1
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Plett C, Grimme S. Automated and Efficient Generation of General Molecular Aggregate Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214477. [PMID: 36394430 PMCID: PMC10107477 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Modeling intermolecular interactions of complex non-covalent structures is important in many areas of chemistry. To facilitate the generation of reasonable dimer, oligomer, and general aggregate geometries, we introduce an automated computational interaction site screening (aISS) workflow. This easy-to-use tool combines a genetic algorithm employing the intermolecular force-field xTB-IFF for initial search steps with the general force-field GFN-FF and the semi-empirical GFN2-xTB method for geometry optimizations. Compared with the alternative CREST program, aISS yields similar results but with computer time savings of 1-3 orders of magnitude. This allows for the treatment of systems with thousands of atoms composed of elements up to radon, e.g., metal-organic complexes, or even polyhedra and zeolite cut-outs which were not accessible before. Moreover, aISS can identify reactive sites and provides options like site-directed (user-guided) screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Plett
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Cioc RC, Crockatt M, van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx PCA. The Interplay between Kinetics and Thermodynamics in Furan Diels-Alder Chemistry for Sustainable Chemicals Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114720. [PMID: 35014138 PMCID: PMC9304315 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived furanic platform molecules have emerged as promising building blocks for renewable chemicals and functional materials. To this aim, the Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition stands out as a versatile strategy to convert these renewable resources in highly atom-efficient ways. Despite nearly a century worth of examples of furan DA chemistry, clear structure-reactivity-stability relationships are still to be established. Detailed understanding of the intricate interplay between kinetics and thermodynamics in these very particular [4+2] cycloadditions is essential to push further development and truly expand the scope beyond the ubiquitous addend combinations of electron-rich furans and electron-deficient olefins. Herein, we provide pertinent examples of DA chemistry, taken from various fields, to highlight trends, establish correlations and answer open questions in the field with the aim to support future efforts in the sustainable chemicals and materials production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan C. Cioc
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Crockatt
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNOLeeghwaterstraat 442628CADelftThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. van der Waal
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNOLeeghwaterstraat 442628CADelftThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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3
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Cioc R, Crockatt M, Van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx P. The Interplay between Kinetics and Thermodynamics in Furan Diels‐Alder Chemistry for Sustainable Chemicals Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Cioc
- Utrecht University: Universiteit Utrecht Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Marc Crockatt
- TNO Sustainable Process and Energy Systems NETHERLANDS
| | | | - Pieter Bruijnincx
- Utrecht University Chemistry Universiteitsweg99Netherlands 3584 CG Utrecht NETHERLANDS
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4
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Averochkin GM, Gordeev EG, Skorobogatko MK, Kucherov FA, Ananikov VP. Systematic Study of Aromatic-Ring-Targeted Cycloadditions of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Platform Chemicals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3110-3123. [PMID: 34060725 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reaction space of the furanics-to-aromatics (F2A) conversion process for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)-based platform chemicals has been explored both experimentally and by quantum chemistry methods. For the first time, a structure-activity relationship was established in furan-yne cycloaddition for a number of different HMF derivatives. Correlations between the activation energy of the cycloaddition stage and the structure of the substrates were established by molecular modeling methods. Analysis of the concerted and stepwise mechanisms of cycloaddition in the singlet and triplet electronic states of the molecular system was carried out. A series of biobased 7-oxanorbornadienes was obtained in the reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. Various methods of aromatization of the obtained [4+2] adducts have been examined. Rearrangement catalyzed by a Lewis acid leads to the formation of a phenol derivative, whereas reduction by diiron nonacarbonyl leads to the formation of functionalized benzene. Systematic study of the cycloaddition process has revealed a simple way to analyze and predict the relative reactivity of furanic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb M Averochkin
- Laboratory of Metal-Complex and Nanoscale Catalysts, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeniy G Gordeev
- Laboratory of Metal-Complex and Nanoscale Catalysts, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Matvei K Skorobogatko
- Laboratory of Metal-Complex and Nanoscale Catalysts, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Fedor A Kucherov
- Laboratory of Metal-Complex and Nanoscale Catalysts, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Laboratory of Metal-Complex and Nanoscale Catalysts, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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5
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Mondol R, Otten E. Cation effects on dynamics of ligand-benzylated formazanate boron and aluminium complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9094-9098. [PMID: 32573637 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01918f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic processes present in ligand-benzylated formazanate boron and aluminium complexes are investigated using variable temperature NMR experiments and lineshape analyses. The observed difference in activation parameters for complexes containing either organic countercations (NBu4+) or alkali cations is rationalized on the basis of a different degree of ion-pairing in the ground state, and the data are in all cases consistent with a mechanism that involves pyramidal inversion at the nitrogens in the heterocyclic ring rather than homolytic N-C(benzyl) bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Mondol
