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Filice FP, Ding Z. Analysing single live cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst 2019; 144:738-752. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) offers single live cell activities along its topography toward cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
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2
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Filice FP, Li MSM, Ding Z. Simulation Assisted Nanoscale Imaging of Single Live Cells with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. Filice
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michelle S. M. Li
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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3
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Burgess M, Hernández-Burgos K, Schuh JK, Davila J, Montoto EC, Ewoldt RH, Rodríguez-López J. Modulation of the Electrochemical Reactivity of Solubilized Redox Active Polymers via Polyelectrolyte Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2093-2104. [PMID: 29369622 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Redox active polymers (RAPs) are electrochemically versatile materials that find key applications in energy storage, sensing, and surface modification. In spite of the ubiquity of RAP-modified electrodes, a critical knowledge gap exists in the understanding of the electrochemistry of soluble RAPs and their relation to polyelectrolyte dynamics. Here, we explore for the first time the intersection between polyelectrolyte behavior and the electrochemical response that highly soluble and highly substituted RAPs with viologen, ferrocene, and nitrostyrene moieties elicit at electrodes. This comprehensive study of RAP electrolytes over several orders of magnitude in concentration and ionic strength reveals distinct signatures consistent with surface confined, colloidal, and bulk-like electrochemical behavior. These differences emerge across polyelectrolyte packing regimes and are strongly modulated by changes in RAP coil size and electrostatic interactions with the electrode. We found that, unlike monomer motifs, simple changes in the ionic strength caused variations over 1 order of magnitude in the current measured at the electrode. In addition, the thermodynamics of adsorbed RAP films were also affected, giving rise to standard reduction potential shifts leading to redox kinetic effects as a result of the mediating nature of the RAP film in equilibrium with the solution. Full electrochemical characterization via transient and steady-state techniques, including the use of ultramicroelectrodes and the rotating disk electrode, were correlated to dynamic light scattering, ellipsometry, and viscometric analysis. These methods helped elucidate the relationship between electrochemical behavior and RAP coil size, film thickness, and polyelectrolyte packing regime. This study underscores the role of electrostatics in modulating the reactivity of redox polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Burgess
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Jonathon K Schuh
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Elena C Montoto
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Randy H Ewoldt
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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4
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Li MS, Filice FP, Ding Z. Determining live cell topography by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Raicopol MD, Andronescu C, Atasiei R, Hanganu A, Vasile E, Brezoiu AM, Pilan L. Organic layers via aryl diazonium electrochemistry: towards modifying platinum electrodes for interference free glucose biosensors. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Rinfray C, Brasiliense V, Izzet G, Volatron F, Alves S, Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Proust A. Electron Transfer to a Phosphomolybdate Monolayer on Glassy Carbon: Ambivalent Effect of Protonation. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:6929-37. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Rinfray
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire,
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Vitor Brasiliense
- Sorbonne Paris Cité,
Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7086, ITODYS, 15 Rue J. A. Baif, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Izzet
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire,
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Florence Volatron
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire,
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandra Alves
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire,
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Sorbonne Paris Cité,
Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7086, ITODYS, 15 Rue J. A. Baif, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité,
Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7086, ITODYS, 15 Rue J. A. Baif, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Anna Proust
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire,
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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8
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Filice FP, Li MSM, Henderson JD, Ding Z. Mapping Cd²⁺-induced membrane permeability changes of single live cells by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 908:85-94. [PMID: 26826690 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) is a powerful, non-invasive, analytical methodology that can be used to investigate live cell membrane permeability. Depth scan SECM imaging allowed for the generation of 2D current maps of live cells relative to electrode position in the x-z or y-z plane. Depending on resolution, one depth scan image can contain hundreds of probe approach curves (PACs). Individual PACs were obtained by simply extracting vertical cross-sections from the 2D image. These experimental PACs were overlaid onto theoretically generated PACs simulated at specific geometry conditions. Simulations were carried out using 3D models in COMSOL Multiphysics to determine the cell membrane permeability coefficients at different locations on the surface of the cells. Common in literature, theoretical PACs are generated using a 2D axially symmetric geometry. This saves on both compute time and memory utilization. However, due to symmetry limitations of the model, only one experimental PAC right above the cell can be matched with simulated PAC data. Full 3D models in this article were developed for the SECM system of live cells, allowing all experimental PACs over the entire cell to become usable. Cd(2+)-induced membrane permeability changes of single human bladder (T24) cells were investigated at several positions above the cell, displaced from the central axis. The experimental T24 cells under study were incubated with Cd(2+) in varying concentrations. It is experimentally observed that 50 and 100 μM Cd(2+) caused a decrease in membrane permeability, which was uniform across all locations over the cell regardless of Cd(2+) concentration. The Cd(2+) was found to have detrimental effects on the cell, with cells shrinking in size and volume, and the membrane permeability decreasing. A mapping technique for the analysis of the cell membrane permeability under the Cd(2+) stress is realized by the methodology presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P Filice
