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Insight into the Varying Reactivity of Different Catalysts for CO 2 Cycloaddition into Styrene Oxide: An Experimental and DFT Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032123. [PMID: 36768447 PMCID: PMC9916580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cycloaddition of CO2 into epoxides to form cyclic carbonates is a highly sought-after reaction for its potential to both reduce and use CO2, which is a greenhouse gas. In this paper, we present experimental and theoretical studies and a mechanistic approach for three catalytic systems. First, as Lewis base catalysts, imidazole and its derivatives, then as a Lewis acid catalyst, ZnI2 alone, and after that, the combined system of ZnI2 and imidazole. In the former, we aimed to discover the reasons for the varied reactivities of five Lewis base catalysts. Furthermore, we succeeded in reproducing the experimental results and trends using DFT. To add, we emphasized the importance of non-covalent interactions and their role in reactivity. In our case, the presence of a hydrogen bond was a key factor in decreasing the reactivity of some catalysts, thus leading to lower conversion rates. Finally, mechanistically understanding this 100% atom economy reaction can aid experimental chemists in designing better and more efficient catalytic systems.
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2
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Degradation by hydrolysis of three triphenylmethane dyes: DFT and TD-DFT study. Theor Chem Acc 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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3
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Chlupatý T, Růžičková Z, Kampová H, Merna J, Růžička A. Lithium, Magnesium, and Zinc Centers N,N'-Chelated by an Amine-Amide Hybrid Ligand. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9392-9404. [PMID: 35706334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure of lithium, magnesium, and zinc complexes N,N'-chelated by a hybrid amine-amido ligand ([2-(Me2NCH2)C6H4NR]-, abbreviated as LNR, where R = H, SiMe3, or Bn) are reported. The reaction of the least sterically demanding LNH with various magnesium sources gives the hexameric imide [LNMg]6 (4) by the elimination of n-butane from LNHMgnBu (2) or by the reaction of LNHLi (1) with MeMgBr. [LNH]2Mg (3) is obtained through the addition of 0.5 equiv of nBu2Mg or Mg[N(SiMe3)2]2 to LNH2 and with 1 equiv of nBu2Mg reacting to 2. Both LNHMgN(SiMe3)2 (6) and isostructural LNHZnN(SiMe3)2 (16) have been prepared using two different approaches: monodeprotonation of LNH2 by Zn/Mg[N(SiMe3)2]2 in a 1:1 ratio or ligand substitution of 2 or LNHZnEt (12) by 0.5 equiv of Sn[N(SiMe3)2]2. The reactions of 2 or 3 with 1 provide the heterotrimetallic complex [LNH]4Li2Mg (5). Benzyl- or trimethylsilyl-substituted anilines [LN(SiMe3)H (7) and LN(Bn)H (8)] with 0.5 equiv of nBu2Mg allow the formation of homoleptic bis(amides) of the [LN(R)]2Mg type (10 and 11). Nevertheless, only the silylated secondary amine 7 is able to provide the heteroleptic n-butylmagnesium amide LN(SiMe3)MgnBu (9) upon reaction with an equimolar amount of nBu2Mg. Similarly, 12, [LNH]2Zn (13), LN(R)ZnEt (17 and 18), and [LN(R)]2Zn [R = SiMe3 (19) and Bn (20)] were prepared by the monodeprotonation of LNH2 or LN(R)H using Et2Zn in the corresponding stoichiometric ratio. LNHZnI was prepared by the nucleophilic substitution of an ethyl chain in 12 by molecular iodine. A heterometallic complex, [LNH]4Li2Zn (14), analogous to 5 was prepared from 12 or 13 with 1 or 2 equiv of 1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Chlupatý
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kampová
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Merna
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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4
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Malik P, Jain I. Synthesis and characterization of a double helical dinuclear Zn–salen complex and its application in the detection of nitroaromatics. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of double helical dinuclear Zn–salen complex for the detection of nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Punjab 148106, India
| | - Isha Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Punjab 148106, India
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5
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Alonso de la Peña M, Merzoud L, Lamine W, Tuel A, Chermette H, Christ L. Robust pyrrole-Schiff base Zinc complexes as novel catalysts for the selective cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Mechachti F, Lakehal S, Lakehal A, Morell C, Merzoud L, Chermette H. Predicted structure and selectivity of 3d transition metal complexes with glutamic N, N-bis(carboxymethyl) acid. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03298d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structure and selectivity of 3d transition metal complexes with glutamic N,N-bis(carboxymethyl) acid are analyzed and predicted from DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Mechachti