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Tarabanko N, Tarabanko VE, Kukhtetskiy SV, Taran OP. Electrical Double Layer as a Model of Interaction between Cellulose and Solid Acid Catalysts of Hydrolysis. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:706-718. [PMID: 30653820 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201801160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Solid acid catalysts of cellulose hydrolysis in aqueous media attract considerable research interest because of the ease of their separation from the reaction products. The nature of interaction between the two solids is a relevant topic of ongoing research. One aspect of behavior of solid acids in water was not previously discussed in literature with regard to hydrolysis of cellulose: electrolytic dissociation and formation of electric double layers. In this work, on theoretical level, we consider the role of the double layer created by the solid acid when cellulose hydrolysis takes place. The diffuse layer of protons is regarded as the medium where the hydrolysis reaction occurs. Protonation of cellulose by these protons imparts positive charge onto its surface, and cellulose is electrostatically attracted to the polyanion of the catalyst. Thus, the two solid surfaces stay close to each other despite Brownian motion; this allows explaining the high activity of solid catalysts even when chemisorption of carbohydrates on a catalyst is not favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Tarabanko
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok 50/24, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Valery E Tarabanko
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok 50/24, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Sergey V Kukhtetskiy
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok 50/24, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Oxana P Taran
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok 50/24, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.,Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
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7
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Sun WF, Sun YX, Zhang ST, Chi MH. Hydrogen Storage, Magnetism and Electrochromism of Silver Doped FAU Zeolite: First-Principles Calculations and Molecular Simulations. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11020279. [PMID: 30960263 PMCID: PMC6419046 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex configuration, H₂ adsorption binding energy, magnetic, and optical properties of FAU zeolites with Ag cations loaded by ion exchange in the vacant dielectric cavities were investigated by employing the first-principles calculations with all-electron-relativistic numerical atom-orbitals scheme and the Metropolis Monte Carlo molecular simulations. The visible absorption spectrum peaked at distinct wavelengths arranging from red or green to blue colors when changing the net charge load, due to the produced various redox states of Ag cations exchanging at multiple Li⁺-substituted sites. The spin population analyses indicate the ferrimagnetic coupling between Al⁻O⁻Si framework and Ag cations originates from the major ferromagnetic spin polarization in Ag cation cluster coordinating with sodalite cages, with the net spins appreciably depending on the Ag content and exchange site. The H₂ adsorption capacities and binding energies represent significant dependence on the content, location, and electronic property of Ag cations introduced into the FAU zeolites. The evident decrease of H₂ adsorption binding energy with increased loading concentration demonstrates repulsive interaction between H₂ molecules and heterogeneous adsorption configuration on Ag cations. The adsorption sites of H₂ sorted by the binding energy with different adsorption configurations were correlated with exchange sites of Ag cations under different Ag loading to comprehend the H₂ adsorption mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Dielectric Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Yu-Xuan Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Dielectric Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Dielectric Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Ming-He Chi
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Dielectric Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
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8
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Rohling R, Tranca IC, Hensen EJM, Pidko EA. Correlations between Density-Based Bond Orders and Orbital-Based Bond Energies for Chemical Bonding Analysis. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:2843-2854. [PMID: 30842801 PMCID: PMC6394209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b08934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemistry-based codes and methods provide valuable computational tools to estimate reaction energetics and elucidate reaction mechanisms. Electronic structure methods allow directly studying the chemical transformations in molecular systems involving breaking and making of chemical bonds and the associated changes in the electronic structure. The link between the electronic structure and chemical bonding can be provided through the crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) analysis that allows quantifying the bond strength by computing Hamilton-weighted populations of localized atomic orbitals. Another important parameter reflecting the nature and strength of a chemical bond is the bond order that can be assessed by the density derived electrostatic and chemical (DDEC6) method which relies on an electron and spin density-partitioning scheme. Herein, we describe a linear correlation that can be established between the DDEC6-derived bond orders and the bond strengths computed with the COHP formalism. We demonstrate that within defined boundaries, the COHP-derived bond strengths can be consistently compared among each other and linked to the DDEC6-derived bond orders independent of the used model. The validity of these correlations and the effective model independence of the electronic descriptors are demonstrated for a variety of gas-phase chemical systems, featuring different types of chemical bonds. Furthermore, the applicability of the derived correlations to the description of complex reaction paths in periodic systems is demonstrated by considering the zeolite-catalyzed Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction between 2,5-dimethylfuran and ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderigh
Y. Rohling
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ionut C. Tranca
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Rohling R, Tranca IC, Hensen EJM, Pidko EA. Mechanistic Insight into the [4 + 2] Diels-Alder Cycloaddition over First Row d-Block Cation-Exchanged Faujasites. ACS Catal 2019; 9:376-391. [PMID: 30775064 PMCID: PMC6369662 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder cycloaddition (DAC) is a powerful tool to construct C-C bonds. The DAC reaction can be accelerated in several ways, one of which is reactant confinement as observed in supramolecular complexes and Diels-Alderases. Another method is altering the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of the reactants by using homogeneous transition-metal complexes whose active sites exhibit d-orbitals suitable for net-bonding orbital interactions with the substrates. Both features can be combined in first row d-block (TM) exchanged faujasite catalysts where the zeolite framework acts as a stabilizing ligand for the active site while confining the reactants. Herein, we report on a mechanistic and periodic DFT study on TM-(Cu(I), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cr(III), Sc(III), V(V))exchanged faujasites to elucidate the effect of d-shell filling on the DAC reaction between 2,5-dimethylfuran and ethylene. Two pathways were found: one being the concerted one-step and the other being the stepwise two-step pathway. A decrease in d-shell filling results in a concomitant increase in reactant activation as evidenced by increasingly narrow energy gaps and lower activation barriers. For models holding relatively small d-block cations, the zeolite framework was found to bias the DAC reaction toward an asynchronous one-step pathway instead of the two-step pathway. This work is an example of how the active site properties and the surrounding chemical environment influence the reaction mechanism of chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderigh
Y. Rohling
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ionut C. Tranca
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Li G, Pidko EA. The Nature and Catalytic Function of Cation Sites in Zeolites: a Computational Perspective. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanna Li
- Department Chemical EngineeringDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629 HZ The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Department Chemical EngineeringDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629 HZ The Netherlands
- ITMO University Lomonosova str. 9 St. Petersburg 191002 Russia
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11
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Broere DLJ, Mercado BQ, Bill E, Lancaster KM, Sproules S, Holland PL. Alkali Cation Effects on Redox-Active Formazanate Ligands in Iron Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9580-9591. [PMID: 29629752 PMCID: PMC6116910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions of organic moieties with Lewis acidic alkali cations can greatly affect structure and reactivity. Herein, we describe the effects of interactions with alkali-metal cations within a series of reduced iron complexes bearing a redox-active formazanate ligand, in terms of structures, magnetism, spectroscopy, and reaction rates. In the absence of a crown ether to sequester the alkali cation, dimeric complexes are isolated wherein the formazanate has rearranged to form a five-membered metallacycle. The dissociation of these dimers is dependent on the binding mode and size of the alkali cation. In the dimers, the formazanate ligands are radical dianions, as shown by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and analysis of metrical parameters. These experimental measures are complemented by density functional theory calculations that show the spin density on the bridging ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L J Broere
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
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12
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Rohling R, Tranca IC, Hensen EJM, Pidko EA. Electronic Structure Analysis of the Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Catalyzed by Alkali-Exchanged Faujasites. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2018; 122:14733-14743. [PMID: 30018699 PMCID: PMC6038092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b04409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder cycloaddition (DAC) reaction is a commonly employed reaction for the formation of C-C bonds. DAC catalysis can be achieved by using Lewis acids and via reactant confinement in aqueous nanocages. Low-silica alkali-exchanged faujasite catalysts combine these two factors in one material. They can be used in the tandem DAC/dehydration reaction of biomass-derived 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) with ethylene toward p-xylene, in which the DAC reaction step initiates the overall reaction cycle. In this work, we performed periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the DAC reaction between DMF and C2H4 in low-silica alkali(M)-exchanged faujasites (MY; Si/Al = 2.4; M = Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+). The aim was to investigate how confinement of reactants in MY catalysts changed their electronic structure and the DAC-reactivity trend among the evaluated MY zeolites. The conventional high-silica alkali-exchanged isolated site model (MFAU; Si/Al = 47) served as a reference. The results show that confinement leads to initial-state (IS) destabilization and transition-state (TS) stabilization. Among the tested MY, most significant IS destabilization is found in RbY. Only antibonding orbital interactions between the reactants/reactive complex and cations were found, indicating that TS stabilization arises from ionic interactions. Additionally, in RbY the geometry of the transition state is geometrically most similar to that of the initial and final state. RbY also exhibits an optimal combination of the confinement-effects, resulting in having the lowest computed DAC-activation energy. The overall effect is a DAC-reactivity trend inversion in MY as compared to the trend found in MFAU where the activation energy correlates with the Lewis acidity of the exchangeable cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderigh
Y. Rohling
