1
|
Amonov A, Scheiner S. Relation between Halogen Bond Strength and IR and NMR Spectroscopic Markers. Molecules 2023; 28:7520. [PMID: 38005241 PMCID: PMC10673387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the strength of a halogen bond (XB) and various IR and NMR spectroscopic quantities is assessed through DFT calculations. Three different Lewis acids place a Br or I atom on a phenyl ring; each is paired with a collection of N and O bases of varying electron donor power. The weakest of the XBs display a C-X bond contraction coupled with a blue shift in the associated frequency, whereas the reverse trends occur for the stronger bonds. The best correlations with the XB interaction energy are observed with the NMR shielding of the C atom directly bonded to X and the coupling constants involving the C-X bond and the C-H/F bond that lies ortho to the X substituent, but these correlations are not accurate enough for the quantitative assessment of energy. These correlations tend to improve as the Lewis acid becomes more potent, which makes for a wider range of XB strengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhtam Amonov
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Engineering Physics Institute, Samarkand State University, University blv. 15, Samarkand 140104, Uzbekistan;
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ellington TL, Devore DP, Uvin G De Alwis WM, French KA, Shuford KL. Shedding Light on the Vibrational Signatures in Halogen-Bonded Graphitic Carbon Nitride Building Blocks. Chemphyschem 2022; 24:e202200812. [PMID: 36480235 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relative contributions of halogen and hydrogen bonding to the interaction between graphitic carbon nitride monomers and halogen bond (XB) donors containing C-X and C≡C bonds were evaluated using computational vibrational spectroscopy. Conventional probes into select vibrational stretching frequencies can often lead to disconnected results. To elucidate this behavior, local mode analyses were performed on the XB donors and complexes identified previously at the M06-2X/aVDZ-PP level of theory. Due to coupling between low and high energy C-X vibrations, the C≡C stretch is deemed a better candidate when analyzing XB complex properties or detecting XB formation. The local force constants support this conclusion, as the C≡C values correlate much better with the σ-hole magnitude than their C-X counterparts. The intermolecular local stretching force constants were also assessed, and it was found that attractive forces other than halogen bonding play a supporting role in complex formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Ellington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - Daniel P Devore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - W M Uvin G De Alwis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - Kirk A French
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - Kevin L Shuford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lambert EC, Williams AE, Fortenberry RC, Hammer NI. Probing halogen bonding interactions between heptafluoro-2-iodopropane and three azabenzenes with Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11713-11720. [PMID: 35506511 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential formation of halogen bonded complexes between a donor, heptafluoro-2-iodopropane (HFP), and the three acceptor heterocyclic azines (azabenzenes: pyridine, pyrimidine, and pyridazine) is investigated herein through normal mode analysis via Raman spectroscopy, density functional theory, and natural electron configuration analysis. Theoretical Raman spectra of the halogen bonded complexes are in good agreement with experimental data providing insight into the Raman spectra of these complexes. The exhibited shifts in vibrational frequency of as high as 8 cm-1 for each complex demonstrate, in conjunction with NEC analysis, significant evidence of charge transfer from the halogen bond acceptor to donor. Here, an interesting charge flow mechanism is proposed involving the donated nitrogen lone pair electrons pushing the dissociated fluorine atoms back to their respective atoms. This mechanism provides further insight into the formation and fundamental nature of halogen bonding and its effects on neighboring atoms. The present findings provide novel and deeper characterization of halogen bonding with applications in supramolecular and organometallic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38655, USA.
| | - Ashley E Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38655, USA. .,University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Office of Student Affairs, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38655, USA.
