1
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Cramer L, Larson A, Daniels AS, Sykes ECH, Gellman AJ. Molecular Origins of Chiral Amplification on an Achiral Surface: 2D Monolayers of Aspartic Acid on Cu(111). ACS NANO 2023; 17:5799-5807. [PMID: 36877997 PMCID: PMC10062026 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have demonstrated an intriguing phenomenon in which adsorption of a nonracemic mixture of aspartic acid (Asp) enantiomers onto an achiral Cu(111) metal surface leads to autoamplification of surface enantiomeric excess, ees, to values well above those of the impinging gas mixtures, eeg. This is particularly interesting because it demonstrates that a slightly nonracemic mixture of enantiomers can be further purified simply by adsorption onto an achiral surface. In this work, we seek a deeper understanding of this phenomena and apply scanning tunneling microscopy to image the overlayer structures formed by mixed monolayers of d- and l-Asp on Cu(111) over the full range of surface enantiomeric excess; ees = -1 (pure l-Asp) through ees = 0 (racemic dl-Asp) to ees = 1 (pure d-Asp). Both enantiomers of three chiral monolayer structures are observed. One is a conglomerate (enantiomerically pure), another is a racemate (equimolar mixture of d- and l-Asp); however, the third structure accommodates both enantiomers in a 2:1 ratio. Such solid phases of enantiomer mixtures with nonracemic composition are rare in 3D crystals of enantiomers. We argue that, in 2D, the formation of chiral defects in a lattice of one enantiomer is easier than in 3D, simply because the stress associated with the chiral defect in a 2D monolayer of the opposite enantiomer can be dissipated by strain into the space above the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura
A. Cramer
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-5813, United States
| | - Amanda Larson
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-5813, United States
| | - Avery S. Daniels
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-5813, United States
| | - E. Charles H. Sykes
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-5813, United States
| | - Andrew J. Gellman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and W.E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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2
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Aloni SS, Nassir M, Mastai Y. Chiral Porous Carbon Surfaces for Enantiospecific Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2765. [PMID: 35890540 PMCID: PMC9319770 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral surfaces, developed in the last decade, serve as media for enantioselective chemical reactions. Until today, they have been based mostly on developments in silica templating, and are made mainly from imprints of silicate materials developed a long time ago. Here, a chiral porous activated carbon surface was developed based on a chiral ionic liquid, and the surface chemistry and pore structure were studied to lay a new course of action in the field. The enantioselectivities of surfaces are examined by using variety of methods such as circular dichroism, linear sweep voltammetry and catalysis. These techniques revealed a 28.1% preference for the D enantiomer of the amino acid proline, and linear sweep voltammetry confirmed chirality recognition by another probe. An aldol surface chiral catalytic reaction was devised and allowed to determine the root of the enantiomeric excess. These results affirm the path toward a new type of chiral surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yitzhak Mastai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (S.S.A.); (M.N.)
