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Kougkolos G, Laudebat L, Dinculescu S, Simon J, Golzio M, Valdez-Nava Z, Flahaut E. Skin electroporation for transdermal drug delivery: Electrical measurements, numerical model and molecule delivery. J Control Release 2024; 367:235-247. [PMID: 38244842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Skin electroporation for drug delivery involves the application of Pulsed Electric Fields (PEFs) on the skin to disrupt its barrier function in a temporary and non-invasive manner, increasing the uptake of drugs. It represents a potential alternative to delivery methods that are invasive (e.g. injections) or limited. We have developed a drug delivery system comprising nanocomposite hydrogels which act as a reservoir for the drug and an electrode for applying electric pulses on the skin. In this study, we employed a multi-scale approach to investigate the drug delivery system on a mouse skin model, through electrical measurements, numerical modeling and fluorescence microscopy. The Electrical properties indicated a highly non-linear skin conductivity behavior and were used to fine-tune the simulations and study skin recovery after electroporation. Simulation of electric field distribution in the skin showed amplitudes in the range of reversible tissue electroporation (400-1200 V/cm), for 300 V PEF. Fluorescence microscopy revealed increased uptake of fluorescent molecules compared to the non-pulsed control. We reported two reversible electroporation domains for our configuration: (1) at 100 V PEF the first local transport regions appear in the extracellular lipids of the stratum corneum, demonstrated by a rapid increase in the skin's conductivity and an increased uptake of lucifer yellow, a small hydrophilic fluorophore and (2) at 300 V PEF, the first permeabilization of nucleated cells occurred, evidenced by the increased fluorescence of propidium iodide, a membrane-impermeable, DNA intercalating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kougkolos
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France; LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France
| | - Lionel Laudebat
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France; INU Champollion, Université de Toulouse, Albi 81012, France
| | - Sorin Dinculescu
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France
| | - Juliette Simon
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France; IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 4 31077, France
| | - Muriel Golzio
- IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 4 31077, France.
| | - Zarel Valdez-Nava
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France.
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France.
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Li Y, Han Y, Li H, Niu X, Zhang D, Wang K. Antimicrobial Hydrogels: Potential Materials for Medical Application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304047. [PMID: 37752779 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections based on drug-resistant pathogenic organisms following surgery or trauma and uncontrolled bleeding are the main causes of increased mortality from trauma worldwide. The prevalence of drug-resistant pathogens has led to a significant increase in medical costs and poses a great threat to the normal life of people. This is an important issue in the field of biomedicine, and the emergence of new antimicrobial materials hydrogels holds great promise for solving this problem. Hydrogel is an important material with good biocompatibility, water absorption, oxygen permeability, adhesion, degradation, self-healing, corrosion resistance, and controlled release of drugs as well as structural diversity. Bacteria-disturbing hydrogels have important applications in the direction of surgical treatment, wound dressing, medical device coating, and tissue engineering. This paper reviews the classification of antimicrobial hydrogels, the current status of research, and the potential of antimicrobial hydrogels for one application in biomedicine, and analyzes the current research of hydrogels in biomedical applications from five aspects: metal-loaded hydrogels, drug-loaded hydrogels, carbon-material-loaded hydrogels, hydrogels with fixed antimicrobial activity and biological antimicrobial hydrogels, and provides an outlook on the high antimicrobial activity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, injectability, clinical applicability and future development prospects of hydrogels in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Yujia Han
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Niu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Deyi Zhang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
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Kougkolos G, Golzio M, Laudebat L, Valdez-Nava Z, Flahaut E. Hydrogels with electrically conductive nanomaterials for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:2036-2062. [PMID: 36789648 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02019j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels, soft 3D materials of cross-linked hydrophilic polymer chains with a high water content, have found numerous applications in biomedicine because of their similarity to native tissue, biocompatibility and tuneable properties. In general, hydrogels are poor conductors of electric current, due to the insulating nature of commonly-used hydrophilic polymer chains. A number of biomedical applications require or benefit from an increased electrical conductivity. These include hydrogels used as scaffolds for tissue engineering of electroactive cells, as strain-sensitive sensors and as platforms for controlled drug delivery. The incorporation of conductive nanomaterials in hydrogels results in nanocomposite materials which combine electrical conductivity with the soft nature, flexibility and high water content of hydrogels. Here, we review the state of the art of such materials, describing the theories of current conduction in nanocomposite hydrogels, outlining their limitations and highlighting methods for improving their electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kougkolos
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France. .,LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Muriel Golzio
- IPBS, Université de Toulouse, NRS UMR, UPS, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Lionel Laudebat
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France. .,INU Champollion, Université de Toulouse, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Zarel Valdez-Nava
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
