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Buesen D, Li H, Plumeré N. The electron as a probe to measure the thickness distributions of electroactive films. Chem Sci 2020; 11:937-946. [PMID: 33144933 PMCID: PMC7583368 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03653a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron conducting films are ubiquitous in applications such as energy conversion, and their ability to fulfill their catalytic function can be greatly limited by inhomogeneities in their thickness or breaks within the film. Knowing the electroactive film thickness distribution would greatly facilitate optimization efforts, but techniques to measure this are lacking. Here, we present an electroanalytical method that provides the thickness distribution of the electrochemically accessible fraction of redox-active films in which the transfer of electrons is diffusional, i.e. by electron hopping. In this method, as the time scale of the experiment (the scan rate) is changed, the location of the diffusion layer boundary relative to the film roughness features is varied, allowing for the extraction of the film thickness distribution. In addition to being conveniently carried out in the solvated state, which is often the operational state of these conductive films, this approach is highly complementary to classical microscopy methods since it samples the entire modified electrode and is specific to the electroactive portions of the film. Therefore, this approach provides information on film morphology that is truly relevant for the catalytic processes being optimized, and thus can guide the optimization of catalyst integration in films towards macroscale cohesion and thickness homogeneity which are essential for optimal performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Buesen
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences - CES , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany .
| | - Huaiguang Li
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences - CES , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany .
| | - Nicolas Plumeré
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences - CES , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany .
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Application of Electrochemical Aptasensors toward Clinical Diagnostics, Food, and Environmental Monitoring: Review. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19245435. [PMID: 31835479 PMCID: PMC6960919 DOI: 10.3390/s19245435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are synthetic bio-receptors of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) origin selected by the systematic evolution of ligands (SELEX) process that bind a broad range of target analytes with high affinity and specificity. So far, electrochemical biosensors have come up as a simple and sensitive method to utilize aptamers as a bio-recognition element. Numerous aptamer based sensors have been developed for clinical diagnostics, food, and environmental monitoring and several other applications are under development. Aptasensors are capable of extending the limits of current analytical techniques in clinical diagnostics, food, and environmental sample analysis. However, the potential applications of aptamer based electrochemical biosensors are unlimited; current applications are observed in the areas of food toxins, clinical biomarkers, and pesticide detection. This review attempts to enumerate the most representative examples of research progress in aptamer based electrochemical biosensing principles that have been developed in recent years. Additionally, this account will discuss various current developments on aptamer-based sensors toward heavy metal detection, for various cardiac biomarkers, antibiotics detection, and also on how the aptamers can be deployed to couple with antibody-based assays as a hybrid sensing platform. Aptamers can be used in various applications, however, this account will focus on the recent advancements made toward food, environmental, and clinical diagnostic application. This review paper compares various electrochemical aptamer based sensor detection strategies that have been applied so far and used as a state of the art. As illustrated in the literature, aptamers have been utilized extensively for environmental, cancer biomarker, biomedical application, and antibiotic detection and thus have been extensively discussed in this article.
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Martín-Yerga D. Electrochemical Detection and Characterization of Nanoparticles with Printed Devices. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E47. [PMID: 30925772 PMCID: PMC6627282 DOI: 10.3390/bios9020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Innovative methods to achieve the user-friendly, quick, and highly sensitive detection of nanomaterials are urgently needed. Nanomaterials have increased importance in commercial products, and there are concerns about the potential risk that they entail for the environment. In addition, detection of nanomaterials can be a highly valuable tool in many applications, such as biosensing. Electrochemical methods using disposable, low-cost, printed electrodes provide excellent analytical performance for the detection of a wide set of nanomaterials. In this review, the foundations and latest advances of several electrochemical strategies for the detection of nanoparticles using cost-effective printed devices are introduced. These strategies will equip the experimentalist with an extensive toolbox for the detection of nanoparticles of different chemical nature and possible applications ranging from quality control to environmental analysis and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mishra GK, Barfidokht A, Tehrani F, Mishra RK. Food Safety Analysis Using Electrochemical Biosensors. Foods 2018; 7:E141. [PMID: 30200448 PMCID: PMC6164425 DOI: 10.3390/foods7090141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and precise analytical tools are essential for monitoring food safety and screening of any undesirable contaminants, allergens, or pathogens, which may cause significant health risks upon consumption. Substantial developments in analytical techniques have empowered the analyses and quantitation of these contaminants. However, conventional techniques are limited by delayed analysis times, expensive and laborious sample preparation, and the necessity for highly-trained workers. Therefore, prompt advances in electrochemical biosensors have supported significant gains in quantitative detection and screening of food contaminants and showed incredible potential as a means of defying such limitations. Apart from indicating high specificity towards the target analytes, these biosensors have also addressed the challenge of food industry by providing high analytical accuracy within complex food matrices. Here, we discuss some of the recent advances in this area and analyze the role and contributions made by electrochemical biosensors in the food industry. This article also reviews the key challenges we believe biosensors need to overcome to become the industry standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetesh Kumar Mishra
- Multiscale Fluid Mechanics Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 44-746, Korea.
| | - Abbas Barfidokht
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Farshad Tehrani
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Rupesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan 304022, India.
