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Umut E, Beira MJ, Oztop MH, Sahiner N, Sebastião PJ, Kruk D. Water Dynamics in Dextran-Based Hydrogel Micro/Nanoparticles Studied by NMR Diffusometry and Relaxometry. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8950-8960. [PMID: 37812396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Water dynamics in mesoporous dextran hydrogel micro/nanoparticles was investigated by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. High-resolution 1H NMR spectra and pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR diffusometry measurements obtained on swollen state dextran micro/nanogel revealed the existence of different fractions of water molecules based on their interaction with the gel matrix. In addition to the translational diffusion of bulk water, two more diffusion processes characterized with self-diffusion coefficients 1 and 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of bulk water were identified. 1H spin-lattice relaxation dispersion profiles obtained for a broad range of Larmor frequencies using fast field cycling (FFC) and conventional NMR relaxometry techniques allowed us to further clarify the mechanisms of molecular motion. According to the water proton pool fractions and associated self-diffusion coefficients, it is shown that the relaxation contribution associated with reorientation-mediated translational motions (RMTDs) dominates the relaxation dispersion observed at intermediate frequencies. At very low frequencies, the spin-lattice relaxation rate is dominated by the slow solid-gel dynamics probed by the water molecules interacting with the pores' surface hydroxyl groups due to the rapid chemical exchange between surface hydroxyl groups and free water. The correlation time for the thumbling-like motion of the dextran gel was found to be in the submillisecond range. The values of the self-diffusion and coherence lengths associated with motion of water molecules interacting with the solid-gel particles are consistent with the particle size and pore size distributions obtained for the studied dextran gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Umut
- Department of Medical Imaging Techniques, School of Healthcare, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
- BioIzmir - Health Technologies Development and Accelerator Research Center, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Maria Jardim Beira
- CeFEMA - Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials and Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mecit Halil Oztop
- Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Sahiner
- Department of Chemistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020 Çanakkale, Turkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 B. Downs Blv., MDC 21, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Pedro José Sebastião
- CeFEMA - Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials and Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Danuta Kruk
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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Rosa E, Gallo E, Sibillano T, Giannini C, Rizzuti S, Gianolio E, Scognamiglio PL, Morelli G, Accardo A, Diaferia C. Incorporation of PEG Diacrylates (PEGDA) Generates Hybrid Fmoc-FF Hydrogel Matrices. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120831. [PMID: 36547355 PMCID: PMC9778368 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Generated by a hierarchical and multiscale self-assembling phenomenon, peptide-based hydrogels (HGs) are soft materials useful for a variety of applications. Short and ultra-short peptides are intriguing building blocks for hydrogel fabrication. These matrices can also be obtained by mixing low-molecular-weight peptides with other chemical entities (e.g., polymers, other peptides). The combination of two or more constituents opens the door to the development of hybrid systems with tunable mechanical properties and unexpected biofunctionalities or morphologies. For this scope, the formulation, the multiscale analysis, and the supramolecular characterization of novel hybrid peptide-polymer hydrogels are herein described. The proposed matrices contain the Fmoc-FF (Nα-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl diphenylalanine) hydrogelator at a concentration of 0.5 wt% (5.0 mg/mL) and a diacrylate α-/ω-substituted polyethylene-glycol derivative (PEGDA). Two PEGDA derivatives, PEGDA 1 and PEGDA2 (mean molecular weights of 575 and 250 Da, respectively), are mixed with Fmoc-FF at different ratios (Fmoc-FF/PEGDA at 1/1, 1/2, 1/5, 1/10 mol/mol). All the multicomponent hybrid peptide-polymer hydrogels are scrutinized with a large panel of analytical techniques (including proton relaxometry, FTIR, WAXS, rheometry, and scanning electronic microscopy). The matrices were found to be able to generate mechanical responses in the 2-8 kPa range, producing a panel of tunable materials with the same chemical composition. The release of a model drug (Naphthol Yellow S) is reported too. The tunable features, the different topologies, and the versatility of the proposed materials open the door to the development of tools for different applicative areas, including diagnostics, liquid biopsies and responsive materials. The incorporation of a diacrylate function also suggests the possible development of interpenetrating networks upon cross-linking reactions. All the collected data allow a mutual comparison between the different matrices, thus confirming the significance of the hybrid peptide/polymer-based methodology as a strategy for the design of innovative materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS Synlab SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Sibillano
