM data. The review is intended to spark discussion within the community on this topic, but also to raise awareness of the challenges faced during the evaluation of quantitative SECM data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Knittel
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastraße 72, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Ohtsuka T, Nishikata A, Sakairi M, Fushimi K. Micro-electrochemical Approach for Corrosion Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6820-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Luo H, Dong C, Gao S, Du C, Xiao K, Li X. Sensing application in the precursor region of localized corrosion by scanning electrochemical microscopy. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01734j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Moreira R, Schütz MK, Libert M, Tribollet B, Vivier V. Influence of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria on the corrosion of low carbon steel: Local electrochemical investigations. Bioelectrochemistry 2013; 97:69-75. [PMID: 24177135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low carbon steel has been considered a suitable material for component of the multi-barrier system employed on the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW). A non negligible amount of dihydrogen (H2) is expected to be produced over the years within the geological repository due to the anoxic corrosion of metallic materials and also to the water radiolysis. The influence of the activity of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (HOB) and iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) on carbon steel corrosion is considered in this study because of the high availability of energetic nutriments (H2, iron oxides and hydroxides) produced in anoxic disposal conditions. Local electrochemical techniques were used for investigating the activity of IRB as a promoter of local corrosion in the presence of H2 as electron donor. A local consumption of H2 by the bacteria has been evidenced and impedance measurements indicate the formation of a thick layer of corrosion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Moreira
- CNRS, UPR15, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, F-75005 Paris, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPR15, LISE, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marta K Schütz
- CEA/DEN/DTN/SMTM/LMTE, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Marie Libert
- CEA/DEN/DTN/SMTM/LMTE, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Bernard Tribollet
- CNRS, UPR15, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, F-75005 Paris, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPR15, LISE, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vivier
- CNRS, UPR15, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, F-75005 Paris, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPR15, LISE, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Schütz MK, Moreira R, Bildstein O, Lartigue JE, Schlegel ML, Tribollet B, Vivier V, Libert M. Combined geochemical and electrochemical methodology to quantify corrosion of carbon steel by bacterial activity. Bioelectrochemistry 2013; 97:61-8. [PMID: 24064199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The availability of respiratory substrates, such as H2 and Fe(II,III) solid corrosion products within nuclear waste repository, will sustain the activities of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (HOB) and iron-reducing bacteria (IRB). This may have a direct effect on the rate of carbon steel corrosion. This study investigates the effects of Shewanella oneidensis (an HOB and IRB model organism) on the corrosion rate by looking at carbon steel dissolution in the presence of H2 as the sole electron donor. Bacterial effect is evaluated by means of geochemical and electrochemical techniques. Both showed that the corrosion rate is enhanced by a factor of 2-3 in the presence of bacteria. The geochemical experiments indicated that the composition and crystallinity of the solid corrosion products (magnetite and vivianite) are modified by bacteria. Moreover, the electrochemical experiments evidenced that the bacterial activity can be stimulated when H2 is generated in a small confinement volume. In this case, a higher corrosion rate and mineralization (vivianite) on the carbon steel surface were observed. The results suggest that the mechanism likely to influence the corrosion rate is the bioreduction of Fe(III) from magnetite coupled to the H2 oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta K Schütz
- CEA, DEN, DTN/SMTM/LMTE, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Sciences de l'Environnement, 13545 Aix en Provence, France.
| | - Rebeca Moreira
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, T22, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Cedex 05 Paris France
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Tribollet
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, T22, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Cedex 05 Paris France
| | - Vincent Vivier
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, T22, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Cedex 05 Paris France
| | - Marie Libert
- CEA, DEN, DTN/SMTM/LMTE, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France
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Bandarenka AS. Exploring the interfaces between metal electrodes and aqueous electrolytes with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Analyst 2013; 138:5540-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Assessment of the electrochemical microcell geometry by local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of copper corrosion. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cheng CI, Chang YP, Chu YH. Biomolecular interactions and tools for their recognition: focus on the quartz crystal microbalance and its diverse surface chemistries and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1947-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Batchelor-McAuley C, Dickinson EJF, Rees NV, Toghill KE, Compton RG. New Electrochemical Methods. Anal Chem 2011; 84:669-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2026767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund J. F. Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil V. Rees
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Toghill
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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Trinh D, Keddam M, Novoa XR, Vivier V. Alternating-Current Measurements in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, Part 1: Principle and Theory. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:2169-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Zhao X, Diakowski PM, Ding Z. Deconvoluting Topography and Spatial Physiological Activity of Live Macrophage Cells by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy in Constant-Distance Mode. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8371-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101524v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Piotr M. Diakowski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
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Microelectrochemistry of copper in NaCl solution: Comparison between conventional microelectrode and microelectrochemical cell. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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