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Herrer L, Sebastian V, Martín S, González-Orive A, Pérez-Murano F, Low PJ, Serrano JL, Santamaría J, Cea P. High surface coverage of a self-assembled monolayer by in situ synthesis of palladium nanodeposits. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13281-13290. [PMID: 28858363 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03365f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nascent metal|monolayer|metal devices have been fabricated by depositing palladium, produced through a CO-confined growth method, onto a self-assembled monolayer of an amine-terminated oligo(phenylene ethynylene) derivative on a gold bottom electrode. The high surface area coverage (85%) of the organic monolayer by densely packed palladium particles was confirmed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The electrical properties of these nascent Au|monolayer|Pd assemblies were determined from the I-V curves recorded with a conductive-AFM using the Peak Force Tunneling AFM (PF-TUNA™) mode. The I-V curves together with the electrochemical experiments performed rule out the formation of short-circuits due to palladium penetration through the monolayer, suggesting that the palladium deposition strategy is an effective method for the fabrication of molecular junctions without damaging the organic layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Herrer
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain. and Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquilor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Biomedical Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquilor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Martín
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro González-Orive
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain. and Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquilor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francesc Pérez-Murano
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Paul J Low
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - José Luis Serrano
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain. and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Santamaría
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Biomedical Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquilor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Cea
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain. and Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquilor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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González MCR, Orive AG, Salvarezza RC, Creus AH. Electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles on aryl diazonium monolayer functionalized HOPG surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 18:1953-60. [PMID: 26685776 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06415e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle electrodeposition on a modified HOPG surface with a monolayer organic film based on aryl diazonium chemistry has been studied. This organic monolayer is electrochemically grown with the use of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), a radical scavenger. The electrodeposition of gold on this modified surface is highly favored resulting in an AuNP surface density comparable to that found on glassy carbon. AuNPs grow only in the areas covered by the organic monolayer leaving free clean HOPG zones. A progressive mechanism for the nucleation and growth is followed giving hemispherical AuNPs, homogeneously distributed on the surface and their sizes can be well controlled by the applied electrodeposition potential. By using AFM, C-AFM and electrochemical measurements with the aid of two redox probes, namely Fe(CN)6(4-)/Fe(CN)6(3-) and dopamine, relevant results about the electrochemical modified surface as well as the gold nanoparticles electrodeposited on them are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C R González
- Área de Química Física, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto de Materiales y Nanotecnología, Avda. Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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Choi YB, Kim NH, Kim SH, Tae GS, Kim HH. Heterogeneous electrochemical immunoassay of hippuric acid on the electrodeposited organic films. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:18886-97. [PMID: 25313491 PMCID: PMC4239960 DOI: 10.3390/s141018886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By directly coordinating hippuric acid (HA) to the ferrate (Fe) as an electron transfer mediator, we synthesized a Fe-HA complex, which shows a good electrochemical signal and thus enables the electrochemical immunoanalysis for HA. We electrodeposited organic films containing imidazole groups on the electrode surface and then bonded Ni ion (positive charge) to induce immobilization of Fe-HA (negative charge) through the electrostatic interaction. The heterogeneous competitive immunoassay system relies on the interaction between immobilized Fe-HA antigen conjugate and free HA antigen to its antibody (anti-HA). The electric signal becomes weaker due to the hindered electron transfer reaction when a large-sized HA antibody is bound onto the Fe-HA. However, in the presence of HA, the electric signal increases because free HA competitively reacts with the HA antibody prior to actual reaction and thus prevents the HA antibody from interacting with Fe-HA at the electrode surface. This competition reaction enabled an electrochemical quantitative analysis of HA concentration with a detection limit of 0.5 μg mL(-1), and thus allowed us to develop a simple and rapid electrochemical immunosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Bong Choi
- Department of chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.
| | - Nam-Hyuk Kim
- Department of chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.
| | - Seung-Hoi Kim
- Department of chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.
| | - Gun-Sik Tae
- Department of biology, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.
| | - Hyug-Han Kim
- Department of chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.
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