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38655, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The fundamental underpinnings of noncovalent bonds are presented, focusing on the σ-hole interactions that are closely related to the H-bond. Different means of assessing their strength and the factors that control it are discussed. The establishment of a noncovalent bond is monitored as the two subunits are brought together, allowing the electrostatic, charge redistribution, and other effects to slowly take hold. Methods are discussed that permit prediction as to which site an approaching nucleophile will be drawn, and the maximum number of bonds around a central atom in its normal or hypervalent states is assessed. The manner in which a pair of anions can be held together despite an overall Coulombic repulsion is explained. The possibility that first-row atoms can participate in such bonds is discussed, along with the introduction of a tetrel analog of the dihydrogen bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sinnwell MA, Santana CL, Bosch E, MacGillivray LR, Groeneman RH. Application of a tetrapyrimidyl cyclobutane synthesized in the organic solid state: a halogen-bonded supramolecular ladder. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01280g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular ladder sustained by halogen bonds with rungs based upon a photoproduct, namely rctt-tetrakis(5′-pyrimidyl)cylcobutane, generated in the solid state is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Bosch
- Department of Chemistry
- Missouri State University
- Springfield
- USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sumii Y, Sasaki K, Tsuzuki S, Shibata N. Studies of Halogen Bonding Induced by Pentafluorosulfanyl Aryl Iodides: A Potential Group of Halogen Bond Donors in a Rational Drug Design. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193610. [PMID: 31591340 PMCID: PMC6803875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of halogen bonding by the substitution of the pentafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl (SF5) group was studied using a series of SF5-substituted iodobenzenes. The simulated electrostatic potential values of SF5-substituted iodobenzenes, the ab initio molecular orbital calculations of intermolecular interactions of SF5-substituted iodobenzenes with pyridine, and the 13C-NMR titration experiments of SF5-substituted iodobenzenes in the presence of pyridine or tetra (n-butyl) ammonium chloride (TBAC) indicated the obvious activation of halogen bonding, although this was highly dependent on the position of SF5-substitution on the benzene ring. It was found that 3,5-bis-SF5-iodobenzene was the most effective halogen bond donor, followed by o-SF5-substituted iodobenzene, while the m- and p-SF5 substitutions did not activate the halogen bonding of iodobenzenes. The similar ortho-effect was also confirmed by studies using a series of nitro (NO2)-substituted iodobenzenes. These observations are in good agreement with the corresponding Mulliken charge of iodine. The 2:1 halogen bonding complex of 3,5-bis-SF5-iodobenzene and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) was also confirmed. Since SF5-containing compounds have emerged as promising novel pharmaceutical and agrochemical candidates, the 3,5-bis-SF5-iodobenzene unit may be an attractive fragment of rational drug design capable of halogen bonding with biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sumii
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Kenta Sasaki
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Seiji Tsuzuki
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Avenue, 321004 Jinhua, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Raman Spectroscopic and Computational Study of New Aromatic Pyrimidine-Based Halogen Bond Acceptors. INORGANICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics7100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new aromatic pyrimidine-based derivatives designed specifically for halogen bond directed self-assembly are investigated through a combination of high-resolution Raman spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and computational quantum chemistry. The vibrational frequencies of these new molecular building blocks, pyrimidine capped with furan (PrmF) and thiophene (PrmT), are compared to those previously assigned for pyrimidine (Prm). The modifications affect only a select few of the normal modes of Prm, most noticeably its signature ring breathing mode, ν1. Structural analyses afforded by X-ray crystallography, and computed interaction energies from density functional theory computations indicate that, although weak hydrogen bonding (C–H···O or C–H···N interactions) is present in these pyrimidine-based solid-state co-crystals, halogen bonding and π-stacking interactions play more dominant roles in driving their molecular-assembly.
Collapse
|
8
|
Michalczyk M, Zierkiewicz W, Wysokiński R, Scheiner S. Theoretical Studies of IR and NMR Spectral Changes Induced by Sigma-Hole Hydrogen, Halogen, Chalcogen, Pnicogen, and Tetrel Bonds in a Model Protein Environment. Molecules 2019; 24:E3329. [PMID: 31547416 PMCID: PMC6767630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Various types of σ-hole bond complexes were formed with FX, HFY, H2FZ, and H3FT (X = Cl, Br, I; Y = S, Se, Te; Z = P, As, Sb; T = Si, Ge, Sn) as Lewis acid. In order to examine their interactions with a protein, N-methylacetamide (NMA), a model of the peptide linkage was used as the base. These noncovalent bonds were compared by computational means with H-bonds formed by NMA with XH molecules (X = F, Cl, Br, I). In all cases, the A-F bond, which lies opposite the base and is responsible for the σ-hole on the A atom (A refers to the bridging atom), elongates and its stretching frequency undergoes a shift to the red with a band intensification, much as what occurs for the X-H bond in a H-bond (HB). Unlike the NMR shielding decrease seen in the bridging proton of a H-bond, the shielding of the bridging A atom is increased. The spectroscopic changes within NMA are similar for H-bonds and the other noncovalent bonds. The C=O bond of the amide is lengthened and its stretching frequency red-shifted and intensified. The amide II band shifts to higher frequency and undergoes a small band weakening. The NMR shielding of the O atom directly involved in the bond rises, whereas the C and N atoms both undergo a shielding decrease. The frequency shifts of the amide I and II bands of the base as well as the shielding changes of the three pertinent NMA atoms correlate well with the strength of the noncovalent bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Rafał Wysokiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu J, Scheiner S. Effects of Halogen, Chalcogen, Pnicogen, and Tetrel Bonds on IR and NMR Spectra. Molecules 2019; 24:E2822. [PMID: 31382402 PMCID: PMC6696224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes were formed pairing FX, FHY, FH2Z, and FH3T (X = Cl, Br, I; Y = S, Se, Te; Z = P, As, Sb; T = Si, Ge, Sn) with NH3 in order to form an A⋯N noncovalent bond, where A refers to the central atom. Geometries, energetics, atomic charges, and spectroscopic characteristics of these complexes were evaluated via DFT calculations. In all cases, the A-F bond, which is located opposite the base and is responsible for the σ-hole on the A atom, elongates and its stretching frequency undergoes a shift to the red. This shift varies from 42 to 175 cm-1 and is largest for the halogen bonds, followed by chalcogen, tetrel, and then pnicogen. The shift also decreases as the central A atom is enlarged. The NMR chemical shielding of the A atom is increased while that of the F and electron donor N atom are lowered. Unlike the IR frequency shifts, it is the third-row A atoms that undergo the largest change in NMR shielding. The change in shielding of A is highly variable, ranging from negligible for FSnH3 all the way up to 1675 ppm for FBr, while those of the F atom lie in the 55-422 ppm range. Although smaller in magnitude, the changes in the N shielding are still easily detectable, between 7 and 27 ppm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Popa MM, Man IC, Draghici C, Shova S, Caira MR, Dumitrascu F, Dumitrescu D. Halogen bonding in 5-iodo-1-arylpyrazoles investigated in the solid state and predicted by solution13C-NMR spectroscopy. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Halogen bonding as important directional forces in the supramolecular structure of iodinated 1-arylpyrazoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Mirel Popa
- “C.D. Nenitzescu” Center for Organic Chemistry
- Romanian Academy
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | | | - Constantin Draghici
- “C.D. Nenitzescu” Center for Organic Chemistry
- Romanian Academy
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Sergiu Shova
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Department of Inorganic Polymers
- Romanian Academy
- Romania
| | - Mino R. Caira
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701
- South Africa
| | - Florea Dumitrascu
- “C.D. Nenitzescu” Center for Organic Chemistry
- Romanian Academy
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Halogens in a M–X bond are inhibited from forming a halogen bond but can do so in certain circumstances, with or without a σ-hole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Utah State University
- Logan
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zetterholm SG, Verville GA, Boutwell L, Boland C, Prather JC, Bethea J, Cauley J, Warren KE, Smith SA, Magers DH, Hammer NI. Noncovalent Interactions between Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), Urea, and Water. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8805-8811. [PMID: 30165021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b04388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and urea are two important osmolytes with their main significance to the biophysical field being in how they uniquely interact with proteins. Urea is a strong protein destabilizing agent, whereas TMAO is known to counteract urea's deleterious effects. The exact mechanisms by which TMAO stabilizes and urea destabilizes folded proteins continue to be debated in the literature. Although recent evidence has suggested that urea binds directly to amino acid side chains to make protein folding less thermodynamically favored, it has also been suggested that urea acts indirectly to denature proteins by destabilizing the surrounding hydrogen bonding water networks. Here, we elucidate the molecular level mechanism of TMAO's unique ability to counteract urea's destabilizing nature by comparing Raman spectroscopic frequency shifts to the results of electronic structure calculations of microsolvated molecular clusters. Experimental and computational data suggest that the addition of TMAO into an aqueous solution of urea induces blue shifts in urea's H-N-H symmetric bending modes, which is evidence for direct interactions between the two cosolvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Zetterholm
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mississippi College , P.O. Box 4036, Clinton , Mississippi 39058 , United States
| | - Genevieve A Verville
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , P.O. Box 1848, University , Mississippi 38655 , United States
| | - Leeann Boutwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mississippi College , P.O. Box 4036, Clinton , Mississippi 39058 , United States
| | - Christopher Boland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , P.O. Box 1848, University , Mississippi 38655 , United States
| | - John C Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , P.O. Box 1848, University , Mississippi 38655 , United States
| | - Jonathan Bethea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mississippi College , P.O. Box 4036, Clinton , Mississippi 39058 , United States
| | - Jordan Cauley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , P.O. Box 1848, University , Mississippi 38655 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mississippi College , P.O. Box 4036, Clinton , Mississippi 39058 , United States
| | - Kayla E Warren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , P.O. Box 1848, University , Mississippi 38655 , United States
| | - Shelley A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mississippi College , P.O. Box 4036, Clinton , Mississippi 39058 , United States
| | - David H Magers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mississippi College , P.O. Box 4036, Clinton , Mississippi 39058 , United States
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , P.O. Box 1848, University , Mississippi 38655 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Iyer AH, Krishna Deepak RNV, Sankararamakrishnan R. Imidazole Nitrogens of Two Histidine Residues Participating in N–H···N Hydrogen Bonds in Protein Structures: Structural Bioinformatics Approach Combined with Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1205-1212. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Hariharan Iyer
- Department of Biological
Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - R. N. V. Krishna Deepak
- Department of Biological
Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | | |
Collapse
|