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Geue N, Winpenny REP, Barran PE. Structural characterisation methods for supramolecular chemistry that go beyond crystallography. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:8-27. [PMID: 34817479 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01550d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry has grown rapidly over the past three decades, yet synthetic supramolecular chemists still face several challenges when it comes to characterising their compounds. In this review, we present an introduction to structural characterisation techniques commonly used for non-crystalline supramolecular molecules, e.g. nuclear magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR and EPR), mass spectrometry (MS), ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) as well as cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). We provide an overview of their fundamental concepts based on case studies from different fields of supramolecular chemistry, e.g. interlocked structures, molecular self-assembly and host-guest chemistry, while focussing on particular strengths and weaknesses of the discussed methods. Additionally, three multi-technique case studies are examined in detail to illustrate the benefits of using complementary techniques simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Geue
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Richard E P Winpenny
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Perdita E Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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2
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Lucarini M. Improving Spin Probe Methodologies to Investigate Supramolecular Assemblies. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
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3
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4
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Bleve V, Franchi P, Gualandi L, Romano F, Mezzina E, Lucarini M. Synthesis and characterization of a doubly spin-labelled electrochemically driven molecular shuttle. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00187a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The EPR properties of novel nitroxide-spin-labelled rotaxanes containing a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit and a cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bleve
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Francesco Romano
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
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5
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Bleve V, Franchi P, Konstanteli E, Gualandi L, Goldup SM, Mezzina E, Lucarini M. Synthesis and Characterisation of a Paramagnetic [2]Rotaxane Based on a Crown Ether-Like Wheel Incorporating a Nitroxide Motif. Chemistry 2017; 24:1198-1203. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bleve
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Evangelia Konstanteli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
- Nationaland Kapodistria; University of Athens; Greece
| | - Lorenzo Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Department of Chemistry; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
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6
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Franchi P, Bleve V, Mezzina E, Schäfer C, Ragazzon G, Albertini M, Carbonera D, Credi A, Di Valentin M, Lucarini M. Structural Changes of a Doubly Spin-Labeled Chemically Driven Molecular Shuttle Probed by PELDOR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2016; 22:8745-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Franchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Valentina Bleve
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Albertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari; University of Bologna; Viale Fanin 44 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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7
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Barrow SJ, Kasera S, Rowland MJ, del Barrio J, Scherman OA. Cucurbituril-Based Molecular Recognition. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12320-406. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1188] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Barrow
- Melville
Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Setu Kasera
- Melville
Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Rowland
- Melville
Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús del Barrio
- Melville
Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Oren A. Scherman
- Melville
Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Ayhan MM, Casano G, Karoui H, Rockenbauer A, Monnier V, Hardy M, Tordo P, Bardelang D, Ouari O. EPR Studies of the Binding Properties, Guest Dynamics, and Inner-Space Dimensions of a Water-Soluble Resorcinarene Capsule. Chemistry 2015; 21:16404-10. [PMID: 26403999 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxide free radicals have been used to study the inner space of one of Rebek's water-soluble capsules. EPR and (1) H NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, and DFT calculations showed a preference for the formation of 1:2 complexes. EPR titrations allowed us to determine binding constants (Ka ) in the order of 10(7) M(-2) . EPR spectral-shape analysis provided information on the guest rotational dynamics within the capsule. The interplay between optimum hydrogen bonding upon capsule formation and steric strain for guest accommodation highlights some degree of flexibility for guest inclusion, particularly at the center of the capsule where the hydrogen bond seam can be barely distorted or slightly disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Menaf Ayhan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France).,Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, P.K.:141, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli (Turkey)
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Antal Rockenbauer
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and, Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki ut 8, 1111 Budapest (Hungary)
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Spectropole, FR 1739, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Micaël Hardy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - David Bardelang
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France).
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9
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Casano G, Poulhès F, Tran TK, Ayhan MM, Karoui H, Siri D, Gaudel-Siri A, Rockenbauer A, Jeschke G, Bardelang D, Tordo P, Ouari O. High binding yet accelerated guest rotation within a cucurbit[7]uril complex. Toward paramagnetic gyroscopes and rolling nanomachines. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:12143-12150. [PMID: 26123621 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The (15-oxo-3,7,11-triazadispiro[5.1.5.3]hexadec-7-yl)oxidanyl, a bis-spiropiperidinium nitroxide derived from TEMPONE, can be included in cucurbit[7]uril to form a strong (K(a)∼ 2 × 10(5) M(-1)) CB[7]@bPTO complex. EPR and MS spectra, DFT calculations, and unparalleled increased resistance (a factor of ∼10(3)) toward ascorbic acid reduction show evidence of deep inclusion of bPTO inside CB[7]. The unusual shape of the CB[7]@bPTO EPR spectrum can be explained by an anisotropic Brownian rotational diffusion, the global tumbling of the complex being slower than rotation of bPTO around its "long molecular axis" inside CB[7]. The CB[7] (stator) with the encapsulated bPTO (rotator) behaves as a supramolecular paramagnetic rotor with increased rotational speed of the rotator that has great potential for advanced nanoscale machines requiring wheels such as cucurbiturils with virtually no friction between the wheel and the axle for optimum wheel rotation (i.e. nanopulleys and nanocars).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France.