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Serena Rizzuti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0812-534-526
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Florek-Wojciechowska M. Dynamics of Arabic gum aqueous solutions as revealed by NMR relaxometry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5808-5813. [PMID: 35420169 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this article is to study molecular dynamics through nuclear magnetic relaxation (NMR) dispersion of Arabic gum aqueous solutions analysed in terms of two-fraction exchange model. RESULTS The experiments revealed that relaxation of water molecules was non-monoexponential, which was interpreted in terms of a model describing the magnetization transfer due to exchange of water and polysaccharide protons. The analysis showed that water dynamics decreased slightly with gum content. Polymer-chain dynamics was assigned to regime II of the tube/reptation model. Peculiar temperature dependence of exchange rate was observed in the whole concentration range of Arabic gum solutions. CONCLUSION NMR relaxation probed in a broad frequency and temperature range allows probing of the molecular dynamics of complex food systems. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Rosa E, Diaferia C, Gianolio E, Sibillano T, Gallo E, Smaldone G, Stornaiuolo M, Giannini C, Morelli G, Accardo A. Multicomponent Hydrogel Matrices of Fmoc-FF and Cationic Peptides for Application in Tissue Engineering. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200128. [PMID: 35524744 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, peptide based hydrogels are being increasingly used as suitable matrices for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, including drug delivery and tissue engineering. Recently, we decrived the synthesis and the gelation properties of a small library of cationic peptides, containing a Lys residue at the C-teminus and derivatized with a Fmoc group or with the Fmoc-diphenylalanine (FmocFF) at the N-terminus. Here, we demonstrate that the combination of these peptides with the well known hydrogelator FmocFF, in different weight/weight ratios, allows the achievement of seven novel self-sorted hydrogels, which share similar peptide organization of their supramolecular matrix. Rheological and relaxometric characterization highlighted a different mechanical rigidity and water mobility in the gels as demostrated by the storage modulus values (200 Pa<G'<35000 Pa) and by relaxometry, respectively. In vitro studied demonstrated that most of the tested mixed hydrogels do not disturb significantly the cell viability (>95%) over 72h of treatment. Moreover, in virtue to its capability to strongly favour adhesion, spreading and duplication of 3T3-L1 cells, one of the tested hydrogel may be eligible as sinthetic extracellular matrix. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, Naples, 80134, Italy
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, Naples, 80134, Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Teresa Sibillano
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS Synlab SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, Naples, 80143, Italy
| | | | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, Naples, 80134, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, Naples, 80134, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, Naples, 80134, Italy
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Broche LM, James Ross P, Kennedy BWC, MacEachern CF, Lurie DJ, Ashcroft GP. A new method for investigating osteoarthritis using Fast Field-Cycling nuclear magnetic resonance. Phys Med 2021; 88:142-147. [PMID: 34242886 PMCID: PMC8382587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis in synovial joints remains a major cause of long-term disability worldwide, with symptoms produced by the progressive deterioration of the articular cartilage. The earliest cartilage changes are thought to be alteration in its main protein components, namely proteoglycan and collagen. Loss of proteoglycans bound in the collagen matrix which maintain hydration and stiffness of the structure is followed by collagen degradation and loss. The development of new treatments for early osteoarthritis is limited by the lack of accurate biomarkers to assess the loss of proteoglycan. One potential biomarker is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We present the results of a novel MRI methodology, Fast Field-Cycling (FFC), to assess changes in critical proteins by demonstrating clear quantifiable differences in signal from normal and osteoarthritic human cartilage for in vitro measurements. We further tested proteoglycan extracted cartilage and the key components individually. Three clear signals were identified, two of which are related predominantly to the collagen component of cartilage and the third, a unique very short-lived signal, is directly related to proteoglycan content; we have not seen this in any other tissue type. In addition, we present the first volunteer human scan from our whole-body FFC scanner where articular cartilage measurements are in keeping with those we have shown in tissue samples. This new clinical imaging modality offers the prospect of non-invasive monitoring of human cartilage in vivo and hence the assessment of potential treatments for osteoarthritis. Keywords: Fast Field-Cycling NMR; human hyaline cartilage; Osteoarthritis; T1 dispersion; quadrupolar peaks; protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel M Broche
