1
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Scott JJR, Lu G, Rodriguez BJ, MacLaren I, Salje EKH, Arredondo M. Evidence of the Monopolar-Dipolar Crossover Regime: A Multiscale Study of Ferroelastic Domains by In Situ Microscopy Techniques. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400646. [PMID: 38686673 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The elastic interaction between kinks (and antikinks) within domain walls plays a pivotal role in shaping the domain structure, and their dynamics. In bulk materials, kinks interact as elastic monopoles, dependent on the distance between walls (d-1) and typically characterized by a rigid and straight domain configuration. In this work the evolution of the domain structure is investigated, as the sample size decreases, by the means of in situ heating microscopy techniques on free-standing samples. As the sample size decreases, a significant transformation is observed: domain walls exhibit pronounced curvature, accompanied by an increase in both domain wall and junction density. This transformation is attributed to the pronounced influence of kinks, inducing sample warping, where "dipole-dipole" interactions are dominant (d-2). Moreover, a critical thickness range that delineates a crossover between the monopolar and dipolar regimens is experimentally identified and corroborated by atomic simulations. These findings are relevant for in situ TEM studies and for the development of novel devices based on free-standing ferroic thin films and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J R Scott
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland
| | - Guangming Lu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Brian J Rodriguez
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Ian MacLaren
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ekhard K H Salje
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Miryam Arredondo
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland
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2
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Ran K, Barthel J, Jin L, Park D, Buchheit A, Neuhaus K, Baumann S, Meulenberg WA, Mayer J. Direct Visualization of Distorted Twin Boundaries in Ce-Doped GdFeO 3. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2945-2951. [PMID: 36972518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the structure at the (110)-type twin boundary (TB) of Ce-doped GdFeO3 (C-GFO) has been investigated with picometer precision. Such a TB is promising to generate local ferroelectricity within a paraelectric system, while precise knowledge about its structure is still largely missing. In this work, a direct measurement of the cation off-centering with respect to the neighboring oxygen is enabled by integrated differential phase contrast (iDPC) imaging, and up to 30 pm Gd off-centering is highly localized at the TB. Further electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis demonstrates a slight accumulation of oxygen vacancies at the TB, a self-balanced behavior of Ce at the Gd sites, and a mixed occupation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ at the Fe sites. Our results provide an informative picture with atomic details at the TB of C-GFO, which is indispensable to further push the potential of grain boundary engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ran
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy GFE, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons ER-C, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Juri Barthel
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons ER-C, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lei Jin
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons ER-C, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Daesung Park
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt PTB, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annika Buchheit
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Neuhaus
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Baumann
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Wilhelm A Meulenberg
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inorganic Membranes, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Mayer
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy GFE, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons ER-C, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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3
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Fernández González A, Sapozhnikov K, Pal-Val P, Kustov S. Effect of Acoustic Oscillations on Non-Equilibrium State of Magnetic Domain Structure in Cubic Ni 2MnGa Single Crystal. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2547. [PMID: 37048841 PMCID: PMC10095562 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic hysteresis is a manifestation of non-equilibrium state of magnetic domain walls trapped in local energy minima. Using two types of experiments we show that, after application of a magnetic field to a ferromagnet, acoustic oscillations excited in the latter can "equilibrate" metastable magnetic domain structure by triggering the motion of domain walls into more stable configurations. Single crystals of archetypal Ni2MnGa magnetic shape memory alloy in the cubic phase were used in the experiments. The magnetomechanical absorption of ultrasound versus strain amplitude was studied after step-like changes of a polarizing magnetic field. One-time hysteresis was observed in strain amplitude dependences of magnetomechanical internal friction after step-like variations of a polarizing field. We distinguish two ingredients of the strain amplitude hysteresis that are found in the ranges of linear and non-linear internal friction and show qualitatively different behavior for increasing and decreasing applied polarizing fields. The uncovered effect is interpreted in terms of three canonical magnetomechanical internal friction terms (microeddy, macroeddy and hysteretic) and attributed to "triggering" by acoustic oscillations of the irreversible motion of domain walls trapped in the metastable states. To confirm the suggested interpretation we determine the coercive field of magnetization hysteresis through the measurements of the reversible Villari effect. We show that the width of the hysteresis loops decreases when acoustic oscillations in the non-linear range of domain wall motion are excited in the crystal. The observed "equilibration" of the magnetic domain structure by acoustic oscillations is attributed to the periodic stress anisotropy field induced by oscillatory mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxo Fernández González
- Departament de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Konstantin Sapozhnikov
- Solid State Physics Division, Ioffe Institute, Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Pal-Val
- B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of NAS of Ukraine, Nauky Ave. 47, 61101 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergey Kustov
- Departament de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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4
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Salje EKH, Kustov S. Dynamic domain boundaries: chemical dopants carried by moving twin walls. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1588-1601. [PMID: 36602278 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04908b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Domain walls and specifically ferroelastic twin boundaries are depositaries and fast diffusion pathways for chemical dopants and intrinsic lattice defects. Ferroelastic domain patterns act as templates for chemical structures where the walls are the device and not the bulk. Several examples of such engineered domain boundaries are given. Moving twin boundaries are shown to carry with them the dopants, although the activation of this mechanism depends sensitively on the applied external force. If the force is too weak, the walls remain pinned while too strong forces break the walls free of the dopants and move them independently. Several experimental methods and approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K H Salje
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - S Kustov
- Department of Physics, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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5
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Beirau T, Reissner CE, Pöllmann H, Bismayer U. Partially disordered pyrochlore: time-temperature dependence of recrystallization and dehydration. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The comparison of the evolution of the mechanical properties (elastic modulus and hardness) after step-wise thermal annealing for 1 and 16 h up to 900 K of a radiation-damaged pyrochlore (∼35% amorphous fraction; 1.8 wt% ThO2) provides insights to the time-temperature dependence of the recrystallization behavior. Especially the elastic modulus, directly related to interatomic bonding, enables the correlation with the amount of amorphous fraction. From this a pronounced effect of the annealing time on percolation behavior could be deduced. Evolved gas analysis indicate dehydration in the course of the structural reorganization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Beirau
- Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Mineralogy/Geochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3 , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Claudia E. Reissner
- Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Mineralogy/Geochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3 , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Herbert Pöllmann
- Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Mineralogy/Geochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3 , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Ulrich Bismayer
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 48, 20146 Hamburg , Germany
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6
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Roede ED, Shapovalov K, Moran TJ, Mosberg AB, Yan Z, Bourret E, Cano A, Huey BD, van Helvoort ATJ, Meier D. The Third Dimension of Ferroelectric Domain Walls. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202614. [PMID: 35820118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric domain walls are quasi-2D systems that show great promise for the development of nonvolatile memory, memristor technology, and electronic components with ultrasmall feature size. Electric fields, for example, can change the domain wall orientation relative to the spontaneous polarization and switch between resistive and conductive states, controlling the electrical current. Being embedded in a 3D material, however, the domain walls are not perfectly flat and can form networks, which leads to complex physical structures. In this work, the importance of the nanoscale structure for the emergent transport properties is demonstrated, studying electronic conduction in the 3D network of neutral and charged domain walls in ErMnO3 . By combining tomographic microscopy techniques and finite element modeling, the contribution of domain walls within the bulk is clarified and the significance of curvature effects for the local conduction is shown down to the nanoscale. The findings provide insights into the propagation of electrical currents in domain wall networks, reveal additional degrees of freedom for their control, and provide quantitative guidelines for the design of domain-wall-based technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Roede
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Konstantin Shapovalov
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Thomas J Moran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Aleksander B Mosberg
- Department of Physics, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
- SuperSTEM, STFC Daresbury Laboratories, Keckwick Lane, Warrington, WA4 4AD, UK
| | - Zewu Yan
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Edith Bourret
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andres Cano
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Bryan D Huey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | | | - Dennis Meier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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7
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Jakobsen VB, Trzop E, Dobbelaar E, Gavin LC, Chikara S, Ding X, Lee M, Esien K, Müller-Bunz H, Felton S, Collet E, Carpenter MA, Zapf VS, Morgan GG. Domain Wall Dynamics in a Ferroelastic Spin Crossover Complex with Giant Magnetoelectric Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:195-211. [PMID: 34939802 PMCID: PMC8759087 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Pinned and mobile
ferroelastic domain walls are detected in response
to mechanical stress in a Mn3+ complex with two-step thermal
switching between the spin triplet and spin quintet forms. Single-crystal
X-ray diffraction and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy on [MnIII(3,5-diCl-sal2(323))]BPh4 reveal three
distinct symmetry-breaking phase transitions in the polar space group
series Cc → Pc → P1 → P1(1/2). The transition mechanisms involve coupling between structural and
spin state order parameters, and the three transitions are Landau
tricritical, first order, and first order, respectively. The two first-order
phase transitions also show changes in magnetic properties and spin
state ordering in the Jahn–Teller-active Mn3+ complex.
