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Coskun OK, Bagbudar Z, Khokhar V, Dongare S, Warburton RE, Gurkan B. Synergistic Effects of the Electric Field Induced by Imidazolium Rotation and Hydrogen Bonding in Electrocatalysis of CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23775-23785. [PMID: 39143862 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The roles of the ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF4]), and water in controlling the mechanism, energetics, and electrocatalytic activity of CO2 reduction to CO on silver in nonaqueous electrolytes were investigated. The first electron transfer occurs to CO2 at reduced overpotentials when it is trapped between the planes of the [EMIM]+ ring and the electrode surface due to cation reorientation as determined from voltammetry, in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Within this interface, water up to 0.5 M does not induce significant Faradaic activity, opposing the notion of it being a free proton source. Instead, water acts as a hydrogen bond donor, and the proton is sourced from [EMIM]+. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that alcohols with varying acidities tune the hydrogen bonding network in the interfacial microenvironment to lower the energetics required for CO2 reduction. The hydrogen bonding suppresses the formation of inactive carboxylate species, thus preserving the catalytic activity of [EMIM]+. The ability to tune the hydrogen bonding network opens new avenues for advancing IL-mediated electrocatalytic reactions in nonaqueous electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kagan Coskun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Zeynep Bagbudar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Vaishali Khokhar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Saudagar Dongare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Robert E Warburton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
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2
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Dongare S, Zeeshan M, Aydogdu AS, Dikki R, Kurtoğlu-Öztulum SF, Coskun OK, Muñoz M, Banerjee A, Gautam M, Ross RD, Stanley JS, Brower RS, Muchharla B, Sacci RL, Velázquez JM, Kumar B, Yang JY, Hahn C, Keskin S, Morales-Guio CG, Uzun A, Spurgeon JM, Gurkan B. Reactive capture and electrochemical conversion of CO 2 with ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:8563-8631. [PMID: 38912871 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have tremendous potential for reactive capture and conversion (RCC) of CO2 due to their wide electrochemical stability window, low volatility, and high CO2 solubility. There is environmental and economic interest in the direct utilization of the captured CO2 using electrified and modular processes that forgo the thermal- or pressure-swing regeneration steps to concentrate CO2, eliminating the need to compress, transport, or store the gas. The conventional electrochemical conversion of CO2 with aqueous electrolytes presents limited CO2 solubility and high energy requirement to achieve industrially relevant products. Additionally, aqueous systems have competitive hydrogen evolution. In the past decade, there has been significant progress toward the design of ILs and DESs, and their composites to separate CO2 from dilute streams. In parallel, but not necessarily in synergy, there have been studies focused on a few select ILs and DESs for electrochemical reduction of CO2, often diluting them with aqueous or non-aqueous solvents. The resulting electrode-electrolyte interfaces present a complex speciation for RCC. In this review, we describe how the ILs and DESs are tuned for RCC and specifically address the CO2 chemisorption and electroreduction mechanisms. Critical bulk and interfacial properties of ILs and DESs are discussed in the context of RCC, and the potential of these electrolytes are presented through a techno-economic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saudagar Dongare
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Ahmet Safa Aydogdu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ruth Dikki
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Samira F Kurtoğlu-Öztulum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Turkish-German University, Sahinkaya Cad., Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguz Kagan Coskun
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Miguel Muñoz
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Avishek Banerjee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manu Gautam
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - R Dominic Ross
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Jared S Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rowan S Brower
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Baleeswaraiah Muchharla
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, & Engineering Technology, Elizabeth City State University, 1704 Weeksville Road, Elizabeth City, NC 27909, USA
| | - Robert L Sacci
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Jesús M Velázquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bijandra Kumar
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, & Engineering Technology, Elizabeth City State University, 1704 Weeksville Road, Elizabeth City, NC 27909, USA
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christopher Hahn
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Seda Keskin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Carlos G Morales-Guio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alper Uzun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joshua M Spurgeon
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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3
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Dupont J, Leal BC, Lozano P, Monteiro AL, Migowski P, Scholten JD. Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5227-5420. [PMID: 38661578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Migowski
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Jackson D Scholten
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
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4