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3
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Sulkanen AR, Wang M, Swartz LA, Sung J, Sun G, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Liu GY. Production of Organizational Chiral Structures by Design. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:824-831. [PMID: 35005904 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organizational chirality on surfaces has been of interest in chemistry and materials science due to its scientific importance as well as its potential applications. Current methods for producing organizational chiral structures on surfaces are primarily based upon the self-assembly of molecules. While powerful, the chiral structures are restricted to those dictated by surface reaction thermodynamics. This work introduces a method to create organizational chirality by design with nanometer precision. Using atomic force microscopy-based nanolithography, in conjunction with chosen surface chemistry, various chiral structures are produced with nanometer precision, from simple spirals and arrays of nanofeatures to complex and hierarchical chiral structures. The size, geometry, and organizational chirality is achieved in deterministic fashion, with high fidelity to the designs. The concept and methodology reported here provide researchers a new and generic means to carry out organizational chiral chemistry, with the intrinsic advantages of chiral structures by design. The results open new and promising applications including enantioselective catalysis, separation, and crystallization, as well as optical devices requiring specific polarized radiation and fabrication and recognition of chiral nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R Sulkanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Minyuan Wang
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Logan A Swartz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jaeuk Sung
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gang Sun
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gang-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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4
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Tobe Y, Tahara K, De Feyter S. Chirality in porous self-assembled monolayer networks at liquid/solid interfaces: induction, reversion, recognition and transfer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:962-977. [PMID: 33432944 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07374a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chirality in two dimensions (2D) has attracted increasing attention with regard to interesting fundamental aspects as well as potential applications. This article reports several aspects of supramolecular chirality control as exemplified by self-assembled monolayer networks (SAMNs) formed by a class of chiral building blocks consisting of a triangular conjugated core and alkoxy chains on the periphery. It highlights 2D chirality induction phenomena through a classic "sergeants-and-soldiers" mechanism, in which the inducer is incorporated into a network component, as well as through a "supramolecular host-guest" mechanism, in which the inducer is entrapped in the porous space, leading to counterintuitive chirality reversal. Stereochemical control can be extended to three dimensions too, based on interlayer hydrogen bonding of the same class of building blocks bearing hydroxy groups, exhibiting diastereospecific bilayer formation at both single molecule level and supramolecular level arising from orientation between the top and bottom layers. Finally, we showcase that homochiral SAMNs can also be used as templates for the grafting of in situ generated aryl radicals, by covalent bond formation to the basal graphitic surface, thereby yielding topologically chiral functionalized graphite, and thus extending the potential of chiral SAMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan and The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan and Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Buhse T, Cruz JM, Noble-Terán ME, Hochberg D, Ribó JM, Crusats J, Micheau JC. Spontaneous Deracemizations. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2147-2229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Buhse
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - José-Manuel Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico
| | - María E. Noble-Terán
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - David Hochberg
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera Ajalvir, Km. 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid Spain
| | - Josep M. Ribó
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Jean-Claude Micheau
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR au CNRS No. 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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6
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Heideman GH, Berrocal JA, Stöhr M, Meijer EW, Feringa BL. Stepwise Adsorption of Alkoxy-Pyrene Derivatives onto a Lamellar, Non-Porous Naphthalenediimide-Template on HOPG. Chemistry 2021; 27:207-211. [PMID: 32893412 PMCID: PMC7821129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of new strategies for the preparation of multicomponent supramolecular assemblies is a major challenge on the road to complex functional molecular systems. Here we present the use of a non-porous self-assembled monolayer from uC33 -NDI-uC33 , a naphthalenediimide symmetrically functionalized with unsaturated 33 carbon-atom-chains, to prepare bicomponent supramolecular surface systems with a series of alkoxy-pyrene (PyrOR) derivatives at the liquid/HOPG interface. While previous attempts at directly depositing many of these PyrOR units at the liquid/HOPG interface failed, the multicomponent approach through the uC33 -NDI-uC33 template enabled control over molecular interactions and facilitated adsorption. The PyrOR deposition restructured the initial uC33 -NDI-uC33 monolayer, causing an expansion in two dimensions to accommodate the guests. As far as we know, this represents the first example of a non-porous or non-metal complex-bearing monolayer that allows the stepwise formation of multicomponent supramolecular architectures on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Henrieke Heideman
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - José Augusto Berrocal