On the basis of the change in symmetry from that of the parent structure, Cc, the triclinic phases are also ferroelastic, which has
been confirmed by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Measurements of
magnetoelectric coupling revealed significant changes in electric
polarization at both the Pc → P1 and P1 → P1(1/2) transitions, with opposite signs. All these phases are polar, while P1 is also chiral. Remanent electric polarization was detected
when applying a pulsed magnetic field of 60 T in the P1→ P1(1/2) region of bistability
at 90 K. Thus, we showcase here a rare example of multifunctionality
in a spin crossover material where the strain and polarization tensors
and structural and spin state order parameters are strongly coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibe Boel Jakobsen
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Elzbieta Trzop
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emiel Dobbelaar
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Laurence C Gavin
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Shalinee Chikara
- Department of Physics, Auburn University Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Xiaxin Ding
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Minseong Lee
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Kane Esien
- Centre for Nanostructured Media, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Helge Müller-Bunz
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Solveig Felton
- Centre for Nanostructured Media, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Collet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Michael A Carpenter
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England, United Kingdom
| | - Vivien S Zapf
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Grace G Morgan
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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8
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Ghara S, Geirhos K, Kuerten L, Lunkenheimer P, Tsurkan V, Fiebig M, Kézsmárki I. Giant conductivity of mobile non-oxide domain walls. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3975. [PMID: 34172747 PMCID: PMC8233373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomically sharp domain walls in ferroelectrics are considered as an ideal platform to realize easy-to-reconfigure nanoelectronic building blocks, created, manipulated and erased by external fields. However, conductive domain walls have been exclusively observed in oxides, where domain wall mobility and conductivity is largely influenced by stoichiometry and defects. Here, we report on giant conductivity of domain walls in the non-oxide ferroelectric GaV4S8. We observe conductive domain walls forming in zig-zagging structures, that are composed of head-to-head and tail-to-tail domain wall segments alternating on the nanoscale. Remarkably, both types of segments possess high conductivity, unimaginable in oxide ferroelectrics. These effectively 2D domain walls, dominating the 3D conductance, can be mobilized by magnetic fields, triggering abrupt conductance changes as large as eight orders of magnitude. These unique properties demonstrate that non-oxide ferroelectrics can be the source of novel phenomena beyond the realm of oxide electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ghara
- grid.7307.30000 0001 2108 9006Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - K. Geirhos
- grid.7307.30000 0001 2108 9006Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - L. Kuerten
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P. Lunkenheimer
- grid.7307.30000 0001 2108 9006Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - V. Tsurkan
- grid.7307.30000 0001 2108 9006Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany ,grid.450974.bInstitute of Applied Physics, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - M. Fiebig
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I. Kézsmárki
- grid.7307.30000 0001 2108 9006Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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9
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Interconversion of multiferroic domains and domain walls. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2755. [PMID: 33980845 PMCID: PMC8115534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems with long-range order like ferromagnetism or ferroelectricity exhibit uniform, yet differently oriented three-dimensional regions called domains that are separated by two-dimensional topological defects termed domain walls. A change of the ordered state across a domain wall can lead to local non-bulk physical properties such as enhanced conductance or the promotion of unusual phases. Although highly desirable, controlled transfer of these properties between the bulk and the spatially confined walls is usually not possible. Here, we demonstrate this crossover by confining multiferroic Dy0.7Tb0.3FeO3 domains into multiferroic domain walls at an identified location within a non-multiferroic environment. This process is fully reversible; an applied magnetic or electric field controls the transformation. Aside from expanding the concept of multiferroic order, such interconversion can be key to addressing antiferromagnetic domain structures and topological singularities. Domains and domain walls can have distinctively different physical properties. Here, the authors show how to transfer domains into domain walls and vice versa while maintaining their physical properties. Thereby the authors tune a multiferroic state between three and two dimensions.