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Michelle S M Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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9
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Li MSM, Filice FP, Ding Z. A time course study of cadmium effect on membrane permeability of single human bladder cancer cells using scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 136:177-83. [PMID: 24656893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cd(2+) is carcinogenic to both humans and experimental animals. We present quantitative time-course imaging of Cd(2+)-induced variation in the membrane permeability of single live human bladder cancer cells (T24) to ferrocenemethanol using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). High temporal resolution combined with non-invasive nature renders a time-lapse SECM depth scan, a promising method to quantitatively investigate the effectiveness, kinetics, and mechanism of metal ions based on the responses of single live cells in real time. Under unstimulated conditions, T24 cells have constant membrane permeability to ferrocenemethanol of approximately 5.0×10(-5) m/s. When cadmium is added in-situ to T24 cells, the membrane permeability increases up to 3.5×10(-4) m/s, allowing more flux of ferrocenemethanol to the ultramicroelectrode tip. This suggests an increased spreading between the phospholipid heads in the cytoplasmic membrane. Membrane permeability might be used as a measure to probe cell status in practical intoxication cases. The methodology reported here can be applied to many other metals and their interactions with extracellular biomolecules, leading insights into cell physiology and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S M Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Fraser P Filice
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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10
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Electrochemical Investigation of Nitinol/Tantalum Hybrid Surfaces Modified by Alkylphosphonic Self-Assembled Monolayers. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Taleb A, Yanpeng X, Munteanu S, Kanoufi F, Dubot P. Self-assembled thiolate functionalized gold nanoparticles template toward tailoring the morphology of electrochemically deposited silver nanostructure. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Munteanu S, Gam-Derouich S, Flammier C, Fedala Y, Combellas C, Amiot F, Kanoufi F. Scanning electrochemical microscopy monitoring in microcantilever platforms. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7449-55. [PMID: 22876782 DOI: 10.1021/ac301502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The deflection of cantilever systems may be performed by an indirect electrochemical method that consists of measuring the local cantilever activity and deflection in a feedback generation-collection configuration of the SECM. This is illustrated during the electrochemically assisted adsorption of Br onto a gold-coated cantilever, either in its pristine state or previously coated with a thin organic barrier. It is further extended to the adsorption of an antibody in a heterogeneous immunoassay at an allergen-coated microcantilever platform. In both reactions, the cantilever deflection is qualitatively detected from the SECM tip current measurement and a quantitative estimate is obtained through modeling. This electroanalytical strategy provides an alternative approach to standard optical detection. It can overcome some limitations of the optical method by allowing electrochemical characterization of nonconductive cantilevers and appropriate use for closed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Munteanu
- PECSA CNRS-UMR 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, Paris cedex 05, France
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13
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Ktari N, Quinson J, Teste B, Siaugue JM, Kanoufi F, Combellas C. Immobilization of magnetic nanoparticles onto conductive surfaces modified by diazonium chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:12671-12680. [PMID: 22849883 DOI: 10.1021/la302403z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell γ-Fe(2)O(3)@SiO(2) nanoparticles (NPs) substituted by PEG and NH(2) groups may be immobilized on metal surfaces (glassy carbon or gold) substituted by 4-carboxyphenyl groups through electrostatic interactions. Such immobilization is evidenced by (i) IRRAS owing to the Si-O band, (ii) SEM images, which show that the surface coverage by the NPs is nearly 100%, and (iii) the NPs film thickness measured by ellipsometry or AFM, which corresponds to about one NPs monolayer. Such NPs film is permeable to redox probes, which allows us to propose electrochemical methods based on direct or local measurements as a way to inspect the NPs assembly steps through their ability to alter mass and charge transfer. This process also applies to patterned polystyrene surfaces, and selective immobilization of NPs substituted by amino groups was carried out onto submillimeter patterns obtained by local oxidation. Biological applications are then expected for hyperthermia activation of the NPs to trigger cellular death. Finally, some tests were performed to further derivatize the immobilized NPs onto surfaces through either a covalent bond or electrostatic interactions. Future work will be dedicated to the recovery of such Janus NPs from the substrate surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ktari
- Physicochimie des Electrolytes, Colloïdes et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, Paris, France
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14
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Galvin CJ, Genzer J. Applications of surface-grafted macromolecules derived from post-polymerization modification reactions. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Ferris R, Hucknall A, Kwon BS, Chen T, Chilkoti A, Zauscher S. Field-induced nanolithography for patterning of non-fouling polymer brush surfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:3032-3037. [PMID: 21901825 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ferris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, 144 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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16