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ionut C. Tranca
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Mahmoud E. Synergistic effect of acidity and extraframework position in faujasite on renewable p-xylene production. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172471. [PMID: 29892435 PMCID: PMC5990767 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
p-Xylene is a commodity chemical used for the manufacture of plastic bottles and textiles. For the biomass-based route from 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) and ethylene, the properties of the catalyst such as acidity affect product selectivity and catalyst activity. To determine the effect of acidity and extraframework position in faujasite zeolite on p-xylene selectivity, type Y (Si/Al = 40 and Si/Al = 2.55) and X (Si/Al = 1.25) zeolites containing the extraframework Lewis acids Na+, K+, Li+, Ag+ and Cu+, and a Brønsted acid-containing zeolite, HY (Si/Al = 40), were prepared by ion exchange and tested for p-xylene production under solvent-free conditions and low conversions (less than 35%). Here, it is reported that NaX zeolite catalyses DMF and ethylene conversion to p-xylene with 91% selectivity at 30% conversion, which is better than the 25% p-xylene selectivity obtained when using HY at similar conversion. A statistical model and estimation technique, ANOVA, was used to show that there is a synergistic effect between acidity and extraframework position on the rate of p-xylene production. At 7% DMF conversion, Lewis acids were more selective than the Brønsted acid tested (50 versus 30% p-xylene selectivity). p-Xylene selectivity is optimal when using Lewis acids with moderate acidity and extraframework positions located in the faujasite supercage (sites II and III) [corrected].
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyas Mahmoud
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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14
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Abstract
Empty spaces are abhorred by nature, which immediately rushes in to fill the void. Humans have learnt pretty well how to make ordered empty nanocontainers, and to get useful products out of them. When such an order is imparted to molecules, new properties may appear, often yielding advanced applications. This review illustrates how the organized void space inherently present in various materials: zeolites, clathrates, mesoporous silica/organosilica, and metal organic frameworks (MOF), for example, can be exploited to create confined, organized, and self-assembled supramolecular structures of low dimensionality. Features of the confining matrices relevant to organization are presented with special focus on molecular-level aspects. Selected examples of confined supramolecular assemblies - from small molecules to quantum dots or luminescent species - are aimed to show the complexity and potential of this approach. Natural confinement (minerals) and hyperconfinement (high pressure) provide further opportunities to understand and master the atomistic-level interactions governing supramolecular organization under nanospace restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Tabacchi
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio, 9 I-22100, Como, Italy
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15
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Rohling RY, Hensen EJM, Pidko EA. Multi-site Cooperativity in Alkali-Metal-Exchanged Faujasites for the Production of Biomass-Derived Aromatics. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:446-458. [PMID: 29105288 PMCID: PMC5820756 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic Diels-Alder cycloaddition-dehydration (DACD) reaction of furanics with ethylene is a promising route to bio-derived aromatics. The reaction can be catalyzed by alkali-metal-exchanged faujasites. Herein, the results of periodic DFT calculations based on accurate structural models of alkali-metal-exchanged zeolites are presented, revealing the fundamental roles that confinement and the nature of the exchangeable cations in zeolite micropores have in the performance of faujasite-based catalysts in the DACD reaction. Special attention is devoted to analyzing the effect of functional substituents on furanic substrates (furan, 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid) on the catalyst behavior. It is demonstrated that the conventional reactivity theories of the Diels-Alder chemistry based on simplistic single-site Lewis acidity and substituent effects do not apply if catalytic processes in the multiple-site confined environment of zeolite nanopores are considered. The nature and cooperativity of the interactions between the multiple exchangeable cations and the substrates determine the reaction energetics of the elementary steps involved in the DACD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderigh Y. Rohling
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry Group, Schuit Institute of CatalysisEindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 5135600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry Group, Schuit Institute of CatalysisEindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 5135600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry Group, Schuit Institute of CatalysisEindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 5135600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- TheoMAT group, Laboratory of Solution Chemistry for Advanced Materials and TechnologiesITMO UniversityLomonosova 9St. Petersburg191002Russia
- Current Address: Inorganic Systems Engineering groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of Applied SciencesDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
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16
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Teixeira IF, Lo BTW, Kostetskyy P, Ye L, Tang CC, Mpourmpakis G, Tsang SCE. Direct Catalytic Conversion of Biomass-Derived Furan and Ethanol to Ethylbenzene. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo F. Teixeira
- Wolfson
Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Benedict T. W. Lo
- Wolfson
Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Pavlo Kostetskyy
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Lin Ye
- Wolfson
Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Chiu C. Tang
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Giannis Mpourmpakis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Shik Chi Edman Tsang
- Wolfson
Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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