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10
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Valmianski I, Rodríguez AF, Rodríguez-Álvarez J, García Del Muro M, Wolowiec C, Kronast F, Ramírez JG, Schuller IK, Labarta A, Batlle X. Driving magnetic domains at the nanoscale by interfacial strain-induced proximity. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4985-4994. [PMID: 33634814 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08253h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the local nanoscale changes of the magnetic anisotropy of a Ni film subject to an inverse magnetostrictive effect by proximity to a V2O3 layer. Using temperature-dependent photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) combined with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), direct images of the Ni spin alignment across the first-order structural phase transition (SPT) of V2O3 were obtained. We find an abrupt temperature-driven reorientation of the Ni magnetic domains across the SPT, which is associated with a large increase of the coercive field. Moreover, angular dependent ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) shows a remarkable change in the magnetic anisotropy of the Ni film across the SPT of V2O3. Micromagnetic simulations based on these results are in quantitative agreement with the PEEM data. Direct measurements of the lateral correlation length of the Ni domains from XMCD images show an increase of almost one order of magnitude at the SPT compared to room temperature, as well as a broad spatial distribution of the local transition temperatures, thus corroborating the phase coexistence of Ni anisotropies caused by the V2O3 SPT. We show that the rearrangement of the Ni domains is due to strain induced by the oxide layers' structural domains across the SPT. Our results illustrate the use of alternative hybrid systems to manipulate magnetic domains at the nanoscale, which allows for engineering of coercive fields for novel data storage architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Valmianski
- Department of Physics and Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arantxa Fraile Rodríguez
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Montserrat García Del Muro
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Christian Wolowiec
- Department of Physics and Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Florian Kronast
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ivan K Schuller
- Department of Physics and Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amílcar Labarta
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Batlle
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Fernandez-Posada CM, Cochard C, Gregg JM, Whatmore RW, Carpenter MA. Order-disorder, ferroelasticity and mobility of domain walls in multiferroic Cu-Cl boracite. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:095402. [PMID: 33202391 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abcb0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Domain walls in Cu-Cl boracite develop as a consequence of an improper ferroelastic, improper ferroelectric transition, and have attracted close interest because some are conductive and all can be mechanically written and repositioned by application of an electric field. The phase transition and its associated dynamical properties have been analysed here from the perspective of strain and elasticity. Determination of spontaneous strains from published lattice parameter data has allowed the equilibrium long-range order parameter for F [Formula: see text]3c → Pca21 to be modelled simply as being close to the order-disorder limit. High acoustic loss in the cubic phase, revealed by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, is consistent with the presence of dynamical microdomains of the orthorhombic structure with relaxation times in the vicinity of ∼10-5-10-6 s. Low acoustic loss in the stability field of the orthorhombic structure signifies, on the other hand, that ferroelastic twin walls which develop as a consequence of the order-disorder process are immobile on this time scale. A Debye loss peak accompanied by ∼1% elastic stiffening at ∼40 K is indicative of some freezing of defects which couple with strain or of some more intrinsic freezing process. The activation energy of ⩾∼0.01-0.02 eV implies a mechanism which could involve strain relaxation clouds around local ferroelectric dipoles or freezing of polarons that determine the conductivity of twin walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernandez-Posada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - C Cochard
- Centre for Nanostructured Media, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - J M Gregg
- Centre for Nanostructured Media, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - R W Whatmore
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M A Carpenter
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
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12
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Xiao X, Zhou J, Song K, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Rudd PN, Han Y, Li J, Huang J. Layer number dependent ferroelasticity in 2D Ruddlesden-Popper organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1332. [PMID: 33637731 PMCID: PMC7910601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroelasticity represents material domains possessing spontaneous strain that can be switched by external stress. Three-dimensional perovskites like methylammonium lead iodide are determined to be ferroelastic. Layered perovskites have been applied in optoelectronic devices with outstanding performance. However, the understanding of lattice strain and ferroelasticity in layered perovskites is still lacking. Here, using the in-situ observation of switching domains in layered perovskite single crystals under external strain, we discover the evidence of ferroelasticity in layered perovskites with layer number more than one, while the perovskites with single octahedra layer do not show ferroelasticity. Density functional theory calculation shows that ferroelasticity in layered perovskites originates from the distortion of inorganic octahedra resulting from the rotation of aspherical methylammonium cations. The absence of methylammonium cations in single layer perovskite accounts for the lack of ferroelasticity. These ferroelastic domains do not induce non-radiative recombination or reduce the photoluminescence quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Xiao
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kepeng Song
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Peter Neil Rudd
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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13
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Avalanche criticality during ferroelectric/ferroelastic switching. Nat Commun 2021; 12:345. [PMID: 33436615 PMCID: PMC7804440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Field induced domain wall displacements define ferroelectric/ferroelastic hysteresis loops, which are at the core of piezoelectric, magnetoelectric and memristive devices. These collective displacements are scale invariant jumps with avalanche characteristics. Here, we analyse the spatial distribution of avalanches in ferroelectrics with different domain and transformation patterns: Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 contains complex domains with needles and junction patterns, while BaTiO3 has parallel straight domains. Nevertheless, their avalanche characteristics are indistinguishable. The energies, areas and perimeters of the switched regions are power law distributed with exponents close to predicted mean field values. At the coercive field, the area exponent decreases, while the fractal dimension increases. This fine structure of the switching process has not been detected before and suggests that switching occurs via criticality at the coercive field with fundamentally different switching geometries at and near this critical point. We conjecture that the domain switching process in ferroelectrics is universal at the coercive field. While classical approaches rely on the study of individual ferroelectric domain wall movement on long time scales, the authors consider collective movements of domain walls during short time scales, characterized by discrete jumps, as indicators of avalanches on a broad range of scales.
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14
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Nahas Y, Prokhorenko S, Zhang Q, Govinden V, Valanoor N, Bellaiche L. Topology and control of self-assembled domain patterns in low-dimensional ferroelectrics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5779. [PMID: 33188173 PMCID: PMC7666159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19519-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst often discussed as non-trivial phases of low-dimensional ferroelectrics, modulated polar phases such as the dipolar maze and the nano-bubble state have been appraised as essentially distinct. Here we emphasize their topological nature and show that these self-patterned polar states, but also additional mesophases such as the disconnected labyrinthine phase and the mixed bimeron-skyrmion phase, can be fathomed in their plurality through the unifying canvas of phase separation kinetics. Under compressive strain, varying the control parameter, i.e., the external electric field, conditions the nonequilibrium self-assembly of domains, and bridges nucleation and spinodal decomposition via the sequential onset of topological transitions. The evolutive topology of these polar textures is driven by the (re)combination of the elementary topological defects, merons and antimerons, into a plethora of composite topological defects such as the fourfold junctions, the bimeron and the target skyrmion. Moreover, we demonstrate that these manipulable defects are stable at room temperature and feature enhanced functionalities, appealing for devising future topological-based nanoelectronics. Understanding the processes underlying the self-assembly of polar textures is pivotal for the development of future technologies. Here, the authors reveal the dynamics of nonequilibrium phase transitions in low-dimensional ferroelectrics and emphasize their topological nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nahas
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - S Prokhorenko
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Q Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - V Govinden
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - N Valanoor
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - L Bellaiche
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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15
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Andrade Landeta J, Lascano Lascano L. Comportamiento de las Paredes de Dominio Ferroeléctricas en una Nanoesfera de Titanato de Plomo. REVISTA POLITÉCNICA 2020. [DOI: 10.33333/rp.vol46n2.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar el comportamiento de las paredes de dominio ferroeléctricas en una nanoesfera de titanato de plomo bajo diferentes condiciones térmicas, eléctricas y mecánicas. Para ello se ha hecho uso de la teoría fenomenológica de Ginzburg-Landau y para obtener el estado de equilibrio se utilizaron principios variacionales; las ecuaciones que aparecen en el desarrollo se resolvieron analíticamente. Los resultados obtenidos proveen un perfil de la polarización dentro de las paredes de dominio 180° de la nanoesfera de titanato de plomo, así como el espesor de dicha pared en función de la temperatura y para distintas condiciones de la nanoesfera. Se observa que, con el aumento de la temperatura, el perfil de la polarización se reduce y el espesor de la pared crece al acercarse a cierta temperatura; todo lo cual permitiría sintonizar la temperatura de transición ferroeléctrica mediante el control del tamaño de la nanoestructura, de la presencia de cargas libres y de la aplicación de esfuerzos mecánicos.
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16
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Abstract
In this tribute to K Alex Müller, I describe how his early insights have influenced future decades of research on perovskite ferroelectrics and more broadly transition metal oxides (TMOs) and related quantum materials. I use his influence on my own research journey to discuss impacts in three areas: structural phase transitions, precursor structure, and quantum paraelectricity. I emphasize materials functionality in ground, metastable, and excited states arising from competitions among lattice, charge, and spin degrees of freedom, which results in highly tunable landscapes and complex networks of multiscale configurations controlling macroscopic functions. I discuss competitions between short- and long-range forces as particularly important in TMOs (and related materials classes) because of their localized and directional metal orbitals and the polarizable oxygen ions. I emphasize crucial consequences of elasticity and metal–oxygen charge transfer.
