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Yao RX, Shi JJ, Li KH, Liu X, Zhang HY, Wang M, Zhang WK. Exploring the Nanomechanical Properties of a Coordination-bond Based Supramolecular Polymer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Bao Y, Luo Z, Cui S. Environment-dependent single-chain mechanics of synthetic polymers and biomacromolecules by atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy and the implications for advanced polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2799-2827. [PMID: 32236171 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
"The Tao begets the One. One begets all things of the world." This quote from Tao Te Ching is still inspiring for scientists in chemistry and materials science: The "One" can refer to a single molecule. A macroscopic material is composed of numerous molecules. Although the relationship between the properties of the single molecule and macroscopic material is not well understood yet, it is expected that a deeper understanding of the single-chain mechanics of macromolecules will certainly facilitate the development of materials science. Atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy (AFM-SMFS) has been exploited extensively as a powerful tool to study the single-chain behaviors of macromolecules. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the emerging field of environment-dependent single-chain mechanics of synthetic polymers and biomacromolecules by means of AFM-SMFS. First, the single-chain inherent elasticities of several typical linear macromolecules are introduced, which are also confirmed by one of three polymer models with theoretical elasticities of the corresponding macromolecules obtained from quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. Then, the effects of the external environments on the single-chain mechanics of synthetic polymers and biomacromolecules are reviewed. Finally, the impacts of single-chain mechanics of macromolecules on the development of polymer science especially polymer materials are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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3
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Gao Y, Zhou D, Lyu J, A S, Xu Q, Newland B, Matyjaszewski K, Tai H, Wang W. Complex polymer architectures through free-radical polymerization of multivinyl monomers. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:194-212. [PMID: 37128047 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The construction of complex polymer architectures with well-defined topology, composition and functionality has been extensively explored as the molecular basis for the development of modern polymer materials. The unique reaction kinetics of free-radical polymerization leads to the concurrent formation of crosslinks between polymer chains and rings within an individual chain and, thus, free-radical (co)polymerization of multivinyl monomers provides a facile method to manipulate chain topology and functionality. Regulating the relative contribution of these intermolecular and intramolecular chain-propagation reactions is the key to the construction of architecturally complex polymers. This can be achieved through the design of new monomers or by spatially or kinetically controlling crosslinking reactions. These mechanisms enable the synthesis of various polymer architectures, including linear, cyclized, branched and star polymer chains, as well as crosslinked networks. In this Review, we highlight some of the contemporary experimental strategies to prepare complex polymer architectures using radical polymerization of multivinyl monomers. We also examine the recent development of characterization techniques for sub-chain connections in such complex macromolecules. Finally, we discuss how these crosslinking reactions have been engineered to generate advanced polymer materials for use in a variety of biomedical applications.
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Grebíková L, Whittington SG, Vancso JG. Angle-Dependent Atomic Force Microscopy Single-Chain Pulling of Adsorbed Macromolecules from Planar Surfaces Unveils the Signature of an Adsorption-Desorption Transition. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6408-6415. [PMID: 29712430 PMCID: PMC5968430 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption-desorption behavior of polymer chains is at the heart of macromolecular surface science and technology. With the current developments in atomic force microscopy (AFM), it has now become possible to address the desorption problem from the perspective of a single macromolecule. Here, we report on desorption of single polymer chains on planar surfaces by AFM-based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) as a function of the pulling angle with respect to the surface-normal direction. SMFS experiments were performed in water with various substrates using different polymers covalently attached to the AFM probe tip. End-grafting at the AFM tip was achieved by surface-initiated polymerization using initiator functionalized tips. We found that the desorption force increases with a decreasing pulling angle, i.e., an enhanced adhesion of the polymer chain was observed. The magnitude of the desorption force shows a weak angular dependence at pulling angles close to the surface normal. A significant increase of the force is observed at shallower pulling from a certain pulling angle. This behavior carries the signature of an adsorption-desorption transition. The angular dependence of the normalized desorption force exhibits a universal behavior. We compared and interpreted our results using theoretical predictions for single-chain adsorption-desorption transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Grebíková
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+, Institute of Nanotechnology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Stuart G Whittington
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Julius G Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+, Institute of Nanotechnology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
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5