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - P James Ross
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Brett W C Kennedy
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Campbell F MacEachern
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David J Lurie
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - George P Ashcroft
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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Parigi G, Ravera E, Fragai M, Luchinat C. Unveiling protein dynamics in solution with field-cycling NMR relaxometry. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 124-125:85-98. [PMID: 34479712 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Field-cycling NMR relaxometry is a well-established technique that can give information on molecular structure and dynamics of biological systems. It provides the nuclear relaxation rates as a function of the applied magnetic field, starting from fields as low as ~ 10-4 T up to about 1-3 T. The profiles so collected, called nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles, can be extended to include the relaxation rates at the largest fields achievable with high resolution NMR spectrometers. By exploiting this wide range of frequencies, the NMRD profiles can provide information on motions occurring on time scales from 10-6 to 10-9 s. 1H NMRD measurements have proved very useful also for the characterization of paramagnetic proteins, because they can help characterise a number of parameters including the number, distance and residence time of water molecules coordinated to the paramagnetic center, the reorientation correlation times and the electron spin relaxation time, and the electronic structure at the metal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Kruk D, Florek-Wojciechowska M, Oztop M, Ilhan E, Wieczorek Z. Water dynamics in eggs by means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance relaxometry. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 327:106976. [PMID: 33901897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.106976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance relaxometry has been applied to reveal dynamical properties of water molecules embedded into egg yolk and white of three species: turkey, chicken and quail. Two fractions of water molecules, referred to as confined-water and free-water fractions, have been revealed. It has been demonstrated that translation diffusion of the confined-water fraction is three-dimensional. The dynamics of the confined-water has been quantitatively described in terms of diffusion coefficients and rotational correlation times. The parameters have been compared for egg yolk and white for all the species. In addition to these quantities, the number of the confined-water molecules per unit volume has been provided for all cases. The obtained parameters provide insight into the dynamics of water in eggs of different origin and allow to identify similarities and differences between them in connection to the structure of the network formed by the macromolecular fraction of egg yolk and white.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Kruk
- Department of Physics & Biophysics, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Michała Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Florek-Wojciechowska
- Department of Physics & Biophysics, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Michała Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mecit Oztop
- Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esmanur Ilhan
- Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zbigniew Wieczorek
- Department of Physics & Biophysics, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Michała Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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9
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New Strategies in the Design of Paramagnetic CAs. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2020; 2020:4327479. [PMID: 33071681 PMCID: PMC7537686 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4327479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the first diagnostic imaging modality for numerous indications able to provide anatomical information with high spatial resolution through the use of magnetic fields and gradients. Indeed, thanks to the characteristic relaxation time of each tissue, it is possible to distinguish between healthy and pathological ones. However, the need to have brighter images to increase differences and catch important diagnostic details has led to the use of contrast agents (CAs). Among them, Gadolinium-based CAs (Gd-CAs) are routinely used in clinical MRI practice. During these last years, FDA highlighted many risks related to the use of Gd-CAs such as nephrotoxicity, heavy allergic effects, and, recently, about the deposition within the brain. These alerts opened a debate about the opportunity to formulate Gd-CAs in a different way but also to the use of alternative and safer compounds to be administered, such as manganese- (Mn-) based agents. In this review, the physical principle behind the role of relaxivity and the T1 boosting will be described in terms of characteristic correlation times and inner and outer spheres. Then, the recent advances in the entrapment of Gd-CAs within nanostructures will be analyzed in terms of relaxivity boosting obtained without the chemical modification of CAs as approved in the chemical practice. Finally, a critical evaluation of the use of manganese-based CAs will be illustrated as an alternative ion to Gd due to its excellent properties and endogenous elimination pathway.