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17
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Yokota H, Matsumoto S, Hasegawa N, Salje EKH, Uesu Y. Enhancement of polar nature of domain boundaries in ferroelastic Pb 3(PO 4) 2by doping divalent-metal ions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:345401. [PMID: 32315998 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab8b9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of doping metal ions in ferroelastic Pb3(PO4)2(PPO) on the polar nature of domain boundaries (DBs) was investigated using a second harmonic generation (SHG) microscope. It has been already reported that (DBs) of non-doped PPO is SH active and polar. The present study reveals that DBs of Ca-doped and Mg-doped PPO show greatly enhanced SH activity. This indicates that doping by metal ions enhances the polar nature of the DBs of PPO. This is important for future applications of DB nanotechnology. The enhancement of SH intensity is explained by a larger displacement of Ca2+and Mg2+ions in DBs due to smaller ionic radii. Analyses of the SH anisotropy experiments reveal that the symmetry-adaptedW-wall belongs to monoclinicmand the non-adaptedW'-wall to monoclinic 2. Both point groups are classified as the polar classes, which coincides with the case of pure PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yokota
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Suguru Matsumoto
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nozomu Hasegawa
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - E K H Salje
- Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshiaki Uesu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Nataf GF, Guennou M. Optical studies of ferroelectric and ferroelastic domain walls. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:183001. [PMID: 32026848 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab68f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies carried out with atomic force microscopy or high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveal that ferroic domain walls can exhibit different physical properties than the bulk of the domains, such as enhanced conductivity in insulators, or polar properties in non-polar materials. In this review we show that optical techniques, in spite of the diffraction limit, also provide key insights into the structure and physical properties of ferroelectric and ferroelastic domain walls. We give an overview of the uses, specificities and limits of these techniques, and emphasize the properties of the domain walls that they can probe. We then highlight some open questions of the physics of domain walls that could benefit from their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Nataf
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
Superconducting domain boundaries were found in WO3-x and doped WO3. The charge carriers in WO3-type materials were identified by Schirmer and Salje as bipolarons. Several previous attempts to determine the electronic properties of polarons in WO3 failed until Bousque et al. (2020) reported a full first principle calculation of free polarons in WO3. They confirmed the model of Schirmer and Salje that each single polaron is centred around one tungsten position with surplus charges smeared over the adjacent eight tungsten positions. Small additional charges are distributed further apart. Further calculations to clarify the coupling mechanism between polaron to form bipolarons are not yet available. These calculations would help to identify the carrier distribution in Magneli clusters, which were shown recently to contain high carrier concentrations and may indicate totally localized superconductivity in non-percolating clusters.
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20
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Campanini M, Gradauskaite E, Trassin M, Yi D, Yu P, Ramesh R, Erni R, Rossell MD. Imaging and quantification of charged domain walls in BiFeO 3. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9186-9193. [PMID: 32297890 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Charged domain walls in ferroelectrics hold great promise for the design of novel electronic devices due to their enhanced local conductivity. In fact, charged domain walls show unique properties including the possibility of being created, moved and erased by an applied voltage. Here, we demonstrate that the charged domain walls are constituted by a core region where most of the screening charge is localized and such charge accumulation is responsible for their enhanced conductivity. In particular, the link between the local structural distortions and charge screening phenomena in 109° tail-to-tail domain walls of BiFeO3 is elucidated by a series of multiscale analysis performed by means of scanning probe techniques, including conductive atomic force microscopy (cAFM) and atomic resolution differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC-STEM). The results prove that an accumulation of oxygen vacancies occurs at the tail-to-tail domain walls as the leading charge screening process. This work constitutes a new insight in understanding the behavior of such complex systems and lays down the fundaments for their implementation into novel nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Campanini
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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21
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Ferroelectric switching in ferroelastic materials with rough surfaces. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15834. [PMID: 31676819 PMCID: PMC6825142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric switching of non-polar bulk crystals is shown to occur when domain walls are polar in ferroelastic materials and when rough surfaces with steps on an atomic scale promote domain switching. All domains emerging from surface nuclei possess polar domain walls. The progression of domains is then driven by the interaction of the electric field with the polarity of domain boundaries. In contrast, smooth surfaces with higher activation barriers prohibit effective domain nucleation. We demonstrate the existence of an electrically driven ferroelectric hysteresis loop in a non-ferroelectric, ferroelastic bulk material.
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22
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Abstract
Transition metal functional oxides, e.g., perovskite manganites, with strong electron, spin and lattice correlations, are well-known for different phase transitions and field-induced colossal effects at the phase transition. Recently, the interfaces between dissimilar perovskites were shown to be a promising concept for the search of emerging phases with novel functionalities. We demonstrate that the properties of manganite films are effectively controlled by low dimensional emerging phases at intrinsic and extrinsic interfaces and appeared as a result of symmetry breaking. The examples include correlated Jahn–Teller polarons in the phase-separated (La1−yPry)0.7Ca0.3MnO3, electron-rich Jahn–Teller-distorted surface or “dead” layer in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3, electric-field-induced healing of “dead” layer as an origin of resistance switching effect, and high-TC ferromagnetic emerging phase at the SrMnO3/LaMnO3 interface in superlattices. These 2D polaronic phases with short-range electron, spin, and lattice reconstructions could be extremely sensitive to external fields, thus, providing a rational explanation of colossal effects in perovskite manganites.
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23
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Carpenter MA, Evans DM, Schiemer JA, Wolf T, Adelmann P, Böhmer AE, Meingast C, Dutton SE, Mukherjee P, Howard CJ. Ferroelasticity, anelasticity and magnetoelastic relaxation in Co-doped iron pnictide: Ba(Fe 0.957Co 0.043) 2As 2. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:155401. [PMID: 30641499 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aafe29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that strain has a permeating influence on ferroelastic, magnetic and superconducting transitions in 122 iron pnictides has been tested by investigating variations of the elastic and anelastic properties of a single crystal of Ba(Fe0.957Co0.043)2As2 by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy as a function of temperature and externally applied magnetic field. Non-linear softening and stiffening of C 66 in the stability fields of both the tetragonal and orthorhombic structures has been found to conform quantitatively to the Landau expansion for a pseudoproper ferroelastic transition which is second order in character. The only exception is that the transition occurs at a temperature (T S ≈ 69 K) ~10 K above the temperature at which C 66 would extrapolate to zero ([Formula: see text] ≈ 59 K). An absence of anomalies associated with antiferromagnetic ordering below T N ≈ 60 K implies that coupling of the magnetic order parameter with shear strain is weak. It is concluded that linear-quadratic coupling between the structural/electronic and antiferromagnetic order parameters is suppressed due to the effects of local heterogeneous strain fields arising from the substitution of Fe by Co. An acoustic loss peak at ~50-55 K is attributed to the influence of mobile ferroelastic twin walls that become pinned by a thermally activated process involving polaronic defects. Softening of C 66 by up to ~6% below the normal-superconducting transition at T c ≈ 13 K demonstrates an effective coupling of the shear strain with the order parameter for the superconducting transition which arises indirectly as a consequence of unfavourable coupling of the superconducting order parameter with the ferroelastic order parameter. Ba(Fe0.957Co0.043)2As2 is representative of 122 pnictides as forming a class of multiferroic superconductors in which elastic strain relaxations underpin almost all aspects of coupling between the structural, magnetic and superconducting order parameters and of dynamic properties of the transformation microstructures they contain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Carpenter
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
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24
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Krisponeit JO, Damaschke B, Moshnyaga V, Samwer K. Layer-by-Layer Resistive Switching: Multistate Functionality due to Electric-Field-Induced Healing of Dead Layers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:136801. [PMID: 31012616 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.136801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Materials exhibiting reversible resistive switching in electrical fields are highly demanded for functional elements in oxide electronics. In particular, multilevel switching effects allow for advanced applications like neuromorphic circuits. Here, we report a structurally driven switching mechanism involving the so-called "dead" layers of perovskite manganite surfaces. Forming a tunnel barrier whose thickness can be changed in monolayer steps by electrical fields, the switching effect exhibits well-defined and robust resistive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Olaf Krisponeit
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bernd Damaschke
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vasily Moshnyaga
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konrad Samwer
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Temperature Chaos, Memory Effect, and Domain Fluctuations in the Spiral Antiferromagnet Dy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5076. [PMID: 30911078 PMCID: PMC6433891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The spiral antiferromagnetic phase of polycrystalline dysprosium between 140 K and the Néel temperature at 178 K and its domain wall (DW) dynamics were investigated using high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy. Two kinetic processes of quasi-static DW motion occur under non-isothermal and isothermal conditions. A “fast” process is proportional to the rate of the temperature change and results in a new category of anelastic phenomena: magnetic transient ultrasonic internal friction (IF). This IF, related to fast moving magnetic DWs, decays rapidly after interruptions of cooling/heating cycles. A second, “slow” kinetic process is seen as logarithmic IF relaxation under isothermal conditions. This second process is glass-like and results in memory and temperature chaos effects. Low-frequency thermal fluctuations of DWs, previously detected by X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, are related to critical fluctuations with Brownian motion-like dynamics of DWs.
