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Zhussupbekov K, Walshe K, Walls B, Ionov A, Bozhko SI, Ksenz A, Mozhchil RN, Zhussupbekova A, Fleischer K, Berman S, Zhilyaev I, O’Regan DD, Shvets IV. Surface Modification and Subsequent Fermi Density Enhancement of Bi(111). THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:5549-5558. [PMID: 34276852 PMCID: PMC8279637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c07345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Defects introduced to the surface of Bi(111) break the translational symmetry and modify the surface states locally. We present a theoretical and experimental study of the 2D defects on the surface of Bi(111) and the states that they induce. Bi crystals cleaved in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) at low temperature (110 K) and the resulting ion-etched surface are investigated by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) as well as spectroscopy (STS) techniques in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. STS measurements of cleaved Bi(111) reveal that a commonly observed bilayer step edge has a lower density of states (DOS) around the Fermi level as compared to the atomic-flat terrace. Following ion bombardment, the Bi(111) surface reveals anomalous behavior at both 110 and 300 K: Surface periodicity is observed by LEED, and a significant increase in the number of bilayer step edges and energetically unfavorable monolayer steps is observed by STM. It is suggested that the newly exposed monolayer steps and the type A bilayer step edges result in an increase to the surface Fermi density as evidenced by UPS measurements and the Kohn-Sham DOS. These states appear to be thermodynamically stable under UHV conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuanysh Zhussupbekov
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Killian Walshe
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brian Walls
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrei Ionov
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sergei I. Bozhko
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Andrei Ksenz
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Rais N. Mozhchil
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Ainur Zhussupbekova
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Karsten Fleischer
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Samuel Berman
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ivan Zhilyaev
- Institute
of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - David D. O’Regan
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- AMBER,
the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering
Research, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Igor V. Shvets
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Early-Stage Growth Mechanism and Synthesis Conditions-Dependent Morphology of Nanocrystalline Bi Films Electrodeposited from Perchlorate Electrolyte. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061245. [PMID: 32605084 PMCID: PMC7353111 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bi nanocrystalline films were formed from perchlorate electrolyte (PE) on Cu substrate via electrochemical deposition with different duration and current densities. The microstructural, morphological properties, and elemental composition were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The optimal range of current densities for Bi electrodeposition in PE using polarization measurements was demonstrated. For the first time, it was shown and explained why, with a deposition duration of 1 s, co-deposition of Pb and Bi occurs. The correlation between synthesis conditions and chemical composition and microstructure for Bi films was discussed. The analysis of the microstructure evolution revealed the changing mechanism of the films’ growth from pillar-like (for Pb-rich phase) to layered granular form (for Bi) with deposition duration rising. This abnormal behavior is explained by the appearance of a strong Bi growth texture and coalescence effects. The investigations of porosity showed that Bi films have a closely-packed microstructure. The main stages and the growth mechanism of Bi films in the galvanostatic regime in PE with a deposition duration of 1–30 s are proposed.
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Li N, Ming J, Ling M, Wu KL, Ye Y, Wei XW. Solvothermal Synthesis of Bi Nanoparticles/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites and Their Catalytic Applications for Dye Degradation and Fast Aromatic Nitro Compounds Hydrogenation. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, the Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Ming
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, the Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Min Ling
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, the Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Kong-Lin Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, the Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yin Ye
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, the Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Wen Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, the Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
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Jiang QM, Zhang MR, Luo LQ, Pan GB. Electrosynthesis of bismuth nanodendrites/gallium nitride electrode for non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide detection. Talanta 2017; 171:250-254. [PMID: 28551137 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth nanodendrites (BiNDs) were electrodeposited on planar gallium nitride (GaN) electrode via a differential pulse voltammetric technique to fabricate the non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor. SEM images revealed that the as-obtained BiNDs had numerous dendrite sub-branches, whose diameters ranged from 136 to 152nm. The BiNDs/GaN electrode showed linear amperometric responses for H2O2 in the concentration range from 10µM to 1mM with the sensitivity of 60.0μAmM-1cm-2. Another linear range was from 1 to 10mM with the sensitivity of 23.3μAmM-1cm-2. The limit of detection (LOD) was 5µM with the signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The applicability of the sensor was investigated to the H2O2 detection in real samples such as fetal bovine serum and milk, and the sensor exhibited excellent anti-interference capacity. The achieved results indicate that the as-prepared BiNDs/GaN sensor with good reproducibility and long-term stability was promising for detecting H2O2 in practical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Mei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444 Shanghai, PR China; Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 215123 Suzhou, PR China