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Bleve V, Schäfer C, Franchi P, Silvi S, Mezzina E, Credi A, Lucarini M. Reversible mechanical switching of magnetic interactions in a molecular shuttle. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:18-21. [PMID: 25861565 PMCID: PMC4380948 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An acid–base switchable molecular shuttle based on a [2]rotaxane, incorporating stable radical units in both the ring and dumbbell components, is reported. The [2]rotaxane comprises a dibenzo[24]crown-8 ring (DB24C8) interlocked with a dumbbell component that possesses a dialkylammonium (NH2+) and a 4,4′-bipyridinium (BPY2+) recognition site. Deprotonation of the rotaxane NH2+ centers effects a quantitative displacement of the DB24C8 macroring to the BPY2+ recognition site, a process that can be reversed by acid treatment. Interaction between stable 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) radicals connected to the ring and dumbbell components could be switched between noncoupled (three-line electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum) and coupled (five-line EPR spectrum) upon displacement of the spin-labelled DB24C8 macroring. The complete base- and acid-induced switching cycle of the EPR pattern was repeated six times without an appreciable loss of signal, highlighting the reversibility of the process. Hence, this molecular machine is capable of switching on/off magnetic interactions by chemically driven reversible mechanical effects. A system of this kind represents an initial step towards a new generation of nanoscale magnetic switches that may be of interest for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bleve
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Paola Franchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
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11
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Mezzina E, Manoni R, Romano F, Lucarini M. Spin-Labelling of Host-Guest Assemblies with Nitroxide Radicals. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Romano F, Manoni R, Franchi P, Mezzina E, Lucarini M. Supramolecular control of spin exchange in a spin-labelled [2]rotaxane incorporating a tetrathiafulvalene unit. Chemistry 2015; 21:2775-9. [PMID: 25538046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The EPR properties of a novel triradical obtained by single-electron oxidation of a nitroxide-spin-labelled rotaxane containing a tetrathiafulvalene unit and cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring is reported. Rotaxanation is proved to have a dramatic effect on through-space magnetic interactions between radical fragments. Analysis of the EPR spectra by a three-jump model, allowed us to obtain structural information on the interlocked structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Romano
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna (Italy) http://www.ciam.unibo.it/radicals
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Manoni R, Romano F, Casati C, Franchi P, Mezzina E, Lucarini M. Synthesis and characterization of spin-labelled [2]rotaxanes containing tetrathiafulvalene and 1,5-dioxynaphthalene molecular stations. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00065j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Tsvetkov YD. Nitroxyls and PELDOR: Nitroxyl radicals in pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476613070044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Risthaus T, Grimme S. Benchmarking of London Dispersion-Accounting Density Functional Theory Methods on Very Large Molecular Complexes. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:1580-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ct301081n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Risthaus
- Mulliken Center
for Theoretical
Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie,
Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
- International NRW Graduate School
of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center
for Theoretical
Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie,
Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Casati C, Franchi P, Pievo R, Mezzina E, Lucarini M. Unraveling unidirectional threading of α-cyclodextrin in a [2]rotaxane through spin labeling approach. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19108-17. [PMID: 23106205 DOI: 10.1021/ja3073484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present here the results of a CW-ESR investigation of a double spin labeled α-cyclodextrin-based [2]rotaxane that is characterized by the presence of nitroxide labels both at the wheel and at the dumbbell. This was accomplished by synthesizing a spin labeled α-CD (the wheel) that was mechanically blocked on a thread containing a nitroxide unit by a Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Both ESI-MS analysis and NMR spectroscopy were used to provide evidence of the threading processes. Because of the unsymmetrical structure of both the wheel and the axle, two different geometrical isomers could be predicted on the basis of the orientation of the CD along the thread. By combining molecular dynamic calculations and information extracted from the CW-ESR spectra, we were able to determine the geometrical nature of the isomer that was isolated as the only species. The ESR spectra showed J-coupling between the two mechanically connected nitroxide units and were analyzed by a model assuming three main molecular states. The intramolecular noncovalent nature of spin exchange was confirmed by reversibly switching the magnetic interaction on-off by changing the pH of the solution in the presence of a competing macrocyclic host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Casati
- Department of Organic Chemistry A. Mangini, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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