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26
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Schoenherr P, Shapovalov K, Schaab J, Yan Z, Bourret ED, Hentschel M, Stengel M, Fiebig M, Cano A, Meier D. Observation of Uncompensated Bound Charges at Improper Ferroelectric Domain Walls. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1659-1664. [PMID: 30747542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is used to probe unconventional domain walls in the improper ferroelectric semiconductor Er0.99Ca0.01MnO3 down to cryogenic temperatures. The low-temperature EFM maps reveal pronounced electric far fields generated by partially uncompensated domain-wall bound charges. Positively and negatively charged walls display qualitatively different fields as a function of temperature, which we explain based on different screening mechanisms and the corresponding relaxation time of the mobile carriers. Our results demonstrate domain walls in improper ferroelectrics as a unique example of natural interfaces that are stable against the emergence of electrically uncompensated bound charges. The outstanding robustness of improper ferroelectric domain walls in conjunction with their electronic versatility brings us an important step closer to the development of durable and ultrasmall electronic components for next-generation nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Schoenherr
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Shapovalov
- CNRS , Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, UPR 9048 , 33600 Pessac , France
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Jakob Schaab
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Zewu Yan
- Department of Physics , ETH Zurich , Otto-Stern-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Edith D Bourret
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Massimiliano Stengel
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Manfred Fiebig
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Andrés Cano
- Institut Néel, CNRS & Univ. Grenoble Alpes , 38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Dennis Meier
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU , 7043 Trondheim , Norway
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27
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Spaldin NA, Ramesh R. Advances in magnetoelectric multiferroics. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:203-212. [PMID: 30783227 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of magnetic properties by an electric field in magnetoelectric multiferroic materials has driven significant research activity, with the goal of realizing their transformative technological potential. Here, we review progress in the fundamental understanding and design of new multiferroic materials, advances in characterization and modelling tools to describe them, and the exploration of devices and applications. Focusing on the translation of the many scientific breakthroughs into technological innovations, we identify the key open questions in the field where targeted research activities could have maximum impact in transitioning scientific discoveries into real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Spaldin
- Materials Theory, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - R Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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28
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Salje EKH, Liu H, Xiao Y, Jin L, Planes A, Vives E, Xie K, Jiang X. Avalanche mixing and the simultaneous collapse of two media under uniaxial stress. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:023002. [PMID: 30934264 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.023002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Avalanches in coal and sandstone samples under common uniaxial stress serve as a model for mixing of avalanche exponents in ceramics, multiferroics, and alloys. The two media are sandwiched together and subjected to common uniaxial stress using high- and low-stress compression. Each medium collapses individually through avalanches that often coincide with secondary avalanches into the other medium. The total avalanche time sequence allows a detailed investigation of the mixing by superposition and delayed coincidence. Correlations can be described by an inter-media Båth's law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekhard K H Salje
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviors of Materials, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 710049 Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hanlong Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xiao
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linsen Jin
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Antoni Planes
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Eduard Vives
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Kainan Xie
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
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29
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Liu L, Rojac T, Damjanovic D, Di Michiel M, Daniels J. Frequency-dependent decoupling of domain-wall motion and lattice strain in bismuth ferrite. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4928. [PMID: 30467315 PMCID: PMC6250669 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamics of domain walls are among the main features that control strain mechanisms in ferroic materials. Here, we demonstrate that the domain-wall-controlled piezoelectric behaviour in multiferroic BiFeO3 is distinct from that reported in classical ferroelectrics. In situ X-ray diffraction was used to separate the electric-field-induced lattice strain and strain due to displacements of non-180° domain walls in polycrystalline BiFeO3 over a wide frequency range. These piezoelectric strain mechanisms have opposing trends as a function of frequency. The lattice strain increases with increasing frequency, showing negative piezoelectric phase angle (i.e., strain leads the electric field), an unusual feature so far demonstrated only in the total macroscopic piezoelectric response. Domain-wall motion exhibits the opposite behaviour, it decreases in magnitude with increasing frequency, showing more common positive piezoelectric phase angle (i.e., strain lags behind the electric field). Charge redistribution at conducting domain walls, oriented differently in different grain families, is demonstrated to be the cause. Conductive domain walls of ferroelectric materials are considered for device applications demanding a fundamental understanding of their dynamics. Here, frequency-dependent decoupling of strains upon electric field cycling in BiFeO3 is demonstrated to arise from conductive domain walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, 2052, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tadej Rojac
- Electronic Ceramics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dragan Damjanovic
- Group for Ferroelectrics and Functional Oxides, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne-EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - John Daniels
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, 2052, Sydney, Australia.