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Vichou E, Adjez Y, Li Y, Gómez-Mingot M, Fontecave M, Sánchez-Sánchez CM. Smart Electrode Surfaces by Electrolyte Immobilization for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2824-2834. [PMID: 38240579 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The activity and selectivity of molecular catalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) are influenced by the induced electric field at the electrode/electrolyte interface. We present here a novel electrolyte immobilization method to control the electric field at this interface by positively charging the electrode surface with an imidazolium cation organic layer, which significantly favors CO2 conversion to formate, suppresses hydrogen evolution reaction, and diminishes the operating cell voltage. Those results are well supported by our previous DFT calculations studying the mechanistic role of imidazolium cations in solution for CO2 reduction to formate catalyzed by a model molecular catalyst. This smart electrode surface concept based on covalent grafting of imidazolium on a carbon electrode is successfully scaled up for operating at industrially relevant conditions (100 mA cm-2) on an imidazolium-modified carbon-based gas diffusion electrode using a flow cell configuration, where the CO2 conversion to formate process takes place in acidic aqueous solution to avoid carbonate formation and is catalyzed by a model molecular Rh complex in solution. The formate production rate reaches a maximum of 4.6 gHCOO- m-2 min-1 after accumulating a total of 9000 C of charge circulated on the same electrode. Constant formate production and no significant microscopic changes on the imidazolium-modified cathode in consecutive long-term CO2 electrolysis confirmed the high stability of the imidazolium organic layer under operating conditions for CO2RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Vichou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, UMR 8229 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yanis Adjez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yun Li
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, UMR 8229 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria Gómez-Mingot
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, UMR 8229 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, UMR 8229 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlos M Sánchez-Sánchez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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5
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Biswas P, Wang Y, Hagen E, Zachariah MR. Electrochemical Modulation of the Flammability of Ionic Liquid Fuels. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37486079 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Flammability and combustion of high energy density liquid propellants are controlled by their volatility. We demonstrate a new concept through which the volatility of a high energy density ionic liquid propellant can be dynamically manipulated enabling one to (a) store a thermally insensitive oxidation resistant nonflammable fuel, (b) generate flammable vapor phase species electrochemically by applying a direct-current voltage bias, and (c) extinguish its flame by removing the voltage bias, which stops its volatilization. We show that a thermally stable imidazolium-based energy dense ionic liquid can be made flammable or nonflammable simply by application or withdrawal of a direct-current bias. This cycle can be repeated as often as desired. The estimated energy penalty of the electrochemical activation process is only ∼4% of the total energy release. This approach presents a paradigm shift, offering the potential to make a "safe fuel" or alternatively a simple electrochemically driven fuel metering scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithwish Biswas
- University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yujie Wang
- University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Erik Hagen
- University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael R Zachariah
- University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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6
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Liu B, Guo W, Gebbie MA. Tuning Ionic Screening To Accelerate Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beichen Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wenxiao Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew A. Gebbie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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7
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Structural effect of imidazolium salts on electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to imidazolium carboxylate. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Liu S, Tan Z, Wu J, Mao B, Yan J. Electrochemical interfaces in ionic liquids/deep eutectic solvents incorporated with water: A review. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
| | - Jiedu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
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9
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Significant effects of the anion on the catalytic behaviour of sulfonic acid-functionalized ionic liquids in transesterification reactions – A combined electrochemical/catalytic study. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Martini MB, Fernández JL, Adam CG. Insights on the catalytic behaviour of sulfonic acid-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) in transesterification reactions - voltammetric characterization of sulfonic task-specific ILs with bisulfate anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2731-2741. [PMID: 33491717 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05674j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work shows for the first time the link between the amount of free sulfuric acid (as detected by cyclic voltammetry) and the activity of sulfonic-acid-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) as acid catalysts for a transesterification reaction, and demonstrates that sulfonic acid groups, while are not directly involved in the catalysis, release the free acid during the reaction. Two imidazolic ILs with bisulfate as the counterion and their corresponding task-specific ILs (TSILs) that resulted from the addition of a sulfonic acid group inside the imidazolic-base structure were studied. The outstanding catalytic activity at room temperature of the TSILs 1-(4-sulfonic acid)-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bisulfate ([bsmim]HSO4) and 1-(4-sulfonic acid)-butyl-imidazolium bisulfate ([bsHim]HSO4) for the transesterification of p-nitrophenyl acetate with methanol was associated to the significant amounts of free sulfuric acid in equilibria with the ionic pairs. It was concluded that these TSILs function as reservoirs for releasing the free acid, which is the actual acid catalyst. In contrast, the corresponding non-sulfonic ILs supply very little amounts of free acid and consequently present low catalytic activities at room temperature, which in fact can be improved by increasing the reaction temperature up to 100 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Martini