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Syntheses and modifications of bisdiazonium salts of 3,8-benzo[c]cinnoline and 3,8-benzo[c]cinnoline 5-oxide onto glassy carbon electrode and the characterization of the modified surfaces. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Mahouche-Chergui S, Gam-Derouich S, Mangeney C, Chehimi MM. Aryl diazonium salts: a new class of coupling agents for bonding polymers, biomacromolecules and nanoparticles to surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4143-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Bélanger D, Pinson J. Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3995-4048. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Ktari N, Poncet P, Sénéchal H, Malaquin L, Kanoufi F, Combellas C. Patterning of polystyrene by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Biological applications to cell adhesion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:17348-17356. [PMID: 20945917 DOI: 10.1021/la1028564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene surfaces may be patterned by Ag(II), NO(3)(•), and OH(•) electrogenerated at the tip of a scanning electrochemical microscope. These electrogenerated reagents lead to local surface oxidation of the polymer. The most efficient surface treatment is obtained with Ag(II). The patterns are evidenced by XPS and IR and also by the surface wettability contrast between the hydrophobic virgin surface and the hydrophilic pattern. Such Ag(II) treatment of a polystyrene Petri dish generates discriminative surfaces able to promote or disfavor the adhesion of proteins and also the adhesion and growth of adherent cells. The process is also successfully applied to a cyclo-olefin copolymer and should be suitable to pattern any hydrogenated polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ktari
- Physicochimie des Electrolytes, Colloïdes et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, F-75231 France
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Ceccato M, Nielsen LT, Iruthayaraj J, Hinge M, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Nitrophenyl groups in diazonium-generated multilayered films: which are electrochemically responsive? LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:10812-10821. [PMID: 20411950 DOI: 10.1021/la1006428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Various nitrophenyl-containing organic layers have been electrografted to glassy carbon surfaces using diazonium chemistry to elucidate the extent by which the layer structure influences the solvent (i.e., acetonitrile) accessibility, electroactivity, and chemical reactivity of the films. For most of these films, cyclic voltammetric and impedance spectroscopy measurements show that the electron-transfer process at the electrode is facile and independent of film thickness and structure. This is consistent with the occurrence of self-mediated electron transfers throughout the film with nitrophenyl groups serving as redox stations. Importantly, this behavior is seen only after the first potential sweep, the effect of which is to increase the porosity of the layer by inducing an irreversible desorption of nonchemisorbed material along with a reorganization of the film structure. From a kinetic point of view, the radical anions of surface-attached nitrophenyl groups are reactive toward the residual water present in acetonitrile. Thin layers (thickness of 1 to 2 nm) containing redox-active groups only in the outer part of the layer are protonated two to three times as fast as groups located in a more hydrophobic but still solvent-accessible inner layer. Hence, kinetic measurements can detect small differences in the layer environment. Finally, a deconvolution of the cyclic voltammetric response of an electrode grafted from 4-nitrobenzenediazonium discloses that roughly 25% of the overall signal can be attributed to the presence of 4-azonitrophenyl moieties introduced during the electrografting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ceccato
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Deiss F, Combellas C, Fretigny C, Sojic N, Kanoufi F. Lithography by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with a Multiscaled Electrode. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5169-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100399q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Deiss
- Groupe Nanosystèmes Analytiques, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, ENSCPB, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac, France, Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloïdes et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, and Physico-chimie des Polymères et Milieux Dispersés Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7615, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Groupe Nanosystèmes Analytiques, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, ENSCPB, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac, France, Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloïdes et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, and Physico-chimie des Polymères et Milieux Dispersés Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7615, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Christian Fretigny
- Groupe Nanosystèmes Analytiques, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, ENSCPB, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac, France, Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloïdes et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, and Physico-chimie des Polymères et Milieux Dispersés Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7615, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- Groupe Nanosystèmes Analytiques, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, ENSCPB, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac, France, Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloïdes et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, and Physico-chimie des Polymères et Milieux Dispersés Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7615, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Groupe Nanosystèmes Analytiques, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, ENSCPB, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac, France, Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloïdes et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, and Physico-chimie des Polymères et Milieux Dispersés Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7615, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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