| | - Miao-Rong Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 215123 Suzhou, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Li-Qiang Luo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ge-Bo Pan
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 215123 Suzhou, PR China
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5
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Bilican D, Fornell J, Sort J, Pellicer E. Electrochemical Synthesis of Bismuth Particles: Tuning Particle Shape through Substrate Type within a Narrow Potential Window. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10010043. [PMID: 28772402 PMCID: PMC5344563 DOI: 10.3390/ma10010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bismuth (Bi) electrodeposition was studied on Si/Ti/Au, FTO-, and ITO-coated glasses from acidic nitrate solutions with and without gluconate within a narrow potential window (ΔE = 80 mV). This potential range was sufficient to observe a change in particle shape, from polyhedrons (including hexagons) to dendrites, the trend being slightly different depending on substrate activity. In all cases, though, the formation of dendrites was favoured as the applied potential was made more negative. Bi particles were more uniformly distributed over the substrate when sodium gluconate was added to the electrolyte. X-ray diffraction analyses of dendrites grown at −0.28 V indicated that they exhibit the rhombohedral phase of Bi and are predominantly oriented along the (003) plane. This orientation is exacerbated at the lowest applied potential (−0.20 V vs. Ag|AgCl) on glass/ITO substrate, for which completed and truncated hexagons are observed from the top view scanning electron microscopy images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doga Bilican
- Departament de Física, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jordina Fornell
- Departament de Física, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jordi Sort
- Departament de Física, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eva Pellicer
- Departament de Física, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Das A, Sangaranarayanan MV. Shape-controlled synthesis of three-dimensional triangular bismuth microstructures and sensing of H2O2. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce02326b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrodeposition of triangular microstructures of Bi on indium tin oxide surfaces is carried out by optimizing the potentials, precursor concentrations and deposition times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Das
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036, India
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Som T, Troppenz GV, Wendt RR, Wollgarten M, Rappich J, Emmerling F, Rademann K. Graphene oxide/α-Bi(2)O(3) composites for visible-light photocatalysis, chemical catalysis, and solar energy conversion. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:854-865. [PMID: 24578169 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The growing challenges of environmental purification by solar photocatalysis, precious-metal-free catalysis, and photocurrent generation in photovoltaic cells receive the utmost global attention. Here we demonstrate a one-pot, green chemical synthesis of a new stable heterostructured, ecofriendly, multifunctional microcomposite that consists of α-Bi2 O3 microneedles intercalated with anchored graphene oxide (GO) microsheets (1.0 wt %) for the above-mentioned applications on a large economical scale. The bare α-Bi2 O3 microneedles display two times better photocatalytic activities than commercial TiO2 (Degussa-P25), whereas the GO-hybridized composite exhibits approximately four to six times enhanced photocatalytic activities than the neat TiO2 photocatalyst in the degradation of colored aromatic organic dyes (crystal violet and rhodamine 6G) under visible-light irradiation (300 W tungsten lamp). The highly efficient activity is associated with the strong surface adsorption ability of GO for aromatic dye molecules, the high carrier acceptability, and the efficient electron-hole pair separation in Bi2 O3 by individual adjoining GO sheets. The introduction of Ag nanoparticles (2.0 wt %) further enhances the photocatalytic performance of the composite over eightfold because of a plasmon-induced electron-transfer process from Ag nanoparticles through the GO sheets into the conduction band of Bi2 O3 . The new composites are also catalytically active and catalyze the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of borohydride ions. Photoanodes assembled from GO/α-Bi2 O3 and Ag/GO/α-Bi2 O3 composites display an improved photocurrent response (power conversion efficiency ∼20 % higher) over those prepared without GO in dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha Som
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin (Germany).
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Rajamani AR, Ragula UBR, Kothurkar N, Rangarajan M. Nano- and micro-hexagons of bismuth on polycrystalline copper: electrodeposition and heavy metal sensing. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41686k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the electroreduction of NO3−vis-à-vis Bi3+ results in nano-/micro-hexagons. Nanohexagons are highly sensitive to trace detection of lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Rajamani
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Green Technologies
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Coimbatore, India
| | - Udaya Bhaskar Reddy Ragula
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Green Technologies
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Coimbatore, India
| | - Nikhil Kothurkar
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Green Technologies
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Coimbatore, India
| | - Murali Rangarajan
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Green Technologies
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Coimbatore, India
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