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Abbasi-Pérez D, Sang H, Pérez-García L, Floris A, Amabilino DB, Raval R, Recio JM, Kantorovich L. Controlling the preferential motion of chiral molecular walkers on a surface. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5864-5874. [PMID: 31360390 PMCID: PMC6582760 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01135h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular walkers standing on two or more "feet" on an anisotropic periodic potential of a crystal surface may perform a one-dimensional Brownian motion at the surface-vacuum interface along a particular direction in which their mobility is the largest. In thermal equilibrium the molecules move with equal probabilities both ways along this direction, as expected from the detailed balance principle, well-known in chemical reactivity and in the theory of molecular motors. For molecules that possess an asymmetric potential energy surface (PES), we propose a generic method based on the application of a time-periodic external stimulus that would enable the molecules to move preferentially in a single direction thereby acting as Brownian ratchets. To illustrate this method, we consider a prototypical synthetic chiral molecular walker, 1,3-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-5(1-phenylethyl)benzene, diffusing on the anisotropic Cu(110) surface along the Cu rows. As unveiled by our kinetic Monte Carlo simulations based on the rates calculated using ab initio density functional theory, this molecule moves to the nearest equivalent lattice site via the so-called inchworm mechanism in which it steps first with the rear foot and then with the front foot. As a result, the molecule diffuses via a two-step mechanism, and due to its inherent asymmetry, the corresponding PES is also spatially asymmetric. Taking advantage of this fact, we show how the external stimulus can be tuned to separate molecules of different chirality, orientation and conformation. The consequences of these findings for molecular machines and the separation of enantiomers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Abbasi-Pérez
- Department of Physics , King's College London , London , WC2R 2LS , UK . ;
| | - Hongqian Sang
- Department of Physics , King's College London , London , WC2R 2LS , UK . ;
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
| | - Lluïsa Pérez-García
- School of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK
| | - Andrea Floris
- School of Chemistry , University of Lincoln , Brayford Pool , Lincoln LN6 7TS , UK
| | - David B Amabilino
- School of Chemistry , GSK Carbon Neutral Lab. for Sustainable Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Triumph Road , NG7 2TU , UK
| | - Rasmita Raval
- Surface Science Research Centre , Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX , UK
| | - J Manuel Recio
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry , Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo , 33006 , Spain
| | - Lev Kantorovich
- Department of Physics , King's College London , London , WC2R 2LS , UK . ;
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8
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Schauermann S. Partial Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: Toward Ligand-Directed Heterogeneous Catalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5555-5566. [PMID: 30204444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we report on the recent progress in atomistic-level understanding of selective partial hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, particularly acrolein, toward unsaturated alcohols over model single crystalline and nanostructured Pd catalysts. This reaction was observed to proceed with nearly 100% selectivity over Pd(111) but not over supported Pd nanoparticles. The origin of the high selectivity was related to formation of a dense overlayer of oxopropyl surface species occurring at the early reaction stages via partial hydrogenation of the C=C bond in acrolein with only one H atom. This oxopropyl overlayer strongly modifies the adsorption and reactive properties of Pd(111), turning it 100% selective toward C=O bond hydrogenation. The underlying reaction mechanism represents a particular case of ligand-directed heterogeneous catalysis, in which the surface adsorbates do not directly participate in the catalytic process as the reaction intermediates but strongly affect the elementary reaction steps via specific adsorbate-adsorbate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetlana Schauermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel , Max-Eyth-Strasse 2 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
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9
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Dutta S, Gellman AJ. Enantiomer surface chemistry: conglomerate versus racemate formation on surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7787-7839. [PMID: 29165467 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on surface chirality is motivated by the need to develop functional chiral surfaces for enantiospecific applications. While molecular chirality in 3D has been the subject of study for almost two centuries, many aspects of 2D chiral surface chemistry have yet to be addressed. In 3D, racemic mixtures of chiral molecules tend to aggregate into racemate (molecularly heterochiral) crystals much more frequently than conglomerate (molecularly homochiral) crystals. Whether chiral adsorbates on surfaces preferentially aggregate into heterochiral rather than homochiral domains (2D crystals or clusters) is not known. In this review, we have made the first attempt to answer the following question based on available data: in 2D racemic mixtures adsorbed on surfaces, is there a clear preference for homochiral or heterochiral aggregation? The current hypothesis is that homochiral packing is preferred on surfaces; in contrast to 3D where heterochiral packing is more common. In this review, we present a simple hierarchical scheme to categorize the chirality of adsorbate-surface systems. We then review the body of work using scanning tunneling microscopy predominantly to study aggregation of racemic adsorbates. Our analysis of the existing literature suggests that there is no clear evidence of any preference for either homochiral or heterochiral aggregation at the molecular level by chiral and prochiral adsorbates on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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10
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Samperi M, Hirsch BE, Diaz Fernandez YA. Exploring the science of thinking independently together: Faraday Discussion Volume 204 - Complex Molecular Surfaces and Interfaces, Sheffield, UK, July 2017. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12601-12607. [PMID: 29139496 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc90389h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 2017 Faraday Discussion on Complex Molecular Surfaces and Interfaces brought together theoreticians and experimentalists from both physical and chemical backgrounds to discuss the relevant applied and fundamental research topics within the broader field of chemical surface analysis and characterization. Main discussion topics from the meeting included the importance of "disordered" two-dimensional (2D) molecular structures and the utility of kinetically trapped states. An emerging need for new experimental tools to address dynamics and kinetic pathways involved in self-assembled systems, as well as the future prospects and current limitations of in silico studies were also discussed. The following article provides a brief overview of the work presented and the challenges discussed during the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Samperi
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, NG7 2TU, UK.