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30
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Schaab J, Skjærvø SH, Krohns S, Dai X, Holtz ME, Cano A, Lilienblum M, Yan Z, Bourret E, Muller DA, Fiebig M, Selbach SM, Meier D. Electrical half-wave rectification at ferroelectric domain walls. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:1028-1034. [PMID: 30201990 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Domain walls in ferroelectric semiconductors show promise as multifunctional two-dimensional elements for next-generation nanotechnology. Electric fields, for example, can control the direct-current resistance and reversibly switch between insulating and conductive domain-wall states, enabling elementary electronic devices such as gates and transistors. To facilitate electrical signal processing and transformation at the domain-wall level, however, an expansion into the realm of alternating-current technology is required. Here, we demonstrate diode-like alternating-to-direct current conversion based on neutral ferroelectric domain walls in ErMnO3. By combining scanning probe and dielectric spectroscopy, we show that the rectification occurs at the tip-wall contact for frequencies at which the walls are effectively pinned. Using density functional theory, we attribute the responsible transport behaviour at the neutral walls to an accumulation of oxygen defects. The practical frequency regime and magnitude of the direct current output are controlled by the bulk conductivity, establishing electrode-wall junctions as versatile atomic-scale diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Schaab
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra H Skjærvø
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stephan Krohns
- Experimental Physics V, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Dai
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Megan E Holtz
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrés Cano
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institut Néel, CNRS & University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Zewu Yan
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edith Bourret
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Manfred Fiebig
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sverre M Selbach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dennis Meier
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
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31
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Lu RE, Zhao RZ, Feng X, Yang B, Hong XH, Zhang C, Qin YQ, Zhu YY. Nearly Diffraction-Free Nonlinear Imaging of Irregularly Distributed Ferroelectric Domains. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:067601. [PMID: 29481224 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.067601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation is used experimentally for the nonlinear imaging of two-dimensional irregular domain structures. Analytical solutions and simulation results for the Fresnel distribution of domain walls are obtained. The results show that the domain wall plays an important role in the imaging process and the corresponding diffraction effect is greatly suppressed (we call it a nearly diffraction-free effect), thus providing a simple way to realize high-resolution imaging for ferroelectric domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Er Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rui-Zhi Zhao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xia Feng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bo Yang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xu-Hao Hong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi-Qiang Qin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yong-Yuan Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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32
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Nataf GF, Barrett N, Kreisel J, Guennou M. Raman signatures of ferroic domain walls captured by principal component analysis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:035902. [PMID: 29091587 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa9778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroic domain walls are currently investigated by several state-of-the art techniques in order to get a better understanding of their distinct, functional properties. Here, principal component analysis (PCA) of Raman maps is used to study ferroelectric domain walls (DWs) in LiNbO3 and ferroelastic DWs in NdGaO3. It is shown that PCA allows us to quickly and reliably identify small Raman peak variations at ferroelectric DWs and that the value of a peak shift can be deduced-accurately and without a priori-from a first order Taylor expansion of the spectra. The ability of PCA to separate the contribution of ferroelastic domains and DWs to Raman spectra is emphasized. More generally, our results provide a novel route for the statistical analysis of any property mapped across a DW.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Nataf
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg. SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France. Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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33
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Re-entrant spin glass transitions: new insights from acoustic absorption by domain walls. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16846. [PMID: 29203816 PMCID: PMC5715136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-entrant spin glass (RSG) transitions in Ni-Mn and Au-Fe have been reassessed by acoustic measurements of the magneto-mechanical damping by domain walls. Stress-induced non-thermally activated domain wall dynamics is progressively replaced by an intense thermally activated relaxational response when the temperature approaches the RSG freezing point. A “frozen” state with negligible motion of domain walls on atomic and mesoscopic scales occurs in the RSG. We propose that RSG freezing has its origin in intrinsic properties of domain walls.
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34
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Ding X, Aktas O, Wang X, Li S, Zhao Z, Zhang L, He X, Lookman T, Saxena A, Sun J. Statistics of twinning in strained ferroelastics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:394002. [PMID: 28825916 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7ea0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we show that the evolution of the microstructure and kinetics of ferroelastic crystals under external shear can be explored by computer simulations of 2D model materials. We find that the nucleation and propagation of twin boundaries in ferroelastics depend sensitively on temperature. In the plastic regime, the evolution of the ferroelastic microstructure under strain deformation maintains a stick-and-slip mechanism in all temperature regimes, whereas the dynamic behavior changes dramatically from power-law statistics at low temperature to a Kohlrausch law at intermediate temperature, and then to a Vogel-Fulcher law at high temperature. In the yield regime, the distribution of jerk energies follows power-law statistics in all temperature regimes for a large range of strain rates. The non-spanning avalanches in the yield regime follow a parabolic temporal profile. The changes of twin pattern and twin boundaries density represent an important step towards domain boundary engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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35
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Werner CS, Herr SJ, Buse K, Sturman B, Soergel E, Razzaghi C, Breunig I. Large and accessible conductivity of charged domain walls in lithium niobate. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9862. [PMID: 28851946 PMCID: PMC5575345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroelectric domain walls are interfaces between areas of a material that exhibits different directions of spontaneous polarization. The properties of domain walls can be very different from those of the undisturbed material. Metallic-like conductivity of charged domain walls (CDWs) in nominally insulating ferroelectrics was predicted in 1973 and detected recently. This important effect is still in its infancy: The electric currents are still smaller than expected, the access to the conductivity at CDWs is hampered by contact barriers, and stability is low because of sophisticated domain structures or proximity of the Curie point. Here, we report on large, accessible, and stable conductivity at CDWs in lithium niobate (LN) crystals - a vital material for photonics. Our results mark a breakthrough: Increase of conductivity at CDWs by more than 13 orders of magnitude compared to that of the bulk, access to the effect via ohmic and diode-like contacts, and high stability for temperatures T ≤ 70 °C are demonstrated. A promising and now realistic prospect is to combine CDW functionalities with linear and nonlinear optical phenomena. Our findings allow new generations of adaptive-optical elements, of electrically controlled integrated-optical chips for quantum photonics, and of advanced LN-semiconductor hybrid optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph S Werner
- Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon J Herr
- Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Buse
- Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Heidenhofstraße 8, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Boris Sturman
- Institute for Automation and Electrometry of Russian Academy of Science, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elisabeth Soergel
- Institute of Physics, University of Bonn, Wegelerstraße 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cina Razzaghi
- Institute of Physics, University of Bonn, Wegelerstraße 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo Breunig
- Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Heidenhofstraße 8, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
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36
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Sanchez-Santolino G, Tornos J, Hernandez-Martin D, Beltran JI, Munuera C, Cabero M, Perez-Muñoz A, Ricote J, Mompean F, Garcia-Hernandez M, Sefrioui Z, Leon C, Pennycook SJ, Muñoz MC, Varela M, Santamaria J. Resonant electron tunnelling assisted by charged domain walls in multiferroic tunnel junctions. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:655-662. [PMID: 28396607 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The peculiar features of domain walls observed in ferroelectrics make them promising active elements for next-generation non-volatile memories, logic gates and energy-harvesting devices. Although extensive research activity has been devoted recently to making full use of this technological potential, concrete realizations of working nanodevices exploiting these functional properties are yet to be demonstrated. Here, we fabricate a multiferroic tunnel junction based on ferromagnetic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 electrodes separated by an ultrathin ferroelectric BaTiO3 tunnel barrier, where a head-to-head domain wall is constrained. An electron gas stabilized by oxygen vacancies is confined within the domain wall, displaying discrete quantum-well energy levels. These states assist resonant electron tunnelling processes across the barrier, leading to strong quantum oscillations of the electrical conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sanchez-Santolino
- GFMC, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tornos
- GFMC, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Hernandez-Martin
- GFMC, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan I Beltran
- GFMC, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ICMM-CSIC, Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Munuera
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ICMM-CSIC, Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Cabero
- GFMC, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Muñoz
- GFMC, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Ricote
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ICMM-CSIC, Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mompean
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ICMM-CSIC, Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Garcia-Hernandez
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ICMM-CSIC, Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zouhair Sefrioui
- GFMC, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Leon
- GFMC, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Steve J Pennycook
- Department of Materials Science &Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Maria Carmen Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ICMM-CSIC, Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Varela
- GFMC, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Materials Science and Technology Div., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Jacobo Santamaria
- GFMC, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada ICMM-CSIC 'Laboratorio de heteroestructuras con aplicación en Espintrónica', UCM, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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37