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Bagheri B, Surwase SS, Lee SS, Park H, Faraji Rad Z, Trevaskis NL, Kim YC. Carbon-based nanostructures for cancer therapy and drug delivery applications. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9944-9967. [PMID: 36415922 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01741e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, design, characterization, and application of carbon-based nanostructures (CBNSs) as drug carriers have attracted a great deal of interest over the past half of the century because of their promising chemical, thermal, physical, optical, mechanical, and electrical properties and their structural diversity. CBNSs are well-known in drug delivery applications due to their unique features such as easy cellular uptake, high drug loading ability, and thermal ablation. CBNSs, including carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanodiamond, graphene, and carbon quantum dots have been quite broadly examined for drug delivery systems. This review not only summarizes the most recent studies on developing carbon-based nanostructures for drug delivery (e.g. delivery carrier, cancer therapy and bioimaging), but also tries to deal with the challenges and opportunities resulting from the expansion in use of these materials in the realm of drug delivery. This class of nanomaterials requires advanced techniques for synthesis and surface modifications, yet a lot of critical questions such as their toxicity, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and fate of CBNSs in biological systems must be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Bagheri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. .,School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
| | - Sachin S Surwase
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su Sam Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heewon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zahra Faraji Rad
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Hamada Y, Sakuragi M. Characterization of w/o-type microemulsions containing l-menthol-based deep eutectic solvents for use in transdermal drug delivery. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Hamada
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Nanoscience Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto City 860-0082
| | - Mina Sakuragi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Nanoscience Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto City 860-0082
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Atomistic Simulations of the Permeability and Dynamic Transportation Characteristics of Diamond Nanochannels. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111785. [PMID: 35683641 PMCID: PMC9181998 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Through atomistic simulations, this work investigated the permeability of hexagonal diamond nanochannels for NaCl solution. Compared with the multilayer graphene nanochannel (with a nominal channel height of 6.8 Å), the diamond nanochannel exhibited better permeability. The whole transportation process can be divided into three stages: the diffusion stage, the transition stage and the flow stage. Increasing the channel height reduced the transition nominal pressure that distinguishes the diffusion and flow stages, and improved water permeability (with increased water flux but reduced ion retention rate). In comparison, channel length and solution concentration exerted ignorable influence on water permeability of the channel. Further simulations revealed that temperature between 300 and 350 K remarkably increased water permeability, accompanied by continuously decreasing transition nominal pressure. Additional investigations showed that the permeability of the nanochannel could be effectively tailored by surface functionalization. This work provides a comprehensive atomic insight into the transportation process of NaCl solution in a diamond nanochannel, and the established understanding could be beneficial for the design of advanced nanofluidic devices.
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Simon J, Jouanmiqueou B, Rols MP, Flahaut E, Golzio M. Transdermal Delivery of Macromolecules Using Two-in-One Nanocomposite Device for Skin Electroporation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111805. [PMID: 34834220 PMCID: PMC8624044 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of hydrophilic molecules through the skin using electroporation is a promising alternative approach to intradermal injection. Recently, we developed a two-in-one electrode/reservoir material composed of carbon nanotubes and agarose hydrogel. In this work, we evaluated the potential of the device to achieve non-invasive transdermal drug delivery using skin electroporation. As it involved an electrode configuration different from the literature, critical questions were raised. First, we demonstrated the efficiency of the device to permeabilize the skin of hairless mice, as observed by propidium iodide (PI) uptake in the nuclei of the epidermis cells through macro fluorescence imaging and histology. Application of Lucifer yellow (LY) at different times after unipolar electroporation treatment demonstrated the partial reversibility of the skin permeabilization after 30 min, and as such, that barrier function properties tended to be restored. We uncovered, for the first time to our knowledge, an intrinsic asymmetry of permeation pathways generated in the stratum corneum during treatment. Electrophoresis was here the main driving force for macromolecule delivery, but it competed with passive diffusion through the generated aqueous pathways for smaller molecules. Finally, we validated 4 kDa dextran labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FD4) as a model molecule to optimize the electrical parameters, needed to improve macromolecule delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Simon
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Université Toulouse 3—Paul Sabatier, 205 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (J.S.); (B.J.); (M.-P.R.)
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d’Ingénierie des Matériaux, CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3—Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Bastien Jouanmiqueou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Université Toulouse 3—Paul Sabatier, 205 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (J.S.); (B.J.); (M.-P.R.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Université Toulouse 3—Paul Sabatier, 205 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (J.S.); (B.J.); (M.-P.R.)
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d’Ingénierie des Matériaux, CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3—Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (M.G.); Tel.: +33-561-55-6970 (E.F.); +33-561-17-5813 (M.G.)
| | - Muriel Golzio
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Université Toulouse 3—Paul Sabatier, 205 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (J.S.); (B.J.); (M.-P.R.)
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (M.G.); Tel.: +33-561-55-6970 (E.F.); +33-561-17-5813 (M.G.)