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11
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Amabilino DB, Tait SL. Complex molecular surfaces and interfaces: concluding remarks. Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:487-502. [PMID: 29028066 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper is derived from our concluding remarks presentation and the ensuing conversations at the Faraday Discussions meeting on Complex Molecular Surfaces and Interfaces, Sheffield, UK, 24th-26th July 2017. This meeting was comprised of sessions on understanding the interaction of molecules with surfaces and their subsequent organisation, reactivity or properties from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. This paper attempts to put these presentations in the wider context and focuses on topics that were debated during the meeting and where we feel that opportunities lie for the future development of this interdisciplinary research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Amabilino
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK.
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12
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Abstract
In the present review we survey the main advances made in recent years on the understanding of chemical chirality at solid surfaces. Chirality is an important topic, made particularly relevant by the homochiral nature of the biochemistry of life on Earth, and many chiral chemical reactions involve solid surfaces. Here we start our discussion with a description of surface chirality and of the different ways that chirality can be bestowed on solid surfaces. We then expand on the studies carried out to date to understand the adsorption of chiral compounds at a molecular level. We summarize the work published on the adsorption of pure enantiomers, of enantiomeric mixtures, and of prochiral molecules on chiral and achiral model surfaces, especially on well-defined metal single crystals but also on other flat substrates such as highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. Several phenomena are identified, including surface reconstruction and chiral imprinting upon adsorption of chiral agents, and the enhancement or suppression of enantioselectivity seen in some cases upon adsorption of enantiomixtures of chiral compounds. The possibility of enhancing the enantiopurity of adsorbed layers upon the addition of chiral seeds and the so-called "sergeants and soldiers" phenomenon are presented. Examples are provided where the chiral behavior has been associated with either thermodynamic or kinetic driving forces. Two main approaches to the creation of enantioselective surface sites are discussed, namely, via the formation of supramolecular chiral ensembles made out of small chiral adsorbates, and by adsorption of more complex chiral molecules capable of providing suitable chiral environments for reactants by themselves, via the formation of individual adsorbate:modifier adducts on the surface. Finally, a discussion is offered on the additional effects generated by the presence of the liquid phase often required in practical applications such as enantioselective crystallization, chiral chromatography, and enantioselective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and
UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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14
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Karakalos S, Zaera F. Monte Carlo Simulations of the Uptake of Chiral Compounds on Solid Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:444-454. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Karakalos
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center
for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center
for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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15
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Abstract
Molecules provide versatile building blocks, with a vast palette of functionalities and an ability to assemble via supramolecular and covalent bonding to generate remarkably diverse macromolecular systems. This is abundantly displayed by natural systems that have evolved on Earth, which exploit both supramolecular and covalent protocols to create the machinery of life. Importantly, these molecular assemblies deliver functions that are reproducible, adaptable, finessed and responsive. There is now a real need to translate complex molecular systems to surfaces and interfaces in order to engineer 21st century nanotechnology. ‘Top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches, and utilisation of supramolecular and covalent assembly, are currently being used to create a range of molecular architectures and functionalities at surfaces. In parallel, advanced tools developed for interrogating surfaces and interfaces have been deployed to capture the complexities of molecular behaviour at interfaces from the nanoscale to the macroscale, while advances in theoretical modelling are delivering insights into the balance of interactions that determine system behaviour. A few examples are provided here that outline molecular behaviour at surfaces, and the level of complexity that is inherent in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Raval
- Surface Science Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
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16
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Sacchi M, Wales DJ, Jenkins SJ. Energy landscapes and dynamics of glycine on Cu(110). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:16600-16605. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02716h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids adsorbed on single-crystal metal surfaces have emerged as prototypical systems for exploring the properties that govern the development of long-range chirality in self-assembled monolayers and supramolecular 2D networks. In this study, we characterise the self-assembly mechanism for glycine on the Cu(110) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sacchi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
| | - David J. Wales
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Lensfield Road