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Cherifi-Hertel S, Bulou H, Hertel R, Taupier G, Dorkenoo KD(H, Andreas C, Guyonnet J, Gaponenko I, Gallo K, Paruch P. Non-Ising and chiral ferroelectric domain walls revealed by nonlinear optical microscopy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15768. [PMID: 28593944 PMCID: PMC5472758 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of ferroelectric domain walls can significantly differ from those of their parent material. Elucidating their internal structure is essential for the design of advanced devices exploiting nanoscale ferroicity and such localized functional properties. Here, we probe the internal structure of 180° ferroelectric domain walls in lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films and lithium tantalate bulk crystals by means of second-harmonic generation microscopy. In both systems, we detect a pronounced second-harmonic signal at the walls. Local polarimetry analysis of this signal combined with numerical modelling reveals the existence of a planar polarization within the walls, with Néel and Bloch-like configurations in PZT and lithium tantalate, respectively. Moreover, we find domain wall chirality reversal at line defects crossing lithium tantalate crystals. Our results demonstrate a clear deviation from the ideal Ising configuration that is traditionally expected in uniaxial ferroelectrics, corroborating recent theoretical predictions of a more complex, often chiral structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salia Cherifi-Hertel
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Bulou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Riccardo Hertel
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Grégory Taupier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kokou Dodzi (Honorat) Dorkenoo
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Andreas
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jill Guyonnet
- DQMP, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Iaroslav Gaponenko
- DQMP, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gallo
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH—Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrycja Paruch
- DQMP, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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38
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Bismayer U, Mihailova B, Angel R. Ferroelasticity in palmierite-type(1 - x)Pb 3(PO 4) 2 - xPb 3(AsO 4) 2. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:213001. [PMID: 28379847 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa6b96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead phosphate-arsenate Pb3(P1-x As x O4)2 undergoes an improper ferroelastic phase transition from a rhombohedral paraphase [Formula: see text] to a monoclinic ferrophase [Formula: see text] leading to distinct twin boundary patterns. On cooling compounds with x larger than 0.8 undergo further transitions to monoclinic low-temperature phases, whereas the composition with x = 0.8 shows order-parameter coupling phenomena. The transformation [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] was described on the basis of a three-state Potts model and the existence of precursors of monoclinic clusters in the rhombohedral paraphase. The system is one of the best studied improper ferroelastics. Due to its two-mode phonon behaviour the solid solution exhibits multistep temperature- as well as pressure-driven structural transformations with different length and time scales. Relevant investigations and findings of this palmierite-type material have been made by Prof E K H Salje. Some of the most prominent results from x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and Raman scattering are reviewed, and the potential implications for domain-wall structures and engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulli Bismayer
- Department of Earth Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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39
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Mundy JA, Schaab J, Kumagai Y, Cano A, Stengel M, Krug IP, Gottlob DM, Dog Anay H, Holtz ME, Held R, Yan Z, Bourret E, Schneider CM, Schlom DG, Muller DA, Ramesh R, Spaldin NA, Meier D. Functional electronic inversion layers at ferroelectric domain walls. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:622-627. [PMID: 28319611 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric domain walls hold great promise as functional two-dimensional materials because of their unusual electronic properties. Particularly intriguing are the so-called charged walls where a polarity mismatch causes local, diverging electrostatic potentials requiring charge compensation and hence a change in the electronic structure. These walls can exhibit significantly enhanced conductivity and serve as a circuit path. The development of all-domain-wall devices, however, also requires walls with controllable output to emulate electronic nano-components such as diodes and transistors. Here we demonstrate electric-field control of the electronic transport at ferroelectric domain walls. We reversibly switch from resistive to conductive behaviour at charged walls in semiconducting ErMnO3. We relate the transition to the formation-and eventual activation-of an inversion layer that acts as the channel for the charge transport. The findings provide new insight into the domain-wall physics in ferroelectrics and foreshadow the possibility to design elementary digital devices for all-domain-wall circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mundy
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - J Schaab
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Y Kumagai
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Cano
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, UPR 9048, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - M Stengel
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I P Krug
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, TU Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - D M Gottlob
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H Dog Anay
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - M E Holtz
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - R Held
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Z Yan
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Bourret
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C M Schneider
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - D G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - D A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - R Ramesh
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N A Spaldin
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D Meier
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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40
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Computer vision distortion correction of scanning probe microscopy images. Sci Rep 2017; 7:669. [PMID: 28386115 PMCID: PMC5429659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00765-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its inception, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has established itself as the tool of choice for probing surfaces and functionalities at the nanoscale. Although recent developments in the instrumentation have greatly improved the metrological aspects of SPM, it is still plagued by the drifts and nonlinearities of the piezoelectric actuators underlying the precise nanoscale motion. In this work, we present an innovative computer-vision-based distortion correction algorithm for offline processing of functional SPM measurements, allowing two images to be directly overlaid with minimal error – thus correlating position with time evolution and local functionality. To demonstrate its versatility, the algorithm is applied to two very different systems. First, we show the tracking of polarisation switching in an epitaxial Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 thin film during high-speed continuous scanning under applied tip bias. Thanks to the precise time-location-polarisation correlation we can extract the regions of domain nucleation and track the motion of domain walls until the merging of the latter in avalanche-like events. Secondly, the morphology of surface folds and wrinkles in graphene deposited on a PET substrate is probed as a function of applied strain, allowing the relaxation of individual wrinkles to be tracked.
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41
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Burson KM, Büchner C, Heyde M, Freund HJ. Assessing the amorphousness and periodicity of common domain boundaries in silica bilayers on Ru(0 0 0 1). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:035002. [PMID: 27845914 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/29/3/035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Domain boundaries are hypothesized to play a role in the crystalline to amorphous transition. Here we examine domain boundary structures in comparison to crystalline and amorphous structures in bilayer silica grown on Ru(0 0 0 1). Atomically resolved scanning probe microscopy data of boundaries in crystalline bilayer films are analyzed to determine structural motifs. A rich variety of boundary structures including rotational, closed-loop, antiphase, and complex boundaries are identified. Repeating units with ring sizes of 558 and 57 form the two most common domain boundary types. Quantitative metrics are utilized to assess the structural composition and degree of order for the chemically equivalent crystalline, domain boundary, and amorphous structures. It is found that domain boundaries in the crystalline phase show similarities to the amorphous phase in their ring statistics and, in some cases, in terms of the observed ring neighborhoods. However, by assessing order and periodicity, domain boundaries are shown to be distinct from the glassy state. The role of the Ru(0 0 0 1) substrate in influencing grain boundary structure is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Burson
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Department of Physics, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
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42
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43
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Steiner J, Lisfi A, Kakeshita T, Fukuda T, Wuttig M. Unique magnetostriction of Fe 68.8Pd 31.2 attributable to twinning. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34259. [PMID: 27688053 PMCID: PMC5043241 DOI: 10.1038/srep34259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fe68.8Pd31.2 exhibits an anomalously large magnetostriction of ~400 ppm at room temperature as well as linear, isotropic, and hysteresis free magnetization behavior. This near perfectly reversible magnetic response is attributable to the presence of a large number of premartensitic magnetoelastic twin clusters present in the system made possible through the elastic softening that occurs near a martensitic transformation temperature of 252 K. It is proposed that the twin clusters in the material reduce both internal elastic and magnetic energy, causing the elastic and magnetic behavior of the material to be intimately linked. In such a framework, the anisotropy energy becomes extremely low causing the material to bear no crystalline dependence on magnetization, and application of a magnetic field causes simultaneous magnetic and twin domain movement which relaxes the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Steiner
- University of Maryland, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College Park, MD 20902, USA
| | - Abdellah Lisfi
- Morgan State Univeristy, Department of Physics, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Kakeshita
- Osaka University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Fukuda
- Osaka University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manfred Wuttig
- University of Maryland, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College Park, MD 20902, USA
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44
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Controlled creation and displacement of charged domain walls in ferroelectric thin films. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31323. [PMID: 27507433 PMCID: PMC4979207 DOI: 10.1038/srep31323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Charged domain walls in ferroelectric materials are of high interest due to their potential use in nanoelectronic devices. While previous approaches have utilized complex scanning probe techniques or frustrative poling here we show the creation of charged domain walls in ferroelectric thin films during simple polarization switching using either a conductive probe tip or patterned top electrodes. We demonstrate that ferroelectric switching is accompanied - without exception - by the appearance of charged domain walls and that these walls can be displaced and erased reliably. We ascertain from a combination of scanning probe microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and phase field simulations that creation of charged domain walls is a by-product of, and as such is always coupled to, ferroelectric switching. This is due to the (110) orientation of the tetragonal (Pb,Sr)TiO3 thin films and the crucial role played by the limited conduction of the LSMO bottom electrode layer used in this study. This work highlights that charged domain walls, far from being exotic, unstable structures, as might have been assumed previously, can be robust, stable easily-controlled features in ferroelectric thin films.