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Kruk D, Rochowski P, Florek-Wojciechowska M, Sebastião PJ, Lurie DJ, Broche LM. 1H spin-lattice NMR relaxation in the presence of residual dipolar interactions - Dipolar relaxation enhancement. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 318:106783. [PMID: 32755749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A model of spin-lattice relaxation for spin-1/2 nuclei in the presence of a residual dipole-dipole coupling has been presented. For slow dynamics the model predicts a bi-exponential relaxation at low frequencies, when the residual dipole-dipole interaction dominates the Zeeman coupling. Moreover, according to the model a frequency-specific relaxation enhancement, referred to as Dipolar Relaxation Enhancement (DRE) in analogy to the Quadrupole Relaxation Enhancement (QRE) is expected. The frequency position of the relaxation maximum is determined by the amplitude of the residual dipole-dipole interaction. Experimental examples of relaxation properties that might be attributed to the DRE are presented. The DRE effect has the potential to be exploited, in analogy to QRE, as a unique source of information about molecular dynamics and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Kruk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Pawel Rochowski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Pedro José Sebastião
- Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David J Lurie
- Bio-Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lionel M Broche
- Bio-Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Kruk D, Masiewicz E, Wojciechowski M, Florek-Wojciechowska M, Broche LM, Lurie DJ. Slow dynamics of solid proteins - Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry versus dielectric spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 314:106721. [PMID: 32276108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry and Dielectric Spectroscopy (DS) have been exploited to investigate the dynamics of solid proteins. The experiments have been carried out in the frequency range of about 10 kHz-40 MHz for NMR relaxometry and 10-2Hz-20 MHz for DS. The data sets have been analyzed in terms of theoretical models allowing for a comparison of the correlation times revealed by NMR relaxometry and DS. The 1H spin-lattice relaxation profiles have been decomposed into relaxation contributions associated with 1H-1H and 1H-14N dipole - dipole interactions. The 1H-1H relaxation contribution has been interpreted in terms of three dynamical processes of time scales of 10-6s, 10-7s and 10-8s. It has turned out that the correlation times do not differ much among proteins and they are only weakly dependent on temperature. The analysis of DS relaxation spectra has also revealed three motional processes characterized by correlation times that considerably depend on temperature in contrast to those obtained from the 1H relaxation. This finding suggest that for solid proteins there is a contribution to the 1H spin-lattice relaxation associated with a kind of motion that is not probed in DS as it does not lead to a reorientation of the electric dipole moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Kruk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Masiewicz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Milosz Wojciechowski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Lionel M Broche
- Bio-Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J Lurie
- Bio-Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Gizatullin B, Mattea C, Stapf S. Hyperpolarization by DNP and Molecular Dynamics: Eliminating the Radical Contribution in NMR Relaxation Studies. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9963-9970. [PMID: 31642676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fast field cycling NMR relaxation dispersion represents a versatile method to elucidate the distribution of timescales of molecular motion for systems as diverse as polymers, proteins, and complex fluids. While electronic field switching accesses magnetic field strengths between about 1 T and Earth field, the method remains fundamentally insensitive and unspecific due to the low signal intensity at low fields and the inherently large field inhomogeneity that prohibits spectral resolution for most nuclei. These conditions limit the accessible concentrations and the detection of insensitive X-nuclei. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has been demonstrated to significantly enhance sensitivity, favoring low-field applications due to the increase in enhancement factors under these conditions. However, the required presence of radicals adds a significant and often dominating relaxivity to the system of nuclei, which has mostly precluded relaxation studies under DNP because of the need to separate several competing relaxation mechanisms. In this study, we present proof that the intrinsic relaxation dispersion of a substance can be completely recovered from experiments with different concentrations of radicals, irrespective of the nature of the DNP effect. This approach not only enhances detection sensitivity by at least one order of magnitude but also provides information about selective radical/molecule interaction that allows the separation of contributions from different molecular moieties from their differential enhancement and relaxation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat Gizatullin
- FG Technische Physik II/Polymerphysik , Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98684 Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Carlos Mattea