- Cambridge
- UK
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17
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Karakalos S, Hong J, Zaera F. Changes in the Enantiomeric Composition of Chiral Mixtures Upon Adsorption on a Non-Chiral Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6225-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Karakalos
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis; University of California; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Junghyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis; University of California; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis; University of California; Riverside CA 92521 USA
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18
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Karakalos S, Hong J, Zaera F. Changes in the Enantiomeric Composition of Chiral Mixtures Upon Adsorption on a Non-Chiral Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Karakalos
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis; University of California; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Junghyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis; University of California; Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis; University of California; Riverside CA 92521 USA
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19
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Liriano ML, Carrasco J, Lewis EA, Murphy CJ, Lawton TJ, Marcinkowski MD, Therrien AJ, Michaelides A, Sykes ECH. The interplay of covalency, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion leads to a long range chiral network: The example of 2-butanol. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:094703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4941560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Liriano
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Javier Carrasco
- CIC Energigune, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Miñano, Álava, Spain
| | - Emily A. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Colin J. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Timothy J. Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Therrien
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - E. Charles H. Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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20
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Ting ECM, Popa T, Paci I. Surface-site reactivity in small-molecule adsorption: A theoretical study of thiol binding on multi-coordinated gold clusters. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:53-61. [PMID: 26925352 PMCID: PMC4734309 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adsorption of organic molecules on metal surfaces has a broad array of applications, from device engineering to medical diagnosis. The most extensively investigated class of metal-molecule complexes is the adsorption of thiols on gold. RESULTS In the present manuscript, we investigate the dependence of methylthiol adsorption structures and energies on the degree of unsaturation at the metal binding site. We designed an Au20 cluster with a broad range of metal site coordination numbers, from 3 to 9, and examined the binding conditions of methylthiol at the various sites. CONCLUSION We found that despite the small molecular size, the dispersive interactions of the backbone are a determining factor in the molecular affinity for various sites. Kink sites were preferred binding locations due to the availability of multiple surface atoms for dispersive interactions with the methyl groups, whereas tip sites experienced low affinity, despite having low coordination numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis C M Ting
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Tatiana Popa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Irina Paci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada
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21
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Forster M, Raval R. Simple rules and the emergence of complexity in surface chirality. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:14075-14084. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06523f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface chirality arising from self-organized molecular monolayers may manifest both a handedness and footedness, leading to a dual level of chiral expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Forster
- Surface Science Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - R. Raval
- Surface Science Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
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22
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Murphy CJ, Shi X, Jewell AD, McGuire AF, Bellisario DO, Baber AE, Tierney HL, Lewis EA, Sholl DS, Sykes ECH. Impact of branching on the supramolecular assembly of thioethers on Au(111). J Chem Phys 2015; 142:101915. [PMID: 25770504 DOI: 10.1063/1.4907270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkanethiolate monolayers are one of the most comprehensively studied self-assembled systems due to their ease of preparation, their ability to be functionalized, and the opportunity to control their thickness perpendicular to the surface. However, these systems suffer from degradation due to oxidation and defects caused by surface etching and adsorbate rotational boundaries. Thioethers offer a potential alternative to thiols that overcome some of these issues and allow dimensional control of self-assembly parallel to the surface. Thioethers have found uses in surface modification of nanoparticles, and chiral thioethers tethered to catalytically active surfaces have been shown to enable enantioselective hydrogenation. However, the effect of structural, chemical, and chiral modifications of the alkyl chains of thioethers on their self-assembly has remained largely unstudied. To elucidate how molecular structure, particularly alkyl branching and chirality, affects molecular self-assembly, we compare four related thioethers, including two pairs of structural isomers. The self-assembly of structural isomers N-butyl methyl sulfide and tert-butyl methyl sulfide was studied with