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Wang Y, Goh B, Moorehead M, Hattrick-Simpers J, Couet A. High-Throughput Electrochemistry to Study Materials Degradation in Extreme Environments. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16528-16537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53715, United States
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Bonita Goh
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53715, United States
| | - Michael Moorehead
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53715, United States
| | - Jason Hattrick-Simpers
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Adrien Couet
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53715, United States
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2
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Fang Y, Hou Y, Fu X, Wang X. Semiconducting Polymers for Oxygen Evolution Reaction under Light Illumination. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4204-4256. [PMID: 35025505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight-driven water splitting to produce hydrogen fuel has stimulated intensive scientific interest, as this technology has the potential to revolutionize fossil fuel-based energy systems in modern society. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) determines the performance of overall water splitting owing to its sluggish kinetics with multielectron transfer processing. Polymeric photocatalysts have recently been developed for the OER, and substantial progress has been realized in this emerging research field. In this Review, the focus is on the photocatalytic technologies and materials of polymeric photocatalysts for the OER. Two practical systems, namely, particle suspension systems and film-based photoelectrochemical systems, form two main sections. The concept is reviewed in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics, and polymeric photocatalysts are discussed based on three key characteristics, namely, light absorption, charge separation and transfer, and surface oxidation reactions. A satisfactory OER performance by polymeric photocatalysts will eventually offer a platform to achieve overall water splitting and other advanced applications in a cost-effective, sustainable, and renewable manner using solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
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Shahzad K, Mardare CC, Mardare AI, Hassel AW. Mixed oxide growth on combinatorial aluminium–gadolinium alloys — a thermodynamic and first-principles approach. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMetal surfaces covered with oxides have attracted considerable scientific attention in various applications. In particular, anodic films fabricated by cost-effective anodizing have been widely used in nano-structured engineering to provide various surface functionalities. However, understanding of alloy film stability, having individual elements with widely varying structures and morphologies, is very limited due to lack of thermodynamic information and effects of electrolyte chemistry. This requires many tedious efforts on a trial and error basis in selecting suitable electrolytes that can produce the protective film at high efficiency on alloys having mixed chemistries. It is, therefore, crucial to develop a combination of high throughput theoretical analysis and automated rapid localized electrochemical probing that provides a fast and simple solution for electrolyte choice and paves the way to the remarkable expansion of industrial applications of oxides. Herein, we demonstrate that combinatorial Al–Gd alloys covering 1.0 to 10.0 at.% Gd can be oxidized into ultra-thin anodic films of controlled thickness through a selection of electrolyte based on thermodynamics (phosphate buffer with a pH of 8.20). We propose that growth of anodic films on alloys at high efficiency is possible if Gibbs free energy minimization criteria would be systematically contemplate.
Graphical abstract
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Kranz C, Wächtler M. Characterizing photocatalysts for water splitting: from atoms to bulk and from slow to ultrafast processes. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1407-1437. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00526f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview on characterisation techniques for light-driven redox-catalysts highlighting spectroscopic, microscopic, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kranz
- Ulm University
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Department Functional Interfaces
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
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5
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Badets V, Loget G, Garrigue P, Sojic N, Zigah D. Combined local anodization of titanium and scanning photoelectrochemical mapping of TiO2 spot arrays. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Aaronson BDB, Garoz-Ruiz J, Byers JC, Colina A, Unwin PR. Electrodeposition and Screening of Photoelectrochemical Activity in Conjugated Polymers Using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:12814-12822. [PMID: 26502089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A number of renewable energy systems require an understanding and correlation of material properties and photoelectrochemical activity on the micro to nanoscale. Among these, conducting polymer electrodes continue to be important materials. In this contribution, an ultrasensitive scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) platform is used to electrodeposit microscale thin films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on an optically transparent gold electrode and to correlate the morphology (film thickness and structural order) with photoactivity. The electrochemical growth of P3HT begins with a thin ordered film up to 10 nm thick, after which a second more disordered film is deposited, as revealed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. A decrease in photoactivity for the thicker films, measured in situ immediately following film deposition, is attributed to an increase in bulk film disorder that limits charge transport. Higher resolution ex situ SECCM phototransient measurements, using a smaller diameter probe, show local variations in photoactivity within a given deposit. Even after aging, thinner, more ordered regions within a deposit exhibit sustained enhanced photocurrent densities compared to areas where the film is thicker and more disordered. The platform opens up new possibilities for high-throughput combinatorial correlation studies, by allowing materials fabrication and high spatial resolution probing of processes in photoelectrochemical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak D B Aaronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jesus Garoz-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos , Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Joshua C Byers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro Colina