- FG Technische Physik II/Polymerphysik , Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98684 Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Siegfried Stapf
- FG Technische Physik II/Polymerphysik , Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98684 Ilmenau , Germany
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Kruk D, Rochowski P, Masiewicz E, Wilczynski S, Wojciechowski M, Broche LM, Lurie DJ. Mechanism of Water Dynamics in Hyaluronic Dermal Fillers Revealed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2816-2822. [PMID: 31532873 PMCID: PMC6899992 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
1 H spin-lattice nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation experiments were performed for five kinds of dermal fillers based on hyaluronic acid. The relaxation data were collected over a broad frequency range between 4 kHz and 40 MHz, at body temperature. Thanks to the frequency range encompassing four orders of magnitude, the dynamics of water confined in the polymeric matrix was revealed. It is demonstrated that translation diffusion of the confined water molecules exhibits a two-dimensional character and the diffusion process is slower than diffusion in bulk water by 3-4 orders of magnitude. As far as rotational dynamics of the confined water is concerned, it is shown that in all cases there is a water pool characterized by a rotational correlation time of about 4×10-9 s. In some of the dermal fillers a fraction of the confined water (about 10 %) forms a pool that exhibits considerably slower (by an order of magnitude) rotational dynamics. In addition, the water binding capacity of the dermal fillers was quantitatively compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Kruk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer ScienceUniversity of Warmia & Mazury in OlsztynSłoneczna 5410-710OlsztynPoland
| | - Pawel Rochowski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer ScienceUniversity of Warmia & Mazury in OlsztynSłoneczna 5410-710OlsztynPoland
- Current affiliation:Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and InformaticsGdansk UniversityWita Stwosza 5780-308GdanskPoland
| | - Elzbieta Masiewicz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer ScienceUniversity of Warmia & Mazury in OlsztynSłoneczna 5410-710OlsztynPoland
| | - Slawomir Wilczynski
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science School of PharmacyMedical University of Silesia in KatowiceKasztanowa 341-200SosnowiecPoland
| | - Milosz Wojciechowski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer ScienceUniversity of Warmia & Mazury in OlsztynSłoneczna 5410-710OlsztynPoland
| | - Lionel M. Broche
- Bio-Medical Physics School of Medicine Medical Sciences & NutritionUniversity of Aberdeen ForesterhillAberdeenAB25 2ZD, ScotlandUnited Kingdom
| | - David J. Lurie
- Bio-Medical Physics School of Medicine Medical Sciences & NutritionUniversity of Aberdeen ForesterhillAberdeenAB25 2ZD, ScotlandUnited Kingdom
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14
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Kruk D, Masiewicz E, Borkowska AM, Rochowski P, Fries PH, Broche LM, Lurie DJ. Dynamics of Solid Proteins by Means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E652. [PMID: 31731514 PMCID: PMC6920843 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
1H Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry was exploited to investigate the dynamics of solid proteins. The relaxation experiments were performed at 37 °C over a broad frequency range, from approximately 10 kHz to 40 MHz. Two relaxation contributions to the overall 1H spin-lattice relaxation were revealed; they were associated with 1H-1H and 1H-14N magnetic dipole-dipole interactions, respectively. The 1H-1H relaxation contribution was interpreted in terms of three dynamical processes occurring on timescales of 10-6 s, 10-7 s, and 10-8 s, respectively. The 1H-14N relaxation contribution shows quadrupole relaxation enhancement effects. A thorough analysis of the data was performed revealing similarities in the protein dynamics, despite their different structures. Among several parameters characterizing the protein dynamics and structure (e.g., electric field gradient tensor at the position of 14N nuclei), the orientation of the 1H-14N dipole-dipole axis, with respect to the principal axis system of the electric field gradient, was determined, showing that, for lysozyme, it was considerably different than for the other proteins. Moreover, the validity range of a closed form expression describing the 1H-14N relaxation contribution was determined by a comparison with a general approach based on the stochastic Liouville equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Kruk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.M.); (A.M.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Elzbieta Masiewicz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.M.); (A.M.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna M. Borkowska
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.M.); (A.M.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Pawel Rochowski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.M.); (A.M.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Pascal H. Fries
- Laboratoire de Reconnaissance Ionique et Chimie de Coordination, Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique (UMR E-3 CEA/UJF), CEA-Grenoble, INAC, 17 rue des Martyrs, CEDEX 09, 38054 Grenoble, France;
| | - Lionel M. Broche
- Bio-Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK; (L.M.B.); (D.J.L.)
| | - David J. Lurie
- Bio-Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK; (L.M.B.); (D.J.L.)