high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); our results indicate that both molecules form highly ordered arrays despite the bulky tert-butyl group. We also investigated the effect of intrinsic chirality in the alkyl tails on the adsorption and self-assembly of butyl sec-butyl sulfide (BSBS) with STM and density functional theory and contrast our results to its structural isomer, dibutyl sulfide. Calculations provide the relative stability of the four stereoisomers of BSBS and STM imaging reveals two prominent monomer forms. Interestingly, the racemic mixture of BSBS is the only thioether we have examined to date that does not form highly ordered arrays; we postulate that this is due to weak enantiospecific intermolecular interactions that lead to the formation of energetically similar but structurally different assemblies. Furthermore, we studied all of the molecules in their monomeric molecular rotor form, and the surface-adsorbed chirality of the three asymmetric thioethers is distinguishable in STM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Xuerong Shi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - April D Jewell
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Allister F McGuire
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Darin O Bellisario
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Ashleigh E Baber
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Heather L Tierney
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Emily A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - David S Sholl
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - E Charles H Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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23
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Mahapatra M, Tysoe WT. Adsorption and reaction pathways of a chiral probe molecule, S-glycidol on a Pd(111) surface. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00904e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of S-glycidol is studied on a Pd(111) surface using temperature-programmed desorption and reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy to explore its suitability as a chiral probe molecule and to follow its reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausumi Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Wilfred T. Tysoe
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
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24
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25
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Wright LB, Merrill NA, Knecht MR, Walsh TR. Structure of arginine overlayers at the aqueous gold interface: implications for nanoparticle assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:10524-10533. [PMID: 24914448 DOI: 10.1021/am502119g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of small biomolecules onto the surface of nanoparticles offers a novel route to generation of nanoparticle assemblies with predictable architectures. Previously, ligand-exchange experiments on citrate-capped gold nanoparticles with the amino acid arginine were reported to support linear nanoparticle assemblies. Here, we use a combination of atomistic modeling with experimental characterization to explore aspects of the assembly hypothesis for these systems. Using molecular simulation, we probe the structural and energetic characteristics of arginine overlayers on the Au(111) surface under aqueous conditions at both low- and high-coverage regimes. In the low-density regime, the arginines lie flat on the surface. At constant composition, these overlayers are found to be lower in energy than the densely packed films, although the latter case appears kinetically stable when arginine is adsorbed via the zwitterion group, exposing the charged guanidinium group to the solvent. Our findings suggest that zwitterion-zwitterion hydrogen bonding at the gold surface and minimization of the electrostatic repulsion between adjacent guanidinium groups play key roles in determining arginine overlayer stability at the aqueous gold interface. Ligand-exchange experiments of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles with arginine derivatives agmatine and N-methyl-l-arginine reveal that modification at the guanidinium group significantly diminishes the propensity for linear assembly of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise B Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick , Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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26
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Ascolani H, van der Meijden MW, Cristina LJ, Gayone JE, Kellogg RM, Fuhr JD, Lingenfelder M. Van der Waals interactions in the self-assembly of 5-amino[6]helicene on Cu(100) and Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13907-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
No H bonding for the amino group: van der Waals interactions guide the self-assembly of an aminohelicene on Cu(100) and Au(111).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Magalí Lingenfelder
- Max Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience
- EPFL SB CMNT NL-CMNT
- CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Moshe H, Vanbel M, Valev VK, Verbiest T, Dressler D, Mastai Y. Chiral Thin Films of Metal Oxide. Chemistry 2013; 19:10295-301. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Guo Z, De Cat I, Van Averbeke B, Ghijsens E, Lin J, Xu H, Wang G, Hoeben FJM, Tomović Ž, Lazzaroni R, Beljonne D, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ, De Feyter S. Surface-Induced Diastereomeric Complex Formation of a Nucleoside at the Liquid/Solid Interface: Stereoselective Recognition and Preferential Adsorption. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9811-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402914m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongxia Guo
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy
and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, People’s Republic of
China
| | - Inge De Cat
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Van Averbeke
- Service de Chimie des Materiaux
Nouveaux, Université de Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Elke Ghijsens