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Wang D, Russell TP. Advances in Atomic Force Microscopy for Probing Polymer Structure and Properties. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Tang Y, Zhang X, Choi P, Liu Q, Xu Z. Probing Single-Molecule Adhesion of a Stimuli Responsive Oligo(ethylene glycol) Methacrylate Copolymer on a Molecularly Smooth Hydrophobic MoS 2 Basal Plane Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:10429-10438. [PMID: 28898088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been receiving increasing attention in scientific research due to its unique properties. Up to now, several techniques have been developed to prepare exfoliated nanosize MoS2 dispersions to facilitate its applications. To improve its desired performance, as-prepared MoS2 dispersion needs further appropriate modification by polymers. Thus, understanding polymer-MoS2 interaction is of great scientific importance and practical interest. Here, we report our results on molecular interactions of a biocompatible stimuli-responsive copolymer with the basal plane surface of MoS2 determined using single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). Under isothermal conditions, the single-molecule adhesion force of oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate copolymer was found to increase from 50 to 75 pN with increasing NaCl concentration from 1 mM to 2 M, as a result of increasing hydrophobicity of the polymers. The theoretical analysis demonstrated that single-molecule adhesion force is determined by two contributions: the adhesion energy per monomer and the entropic free energy of the stretched polymer chain. Further data analysis revealed a significant increase in the adhesion energy per monomer with a negligible change in the other contribution with increasing salt concentration. The hydrophobic attraction (HA) was found to be the main contribution for the higher adhesion energy in electrolyte solutions of higher NaCl concentrations where the zero-frequency of van der Waals interaction were effectively screened. The results illustrate that oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate copolymer is a promising polymer for functionalizing MoS2 and that one can simply change the salt concentration to modulate the single-molecule interactions for desired applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechao Tang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xurui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Phillip Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Qingxia Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zhenghe Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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Li Z, Zhang B, Song Y, Xue Y, Wu L, Zhang W. Single Molecule Study on Polymer-Nanoparticle Interactions: The Particle Shape Matters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7615-7621. [PMID: 28719217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study on the nanoparticle-polymer interactions is very important for the design/preparation of high performance polymer nanocomposite. Here we present a method to quantify the polymer-particle interaction at single molecule level by using AFM-based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). As a proof-of-concept study, we choose poly-l-lysine (PLL) as the polymer and several different types of polyoxometalates (POM) as the model particles to construct several different polymer nanocomposites and to reveal the binding mode and quantify the binding strength in these systems. Our results reveal that the shape of the nanoparticle and the binding geometry in the composite have significantly influenced the binding strength of the PLL/POM complexes. Our dynamic force spectroscopy studies indicate that the disk-like geometry facilitate the unbinding of PLL/AlMo6 complexes in shearing mode, while the unzipping mode becomes dominate in spherical PLL-P8W48 system. We have also systematically investigated the effects of charge numbers, particle size, and ionic strength on the binding strength and binding mode of PLL/POM, respectively. Our results show that electrostatic interactions dominate the stability of PLL/POM complexes. These findings provide a way for tuning the mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte-nanoparticle composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yurui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
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Kou X, Zhang W, Zhang W. Quantifying the Interactions between PEI and Double-Stranded DNA: Toward the Understanding of the Role of PEI in Gene Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21055-21062. [PMID: 27435435 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) is one of the most efficient nonviral vectors, and its binding mode/strength with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which is still not clear, is a core area of transfection studies. In this work we used the atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to detect the interaction between branched PEI and dsDNA quantitatively by using a long chain DNA as a probe. Our results indicate that PEI binds to phosphoric acid skeletons of dsDNA mainly via electrostatic interactions, no obvious groove-binding or intercalation has happened. The interaction strength is about 24-25 pN, and it remains unchanged at pH 5.0 and 7.4, which correspond to the pH values in lysosomes and in the cytoplasmic matrix, respectively. However, the interaction is found to be sensitive to the ionic strength of the environment. In addition, the unbinding force shows no obvious loading rate dependence indicative of equilibrium binding/unbinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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Xu W, Zhang R, Liu W, Zhu J, Dong X, Guo H, Hu GH. A Multiscale Investigation on the Mechanism of Shape Recovery for IPDI to PPDI Hard Segment Substitution in Polyurethane. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material
Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguan
West Road 1219, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material
Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguan
West Road 1219, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material
Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguan
West Road 1219, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material
Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguan
West Road 1219, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Dong