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos , Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Sliozberg K, Schäfer D, Erichsen T, Meyer R, Khare C, Ludwig A, Schuhmann W. High-throughput screening of thin-film semiconductor material libraries I: system development and case study for Ti-W-O. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1270-8. [PMID: 25727402 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An automated optical scanning droplet cell (OSDC) enables high-throughput quantitative characterization of thin-film semiconductor material libraries. Photoelectrochemical data on small selected measurement areas are recorded including intensity-dependent photopotentials and -currents, potentiodynamic and potentiostatic photocurrents, as well as photocurrent (action) spectra. The OSDC contains integrated counter and double-junction reference electrodes and is fixed on a precise positioning system. A Xe lamp with a monochromator is coupled to the cell through a thin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) optical fiber. A specifically designed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capillary tip is pressed on the sample surface and defines through its diameter the homogeneously illuminated measurement area. The overall and wavelength-resolved irradiation intensities and the cell surface area are precisely determined and calibrated. System development and its performance are demonstrated by means of screening of a TiWO thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Sliozberg
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany)
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Kollender JP, Voith M, Schneiderbauer S, Mardare AI, Hassel AW. Highly customisable scanning droplet cell microscopes using 3D-printing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Hassel AW, Mardare AI. Localised electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using a scanning droplet cell microscope. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kollender JP, Gasiorowski J, Sariciftci NS, Mardare AI, Hassel AW. Localized photovoltaic investigations on organic semiconductors and bulk heterojunction solar cells. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:054201. [PMID: 27877711 PMCID: PMC5099672 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/5/054201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Newly synthesized organic electronics materials are often available in submicrogram amounts only. Photoelectrochemical scanning droplet cell microscopy is a powerful method that allows a comprehensive characterisation of such small amounts including oxidation, reduction potentials, doping, determination of charge carriers, band gap, charge capacity, over-oxidation sensitivity and many more. Localized photoelectrochemical characterization of the poly[4,8-bis-substituted-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b0]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-4-substituted-thieno [3,4-b] thiophene-2,6-diyl] (PBDTTT-c) and PBDTTT-c:PCBM bulk heterojunction was performed using photoelectrochemical scanning droplet cell microscopy (PE-SDCM). The optical properties and the real and imaginary part of the dielectric function, of the polymer were determined using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The photoelectrochemical characterizations were performed in a three and two electrode configuration of PE-SDCM under laser and white light illumination. The effect of illumination was characterized using dark/illumination sequences. The stability of the photocurrent was studied using longer term (600 s) illumination. Finally the effect of cell configuration and illumination conditions on the photovoltage was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Kollender
- Institute for Chemical Technologies of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria
| | - Jacek Gasiorowski
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria
| | - Andrei Ionut Mardare
- Institute for Chemical Technologies of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria
| | - Achim Walter Hassel
- Institute for Chemical Technologies of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Combinatorial Oxide Chemistry (COMBOX) at the Institute for Chemical Technologies of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria
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Kollender JP, Gallistl B, Mardare AI, Hassel AW. Photoelectrochemical water splitting in a tungsten oxide - nickel oxide thin film material library. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Drensler S, Milenkovic S, Hassel AW. Microvials with tungsten nanowire arrays. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mardare AI, Ludwig A, Savan A, Hassel AW. Properties of anodic oxides grown on a hafnium-tantalum-titanium thin film library. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:015006. [PMID: 27877648 PMCID: PMC5090609 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/1/015006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A ternary thin film combinatorial materials library of the valve metal system Hf-Ta-Ti obtained by co-sputtering was studied. The microstructural and crystallographic analysis of the obtained compositions revealed a crystalline and textured surface, with the exception of compositions with Ta concentration above 48 at.% which are amorphous and show a flat surface. Electrochemical anodization of the composition spread thin films was used for analysing the growth of the mixed surface oxides. Oxide formation factors, obtained from the potentiodynamic anodization curves, as well as the dielectric constants and electrical resistances, obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were mapped along two dimensions of the library using a scanning droplet cell microscope. The semiconducting properties of the anodic oxides were mapped using Mott-Schottky analysis. The degree of oxide mixing was analysed qualitatively using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling. A quantitative analysis of the surface oxides was performed and correlated to the as-deposited metal thin film compositions. In the concurrent transport of the three metal cations during oxide growth a clear speed order of Ti > Hf > Ta was proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ionut Mardare