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hong Xu
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guojie Wang
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Freek J. M. Hoeben
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Željko Tomović
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Service de Chimie des Materiaux
Nouveaux, Université de Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Service de Chimie des Materiaux
Nouveaux, Université de Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albertus P. H. J. Schenning
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Zhou H, Wuest JD. Crankshafts: using simple, flat C2h-symmetric molecules to direct the assembly of chiral 2D nanopatterns. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:7229-7238. [PMID: 23092394 DOI: 10.1021/la303659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Linear D2h-symmetric bisisophthalic acids 1 and 2 and related substances have well-defined flattened structures, high affinities for graphite, and strong abilities to engage in specific intermolecular interactions. Their adsorption produces characteristic nanopatterns that reveal how 2D molecular organization can be controlled by reliable interadsorbate interactions such as hydrogen bonds when properly oriented by molecular geometry. In addition, the behavior of these compounds shows how large-scale organization can be obstructed by programming molecules to associate strongly according to competing motifs that have similar stability and can coexist smoothly without creating significant defects. Analogous new bisisophthalic acids 3a and 4a have similar associative properties, and their unique C2h-symmetric crankshaft geometry gives them the added ability to probe the poorly understood effect of chirality on molecular organization. Their adsorption shows how nanopatterns composed predictably of a single enantiomer can be obtained by depositing molecules that can respect established rules of association only by accepting neighbors of the same configuration. In addition, an analysis of the adsorption of crankshaft compounds 3a and 4a and their derivatives by STM reveals directly on the molecular level how kinetics and thermodynamics compete to control the crystallization of chiral compounds. In such ways, detailed studies of the adsorption of properly designed compounds on surfaces are proving to be a powerful way to discover and test rules that broadly govern molecular organization in both 2D and 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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30
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González-Campo A, Amabilino DB. Biomolecules at interfaces: chiral, naturally. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 333:109-56. [PMID: 23460199 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces are a most important environment in natural and synthetic chemistries for a wide variety of processes, such as catalysis, recognition, separation, and so on. Naturally occurring systems have evolved to one handedness and the study of interfaces where biomolecules are located is a potentially revealing pursuit with regard to understanding the reasons and importance of stereochemistry in these environments. Equally, the spontaneous resolution of achiral and chiral compounds at interfaces could lead to explanations regarding the emergence of single handedness in proteins and sugars. Also, the attachment of biomolecules to surfaces leads to systems capable of stereoselective processes which may be useful for the applications mentioned above. The review covers systems ranging from small biomolecules studied under ultrapure conditions in vacuum to protein adsorption to surfaces in solution, and the techniques that can be used to study them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arántzazu González-Campo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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31
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Knoppe S, Dolamic I, Dass A, Bürgi T. Enantiomerentrennung und CD-Spektren von Au40(SCH2CH2Ph)24 als spektroskopischer Beleg für intrinsische Chiralität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Knoppe S, Dolamic I, Dass A, Bürgi T. Separation of Enantiomers and CD Spectra of Au40(SCH2CH2Ph)24: Spectroscopic Evidence for Intrinsic Chirality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7589-91. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lawton TJ, Carrasco J, Baber AE, Michaelides A, Sykes ECH. Visualization of hydrogen bonding and associated chirality in methanol hexamers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:256101. [PMID: 22243093 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.256101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory the hydrogen bond directionality and associated chirality of enantiopure clusters is visualized and controlled. This is demonstrated with methanol hexamers adsorbed on Au(111), which depending on their chirality, adopt two distinct molecular footprints on the surface. Controlled STM tip manipulations were used to interconvert the chirality of entire clusters and to break up metastable chain structures into hexamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-5813, USA
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34
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Forster M, Dyer MS, Persson M, Raval R. Tailoring Homochirality at Surfaces: Going Beyond Molecular Handedness. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15992-6000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja202986s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Forster
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Oxford Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - Matthew S. Dyer
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Oxford Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - Mats Persson
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Oxford Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rasmita Raval
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Oxford Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
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