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux et des Vivants, Activité & Réactivité, Université Batna1, Batna, Algerie
| | - Salima Lakehal
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux et des Vivants, Activité & Réactivité, Université Batna1, Batna, Algerie
- Institut des Sciences de La Terre et de L'univers, Université de Batna2, Batna, Algerie
| | - Aicha Lakehal
- Faculté des Sciences Techniques, Université de Batna2, Batna, Algerie
| | - Christophe Morell
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5280, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Lynda Merzoud
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5280, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Henry Chermette
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5280, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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7
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Relaxation of Kohn–Sham orbitals of organometallic complexes during the approach of a nucleophilic reactant (or an electron approach): the case of [sal(ph)en]2 Zn complexes. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Fernandes HS, Teixeira CSS, Sousa SF, Cerqueira NMFSA. Formation of Unstable and very Reactive Chemical Species Catalyzed by Metalloenzymes: A Mechanistic Overview. Molecules 2019; 24:E2462. [PMID: 31277490 PMCID: PMC6651669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature has tailored a wide range of metalloenzymes that play a vast array of functions in all living organisms and from which their survival and evolution depends on. These enzymes catalyze some of the most important biological processes in nature, such as photosynthesis, respiration, water oxidation, molecular oxygen reduction, and nitrogen fixation. They are also among the most proficient catalysts in terms of their activity, selectivity, and ability to operate at mild conditions of temperature, pH, and pressure. In the absence of these enzymes, these reactions would proceed very slowly, if at all, suggesting that these enzymes made the way for the emergence of life as we know today. In this review, the structure and catalytic mechanism of a selection of diverse metalloenzymes that are involved in the production of highly reactive and unstable species, such as hydroxide anions, hydrides, radical species, and superoxide molecules are analyzed. The formation of such reaction intermediates is very difficult to occur under biological conditions and only a rationalized selection of a particular metal ion, coordinated to a very specific group of ligands, and immersed in specific proteins allows these reactions to proceed. Interestingly, different metal coordination spheres can be used to produce the same reactive and unstable species, although through a different chemistry. A selection of hand-picked examples of different metalloenzymes illustrating this diversity is provided and the participation of different metal ions in similar reactions (but involving different mechanism) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique S Fernandes
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla S Silva Teixeira
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F Sousa
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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Lamine W, Boughdiri S, Christ L, Morell C, Chermette H. Coordination chemistry of Zn
2+
with Sal(ph)en ligands: Tetrahedral coordination or penta‐coordination? a DFT analysis. J Comput Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walid Lamine
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences AnalytiquesUMR CNRS 5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ENS‐Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex France
- Université de Tunis El ManarFaculté des Sciences de Tunis, UR11ES19 Unité de recherche Physico‐Chimie des Matériaux Condensés El‐Manar II, 2092, Tunis Tunisia
| | - Salima Boughdiri
- Université de Tunis El ManarFaculté des Sciences de Tunis, UR11ES19 Unité de recherche Physico‐Chimie des Matériaux Condensés El‐Manar II, 2092, Tunis Tunisia
| | - Lorraine Christ
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de LyonIRCELYON, UMR CNRS 5256, Université Lyon 1 69626, Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Christophe Morell
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences AnalytiquesUMR CNRS 5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ENS‐Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Henry Chermette
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences AnalytiquesUMR CNRS 5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ENS‐Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex France
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