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, A-4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Institut für Werkstoffe, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alan Savan
- Institut für Werkstoffe, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Achim Walter Hassel
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, A-4040, Linz, Austria
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Gasiorowski J, Kollender JP, Hingerl K, Sariciftci NS, Mardare AI, Hassel AW. Photoelectrochemical scanning droplet cell microscopy for localized photovoltaic investigations on organic semiconductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:3739-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53851f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kollender JP, Mardare AI, Hassel AW. Localized photoelectrochemistry on a tungsten oxide-iron oxide thin film material library. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2013; 15:601-8. [PMID: 24151796 DOI: 10.1021/co400051g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A WO3-Fe2O3 thin film combinatorial library was fabricated using a vapor phase co-deposition method followed by a combined thermal annealing and oxidation process. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the library microstructure combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations suggested that α-Fe2O3 grains preferentially grow from boundaries of domains, containing finer grains of WO3 and Fe2WO6, forming filiform networks on the surface. The surface density of the hematite networks depends on the amount of Fe present in the library. Photocurrents measured at different applied biases using Photo Electrochemical Scanning Droplet Cell Microscopy (PE-SDCM) were analyzed and mapped along the entire compositional spread. A distinctive photocurrent peak was detected at 21.9 atom % Fe, and its appearance was correlated to the higher amount of hematite present in the library at this specific composition together with a specific WO3 crystallographic orientation ((222) orthorhombic or (400) monoclinic). This finding is confirmed by qualitative and quantitative XPS surface analysis at the photocurrent peak position in the material library. Thus the enhancement of the photocurrent cannot be exclusively attributed to certain surface modifications since only hematite was found on the library surface at the peak composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Kollender
- Institute for Chemical Technology
of Inorganic Materials, and ‡Christian Doppler
Laboratory for Combinatorial Oxide Chemistry at Institute for Chemical
Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Andrei Ionut Mardare
- Institute for Chemical Technology
of Inorganic Materials, and ‡Christian Doppler
Laboratory for Combinatorial Oxide Chemistry at Institute for Chemical
Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Achim Walter Hassel
- Institute for Chemical Technology
of Inorganic Materials, and ‡Christian Doppler
Laboratory for Combinatorial Oxide Chemistry at Institute for Chemical
Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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Siket CM, Mardare AI, Kaltenbrunner M, Bauer S, Hassel AW. Surface patterned dielectrics by direct writing of anodic oxides using scanning droplet cell microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gasiorowski J, Mardare AI, Sariciftci NS, Hassel AW. Electrochemical characterization of sub-micro-gram amounts of organic semiconductors using scanning droplet cell microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013; 691:77-82. [PMID: 24926226 PMCID: PMC4047611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Scanning droplet cell microscopy (SDCM) uses a very small electrolyte droplet at the tip of a capillary which comes in contact with the working electrode. This method is particularly interesting for studies on organic semiconductors since it provides localized electrochemical investigations with high reproducibility. One clear advantage of applying SDCM is represented by the very small amounts of material necessary (less than 1 mg). Organic materials can be investigated quickly and inexpensively in electrochemical studies with a high throughput. In the present study, thin layers of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), which is one of the most often used material for organic solar cells, were deposited on ITO/glass as working electrodes in SDCM studies. The redox reactions in 0.1 M tetra(n-butyl)ammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) dissolved in propylene carbonate were studied by cyclic voltammetry and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Two reversible, distinct oxidation steps of the P3HT were detected and their kinetics were studied in detail. The doping of P3HT increased due to the electrochemical oxidation and had resulted in a decrease of the film resistance by a few orders of magnitude. Due to localization on the sample various parameter combinations can be studied quantitatively and reproducibly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Gasiorowski
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Andrei I. Mardare
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Niyazi S. Sariciftci
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Achim Walter Hassel
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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