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - José L Fernández
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina. and Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada e Ingeniería Electroquímica (PRELINE), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudia G Adam
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
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11
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Hubin A, Doneux T. Preface to the Special Issue in the honour of Claudine Buess-Herman on the occasion of her 65th anniversary. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Hori H, Oishi S, Kato H, Kodama R. Complete Mineralization of Fluorinated Ionic Liquids in Subcritical Water in the Presence of Potassium Permanganate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Hori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
| | - Satomi Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
| | - Ryota Kodama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
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Moura de Salles Pupo M, Kortlever R. Electrolyte Effects on the Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2926-2935. [PMID: 31600018 PMCID: PMC6899813 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of CO2 to fuels or commodity chemicals is a reaction of high interest for closing the anthropogenic carbon cycle. The role of the electrolyte is of particular interest, as the interplay between the electrocatalytic surface and the electrolyte plays an important role in determining the outcome of the CO2 reduction reaction. Therefore, insights on electrolyte effects on the electrochemical reduction of CO2 are pivotal in designing electrochemical devices that are able to efficiently and selectively convert CO2 into valuable products. Here, we provide an overview of recently obtained insights on electrolyte effects and we discuss how these insights can be used as design parameters for the construction of new electrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Moura de Salles Pupo
- Department of Process & Energy Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime & Materials EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyLeeghwaterstraat 392628 CBDelft, TheNetherlands
| | - Ruud Kortlever
- Department of Process & Energy Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime & Materials EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyLeeghwaterstraat 392628 CBDelft, TheNetherlands
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14
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Kemna A, García Rey N, Braunschweig B. Mechanistic Insights on CO2 Reduction Reactions at Platinum/[BMIM][BF4] Interfaces from In Operando Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Kemna
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia García Rey
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Björn Braunschweig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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15
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Montiel MA, Solla-Gullón J, Montiel V, Sánchez-Sánchez CM. Electrocatalytic studies on imidazolium based ionic liquids: defining experimental conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19160-19167. [PMID: 29978164 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02662a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of publications devoted to studying electrochemical reactions in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) is constantly growing, but very few of them have been devoted to defining proper experimental conditions to obtain reproducible electrochemical results. In this work, we demonstrate that the combination of a proper RTIL purification treatment and a filtered Ar gas stream allow us to obtain featureless voltammograms in [C4mim][BF4], [C4mim][NTf2], and [C4m2im][NTf2], which otherwise present signals associated with different types of impurities such as water and some minor electroactive impurities acquired during the RTIL synthesis process. Moreover, we demonstrate that bubbling Ar, or another inert gas, through the electrolyte in order to purge O2 dissolved in RTILs is one of the major sources of water and O2 impurities incorporated in RTILs within the electrochemical cell. To overcome this source of water uptake, we have incorporated a gas stream purification filter before the gas reaches the RTIL in the electrochemical cell. To illustrate the effect of these impurities in relevant electrocatalytic studies, we study the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 on Pt nanoparticles and the key role of an appropiate filter when the CO2 gas stream is bubbled within imidazolium based RTILs. Our cyclic voltammetric studies point out that CO2 electroreduction on Pt nanoparticles only presents activity in [C4mim][NTf2] and [C4m2im][NTf2], thus suggesting that the C-2 position on the imidazolium ring is not the key position in CO2 electrochemical reduction. In contrast, the same Pt nanoparticles are inactive towards CO2 electroreduction in [C4mim][BF4], which is a more hydrophilic RTIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Montiel
- Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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16
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Goodwin SE, Gibson JS, Jones RG, Walsh DA. An ultra-high vacuum electrochemical/mass spectrometry study of anodic decomposition of a protic ionic liquid. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Electroreduction of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquid: Oriented product selectivity through the electrode material. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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