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Guo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Hu
- Laboratory
of Reactions and Process Engineering, CNRS-University of Lorraine, Nancy 54001, France
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Eshel-Green T, Eliyahu S, Avidan-Shlomovich S, Bianco-Peled H. PEGDA hydrogels as a replacement for animal tissues in mucoadhesion testing. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:25-34. [PMID: 27084292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of animal parts in ex-vivo mucoadhesion assays is a common approach that presents many difficulties due to animal rights issues and large variance between animals. This study examines the suitability of two PEGDA (poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate) based hydrogels to serve as tissue mimetics for mucoadhesion evaluation. One hydrogel, termed PEGDA-QT, was composed of pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-mercaptopropionate) and PEG and contained free thiol groups mimicking those found in natural mucosa. The other hydrogel was formed by UV (ultraviolet) curing of PEGDA and mimicked the mechanical property of mucosa but not its chemical constitute. When ranking different first generation mucoadhesive polymers using a tensile assay, both hydrogels showed good agreement with the ranking achieved for porcine small intestine. However, only PEGDA-QT and porcine small intestine shared a similar displacement curve. The same ranking for PEGDA-QT and porcine small intestine was also observed when comparing a second-generation mucoadhesive polymer, thiolated alginate, to native alginate. Our findings suggest that PEGDA-QT could serve as a replacement for porcine small intestine in both mucoadhesion evaluations using a tensile machine and the flow-through method for first and second-generation mucoadhesive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Eshel-Green
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Shaked Eliyahu
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | | | - Havazelet Bianco-Peled
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Pill MF, Schmidt SW, Beyer MK, Clausen-Schaumann H, Kersch A. A density functional theory model of mechanically activated silyl ester hydrolysis. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:044321. [PMID: 25669537 DOI: 10.1063/1.4862827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism of the mechanically activated dissociation of chemical bonds between carboxymethylated amylose (CMA) and silane functionalized silicon dioxide, we have investigated the dissociation kinetics of the bonds connecting CMA to silicon oxide surfaces with density functional calculations including the effects of force, solvent polarizability, and pH. We have determined the activation energies, the pre-exponential factors, and the reaction rate constants of candidate reactions. The weakest bond was found to be the silyl ester bond between the silicon and the alkoxy oxygen atom. Under acidic conditions, spontaneous proton addition occurs close to the silyl ester such that neutral reactions become insignificant. Upon proton addition at the most favored position, the activation energy for bond hydrolysis becomes 31 kJ mol(-1), which agrees very well with experimental observation. Heterolytic bond scission in the protonated molecule has a much higher activation energy. The experimentally observed bi-exponential rupture kinetics can be explained by different side groups attached to the silicon atom of the silyl ester. The fact that different side groups lead to different dissociation kinetics provides an opportunity to deliberately modify and tune the kinetic parameters of mechanically activated bond dissociation of silyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Pill
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian W Schmidt
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hauke Clausen-Schaumann
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Alfred Kersch
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany
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Feldstein MM, Dormidontova EE, Khokhlov AR. Pressure sensitive adhesives based on interpolymer complexes. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Liu N, Chen Y, Peng B, Lin Y, Wang Q, Su Z, Zhang W, Li H, Shen J. Single-molecule force spectroscopy study on the mechanism of RNA disassembly in tobacco mosaic virus. Biophys J 2014; 105:2790-800. [PMID: 24359751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the disassembly mechanism of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a model system for virus study, during infection, we have used single-molecule force spectroscopy to mimic and follow the process of RNA disassembly from the protein coat of TMV by the replisome (molecular motor) in vivo, under different pH and Ca(2+) concentrations. Dynamic force spectroscopy revealed the unbinding free-energy landscapes as that at pH 4.7 the disassembly process is dominated by one free-energy barrier, whereas at pH 7.0 the process is dominated by one barrier and that there exists a second barrier. The additional free-energy barrier at longer distance has been attributed to the hindrance of disordered loops within the inner channel of TMV, and the biological function of those protein loops was discussed. The combination of pH increase and Ca(2+) concentration drop could weaken RNA-protein interactions so much that the molecular motor replisome would be able to pull and disassemble the rest of the genetic RNA from the protein coat in vivo. All these facts provide supporting evidence at the single-molecule level, to our knowledge for the first time, for the cotranslational disassembly mechanism during TMV infection under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China; School of Chemistry and Material Science, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
| | - Zhaohui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Hongbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jiacong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
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Wang M, Tian Y, Cui S, Qian L. Effect of salt concentration on the conformation and friction behaviour of DNA. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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