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8
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Ma Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, An Q, Dong H, Fu H, Zhang H, Zhang S, Tong W. Bifunctional Self‐Powered Drug Delivery System to Promote the Release and Transdermal Delivery of Polar Molecules. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zequn Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China
| | - Qi An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China
| | - Hong Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Han Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China
| | - Wangshu Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China
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Debnath SK, Srivastava R. Drug Delivery With Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Versatile Nanocarriers: Progress and Prospects. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.644564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
With growing interest, a large number of researches have been conducted on carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs). However, their uses are limited due to comprehensive potential environmental and human health effects. It is often confusing for researchers to make an informed choice regarding the versatile carbon-based nanocarrier system and its potential applications. This review has highlighted emerging applications and cutting-edge progress of CBNs in drug delivery. Some critical factors like enzymatic degradation, surface modification, biological interactions, and bio-corona have been discussed here. These factors will help to fabricate CBNs for effective drug delivery. This review also addresses recent advancements in carbon-based target specific and release controlled drug delivery to improve disease treatment. The scientific community has turned their research efforts into the development of novel production methods of CBNs to make their production more attractive to the industrial sector. Due to the nanosize and diversified physical properties, these CBNs have demonstrated distinct biological interaction. Thus long-term preclinical toxicity study is recommended before finally translating to clinical application.
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Zhang X, Pan Y, Li S, Xing L, Du S, Yuan G, Li J, Zhou T, Xiong D, Tan H, Ling Z, Chen Y, Hu X, Niu X. Doubly crosslinked biodegradable hydrogels based on gellan gum and chitosan for drug delivery and wound dressing. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2204-2214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Simon J, Flahaut E, Golzio M. Overview of Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E624. [PMID: 30791507 PMCID: PMC6416648 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The unique combination of mechanical, optical and electrical properties offered by carbon nanotubes has fostered research for their use in many kinds of applications, including the biomedical field. However, due to persisting outstanding questions regarding their potential toxicity when considered as free particles, the research is now focusing on their immobilization on substrates for interface tuning or as biosensors, as load in nanocomposite materials where they improve both mechanical and electrical properties or even for direct use as scaffolds for tissue engineering. After a brief introduction to carbon nanotubes in general and their proposed applications in the biomedical field, this review will focus on nanocomposite materials with hydrogel-based matrices and especially their potential future use for diagnostics, tissue engineering or targeted drug delivery. The toxicity issue will also be briefly described in order to justify the safe(r)-by-design approach offered by carbon nanotubes-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Simon
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse Paul Sabatier, B.t. CIRIMAT, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France.
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse Paul Sabatier, B.t. CIRIMAT, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Muriel Golzio
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France.
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12
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Electric field-responsive nanoparticles and electric fields: physical, chemical, biological mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 138:56-67. [PMID: 30414494 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electric fields are among physical stimuli that have revolutionized therapy. Occurring endogenously or exogenously, the electric field can be used as a trigger for controlled drug release from electroresponsive drug delivery systems, can stimulate wound healing and cell proliferation, may enhance endocytosis or guide stem cell differentiation. Electric field pulses may be applied to induce cell fusion, can increase the penetration of therapeutic agents into cells, or can be applied as a standalone therapy to ablate tumors. This review describes the main therapeutic trends and overviews the main physical, chemical and biological mechanisms underlying the actions of electric fields. Overall, the electric field can be used in therapeutic approaches in several ways. The electric field can act on drug carriers, cells and tissues. Understanding the multiple effects of this powerful tool will help harnessing its full therapeutic potential in an efficient and safe way.
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Kuche K, Maheshwari R, Tambe V, Mak KK, Jogi H, Raval N, Pichika MR, Kumar Tekade R. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based advanced dermal therapeutics: current trends and future potential. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8911-8937. [PMID: 29722421 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for effective and non-invasive delivery modules to transport therapeutic molecules across skin has led to the discovery of a number of nanocarriers (viz.: liposomes, ethosomes, dendrimers, etc.) in the last few decades. However, available literature suggests that these delivery modules face several issues including poor stability, low encapsulation efficiency, and scale-up hurdles. Recently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) emerged as a versatile tool to deliver therapeutics across skin. Superior stability, high loading capacity, well-developed synthesis protocol as well as ease of scale-up are some of the reason for growing interest in CNTs. CNTs have a unique physical architecture and a large surface area with unique surface chemistry that can be tailored for vivid biomedical applications. CNTs have been thus largely engaged in the development of transdermal systems such as tuneable hydrogels, programmable nonporous membranes, electroresponsive skin modalities, protein channel mimetic platforms, reverse iontophoresis, microneedles, and dermal buckypapers. In addition, CNTs were also employed in the development of RNA interference (RNAi) based therapeutics for correcting defective dermal genes. This review expounds the state-of-art synthesis methodologies, skin penetration mechanism, drug liberation profile, loading potential, characterization techniques, and transdermal applications along with a summary on patent/regulatory status and future scope of CNT based skin therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Kuche
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
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Zhang S, Xin P, Ou Q, Hollett G, Gu Z, Wu J. Poly(ester amide)-based hybrid hydrogels for efficient transdermal insulin delivery. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6723-6730. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01466c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive, non-invasive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Peikun Xin
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Qianmin Ou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Hospital of Stomatology
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510055
| | - Geoffrey Hollett
- Materials Science and Engineering Program
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Zhipeng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
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