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15
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Fragai M, Ravera E, Tedoldi F, Luchinat C, Parigi G. Relaxivity of Gd-Based MRI Contrast Agents in Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid as a Model for Tissues. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2204-2209. [PMID: 31298452 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of MRI contrast agents depends on the relaxation rate enhancement that they can induce at imaging fields. It is well known that, at these fields, large relaxation rates are obtained by binding of gadolinium(III) ions to large molecules. By the same token, the interaction of the gadolinium(III) complexes with macromolecules that are found in biological tissues can be responsible for an increase of the relaxation rate with respect to the value observed in liquids. We investigate here the relaxation enhancement of gadoteridol (Gd-HP-DO3A) in crosslinked hyaluronic acid, taken as model tissue, using fast field-cycling relaxometry. The analysis of the relaxation profiles as a function of the magnetic fields indicates that a sizable increase in the relaxation rates is due to a modest interaction of the contrast agent with the hydrogel and to the slower mobility of the water molecules outside the first-coordination sphere of the gadolinium(III) ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fabio Tedoldi
- Bracco Imaging Spa, Bracco Research Centre, Via Ribes 5, 10010, Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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16
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Mikac U, Sepe A, Gradišek A, Kristl J, Apih T. Dynamics of water and xanthan chains in hydrogels studied by NMR relaxometry and their influence on drug release. Int J Pharm 2019; 563:373-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Wienen-Schmidt B, Jonker HRA, Wulsdorf T, Gerber HD, Saxena K, Kudlinzki D, Sreeramulu S, Parigi G, Luchinat C, Heine A, Schwalbe H, Klebe G. Paradoxically, Most Flexible Ligand Binds Most Entropy-Favored: Intriguing Impact of Ligand Flexibility and Solvation on Drug–Kinase Binding. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5922-5933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wienen-Schmidt
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik R. A. Jonker
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, N160-3.14, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Wulsdorf
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Gerber
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, N160-3.14, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Denis Kudlinzki
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, N160-3.14, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, N160-3.14, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM/CIRMMP) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM/CIRMMP) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andreas Heine
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, N160-3.14, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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18
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Gineste S, Di Cola E, Amouroux B, Till U, Marty JD, Mingotaud AF, Mingotaud C, Violleau F, Berti D, Parigi G, Luchinat C, Balor S, Sztucki M, Lonetti B. Mechanistic Insights into Polyion Complex Associations. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Gineste
- Laboratoire
des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Cedex 9 F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Emanuela Di Cola
- BioSoftMatter
Laboratorio Dip CBBM LITA, Universita di Milano, Via F lli Cervi
93 MI IT, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Baptiste Amouroux
- Laboratoire
des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Cedex 9 F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Ugo Till
- Laboratoire
des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Cedex 9 F-31062, Toulouse, France
- Département
Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Ecole d’Ingénieurs de Purpan, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, Cedex 03 F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Marty
- Laboratoire
des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Cedex 9 F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Mingotaud
- Laboratoire
des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Cedex 9 F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Mingotaud
- Laboratoire
des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Cedex 9 F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Violleau
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Agro-industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, INP-EI PURPAN, Toulouse, France
| | - Debora Berti
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence and CSGI, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Department
of Chemistry Ugo Schiff and Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Department
of Chemistry Ugo Schiff and Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Balor
- Plateforme
METi, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael Sztucki
- European Synchrotron
Radiation Facility-71, avenue des Martyrs,
CS 40220, Cedex 9 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Barbara Lonetti
- Laboratoire
des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Cedex 9 F-31062, Toulouse, France
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19
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Machado RC, Capela S, Rocha FAC. Polysaccharides As Viscosupplementation Agents: Structural Molecular Characteristics but Not Rheology Appear Crucial to the Therapeutic Response. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:82. [PMID: 28674692 PMCID: PMC5475360 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Most clinical studies and basic research document viscosupplementation (VS) in terms of effectiveness and safety, but only a few highlight its molecular mechanisms of action. Besides, there is generally focus on hyaluronic acid (HA) as being the most relevant polysaccharide to reach the clinical endpoints, attributing its effect mainly to its unique viscoelastic properties, related to a high-molecular weight and gel formulation. Usually, studies do not approach the possible biological pathways where HA may interfere, and there is a lack of reports on other biocompatible polysaccharides that could be of use in VS. Aim We briefly review the main proposed mechanisms of action of intra-articular hyaluronic acid (IA-HA) treatment and discuss its effectiveness focusing on the role of rheological and intrinsic structural molecular properties of polysaccharides in providing a therapeutic effect. Methods We conducted a literature search using PubMed database to find articles dealing with the mechanisms of action of IA-HA treatment and/or emphasizing how the structural properties of the polysaccharide used influenced the clinical outcomes. Discussion/conclusion HA is involved in numerous biochemical interactions that may explain the clinical benefits of VS, most of them resulting from HA–cluster of differentiation 44 receptor interaction. There are other important aspects apart from the molecular size or the colloidal state of the IA-HA involved in VS efficiency that still need to be consolidated. Indeed, it seems that clinical response may be dependent on the intrinsic properties of the polysaccharide, regardless of being HA, rather than to rheology, posing some controversy to previous beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Machado
- Rheumatology and Metabolic Bone Diseases Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHLN, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal.,Rheumatology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Capela
- Rheumatology and Metabolic Bone Diseases Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHLN, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal.,Rheumatology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco A C Rocha
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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