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45
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Salje EKH, Alexe M, Kustov S, Weber MC, Schiemer J, Nataf GF, Kreisel J. Direct observation of polar tweed in LaAlO3. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27193. [PMID: 27250525 PMCID: PMC4890045 DOI: 10.1038/srep27193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar tweed was discovered in mechanically stressed LaAlO3. Local patches of strained material (diameter ca. 5 μm) form interwoven patterns seen in birefringence images, Piezo-Force Microscopy (PFM) and Resonant Piezoelectric Spectroscopy (RPS). PFM and RPS observations prove unequivocally that electrical polarity exists inside the tweed patterns of LaAlO3. The local piezoelectric effect varies greatly within the tweed patterns and reaches magnitudes similar to quartz. The patterns were mapped by the shift of the Eg soft-mode frequency by Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekhard K H Salje
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Marin Alexe
- University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England
| | - Sergey Kustov
- Universite des Illes Balears, Department Fisica, E-07122 Palma De Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mads C Weber
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.,Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jason Schiemer
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Guillaume F Nataf
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.,Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.,SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jens Kreisel
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.,Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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46
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Pöttker H, Salje EKH. Flexoelectricity, incommensurate phases and the Lifshitz point. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:075902. [PMID: 26811965 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/7/075902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The solutions for the minimizers of the energy density f (q, p) = Aq² + Bq⁴ + p² + gA,B + β(q'p - p'q)+ |q'|² +κ|p'|²] describe the flexoelectric effect with a flexoelectric coupling coefficient β. The order parameters q and p can be visualized as strain and polarisation, respectively. The parameter κ denotes the ratio of intrinsic length scales for q and p. We show that the structural ground-states include 3 phases, namely the paraelastic state q = p = 0, the ferroelastic state where polarization exists inside and near twin boundaries, and the incommensurate (modulated) phases with a very rich array of structural modulations ranging from nearly pure sine waves to kink arrays and ripple states. The phases coincide in the multicritical Lifshitz point. Linear flexoelectricity p~q' is encountered only approximately inside the ferroelastic phase and near the phase boundary between the paraelastic phase and the incommensurate phase. The relationship between the polarisation and the strain gradient is highly non-linear in all other states. The spatial profiles and energy distributions are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Pöttker
- Institut für Angewandte Mathematik, Universität Bonn, Endenicher Allee 60, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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47
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Nataf GF, Aktas O, Granzow T, Salje EKH. Influence of defects and domain walls on dielectric and mechanical resonances in LiNbO3. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:015901. [PMID: 26642928 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/1/015901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monodomain and periodically poled LiNbO3 crystals (congruent composition) show dielectric and piezoelectric resonances between 100 K and 900 K. Dielectric measurements show resonances in some samples between 10-100 kHz. These resonances vanish under thermal anneal in monodomain crystals while they remain stable in periodically poled samples with high domain wall densities. The low activation energy of 0.18 eV suggests their electronic (bi-polaronic) origin. Resonant piezoelectric spectroscopy, RPS, shows two features in virgin samples: a relaxation peak at 420 K and a rapid hardening when the sample was slowly heated to ~500 K. The dynamic relaxation and the hardening are related to excitations and reorientations of Li defects. The relaxations and hardening are irreversibly suppressed by high temperature anneal. We do not observe domain wall related RPS resonances in annealed samples, which excludes the existence of highly charged walls. We suggest that domain walls stabilize polaronic states with (bi-)polarons located inside or near to the ferroelectric domain walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume F Nataf
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg. SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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48
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Liu L, Ding X, Sun J, Li S, Salje EKH. Breakdown of Shape Memory Effect in Bent Cu-Al-Ni Nanopillars: When Twin Boundaries Become Stacking Faults. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:194-198. [PMID: 26652798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bent Cu-Al-Ni nanopillars (diameters 90-750 nm) show a shape memory effect, SME, for diameters D > 300 nm. The SME and the associated twinning are located in a small deformed section of the nanopillar. Thick nanopillars (D > 300 nm) transform to austenite under heating, including the deformed region. Thin nanopillars (D < 130 nm) do not twin but generate highly disordered sequences of stacking faults in the deformed region. No SME occurs and heating converts only the undeformed regions into austenite. The defect-rich, deformed region remains in the martensite phase even after prolonged heating in the stability field of austenite. A complex mixture of twins and stacking faults was found for diameters 130 nm < D < 300 nm. The size effect of the SME in Cu-Al-Ni nanopillars consists of an approximately linear reduction of the SME between 300 and 130 nm when the SME completely vanishes for smaller diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiangdong Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Suzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ekhard K H Salje
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
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49
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Gregori G, Köhler J, Scott JF, Bussmann-Holder A. Hidden magnetism in the paramagnetic phase of EuTiO₃. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:496003. [PMID: 26596645 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/49/496003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
EuTiO3 is investigated experimentally by temperature dependent conductivity and dielectric constant measurements. Both data sets evidence a crossover behavior in their temperature dependence around T * ~ 200 K indicating a change of the electrical and magnetic behavior of EuTiO3 as already observed by muon spin rotation (μSR) measurements. Around T ' = 80 K an additional anomaly appears which is consistent with previous resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) data. By applying a magnetic field (1.2 T at room temperature) the bulk conductivity is anomalously enhanced by more than one order of magnitude. The bulk dielectric constant ε(r) decreases with increasing temperature and is enhanced by the magnetic field by up to 22%. All data reveal a substantial hysteresis which is diminished in a magnetic field. The unusual magnetic field dependence of all quantities is suggested to stem from magnetically active domain walls which are mobile between the structural phase transition temperature (T(S) = 282 K) and T * and are pinned below it.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gregori
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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50
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Salje EKH. Modulated minerals as potential ferroic materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:305901. [PMID: 26174349 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/30/305901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A list of potential (multi-) ferroic systems is derived based on the idea that structure gradients can generate ferroic distortions. Structure gradients are restricted here to structural modulations, which are commonly observed in natural minerals. These minerals contain transition metals and are prone to Jahn-Teller distortions and magnetic instabilities. The list contains mineral groups, which are often available in mineralogical collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekhard K H Salje
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge UK
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