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Becker S. Understanding Cooperativity in Homo- and Heterometallic Complexes: From Basic Concepts to Design. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300619. [PMID: 38317458 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cooperative effects have attracted considerable attention in recent years. These effects are ubiquitous in chemistry and biology and can govern interactions of proteins with other biomolecules, mechanisms of supramolecular recognition and polymerization, catalysis, assembly of compounds on surfaces, and physical properties such as magnetic, electronic or optical properties, e. g. Consequently, the understanding of cooperative effects can lead to a structure-property relation that can pave the way to future applications in various research areas; however, with regard to cooperative effects in homo- and heterometallic complexes, we still are at the beginning of understanding. Nevertheless, concepts to describe cooperativity of metal centers as well as methodologies to investigate and model these effects have emerged over the last years. This concept article gives an overview of these existing concepts, approaches, and strategies to understand cooperative effects in homo- and heterometallic complexes. Special emphasis is put on concepts to define cooperative effects, their quantification, as well as methods to investigate cooperative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Becker
- Fachbereich Chemie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Uhlmann C, Münzfeld L, Hauser A, Ruan TT, Kumar Kuppusamy S, Jin C, Ruben M, Fink K, Moreno-Pineda E, Roesky PW. Unique Double and Triple Decker Arrangements of Rare-Earth 9,10-Diborataanthracene Complexes Featuring Single-Molecule Magnet Characteristics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401372. [PMID: 38390783 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present the first report on the synthesis of rare-earth complexes featuring a 9,10-diborataanthracene ligand. This 14-π-electron ligand is highly reductive and was previously used in small-molecule activation. Salt elimination reactions between dipotassium 9,10-diethyl-9,10-diborataanthracene [K2(DEDBA)] and [LnIII(η8-CotTIPS)(BH4)(thf)x] (CotTIPS=1,4-(iPr3Si)2C8H6) in a 1 : 1 ratio yielded heteroleptic sandwich complexes [K(η8-CotTIPS)LnIII(η6-DEDBA)] (Ln=Y, Dy, Er). These compounds form Lewis-base-free one-dimensional coordination polymers when crystallised from toluene. In contrast, reaction of [K2(DEDBA)] and [LnIII(η8-CotTIPS)(BH4)(thf)x] in a 1 : 2 ratio led to the formation of heteroleptic triple-decker complexes [(η8-CotTIPS)LnIII(μ-η6:η6-DEDBA)LnIII(η8-CotTIPS)] (Ln=Y, Dy, Er). Notably, these are not only the first lanthanide triple-decker compounds featuring a six-membered ring as a deck but also the first trivalent lanthanide triple-decker featuring a heterocycle in the coordination sphere. Magnetic investigations reveal that [K(η8-CotTIPS)LnIII(η6-DEDBA)] (Ln=Dy, Er) and [(η8-CotTIPS)ErIII(μ-η6:η6-DEDBA)ErIII(η8-CotTIPS)] exhibit Single-Molecule Magnet (SMM) behaviour. In the case of [(η8-CotTIPS)LnIII(μ-η6:η6-DEDBA)LnIII(η8-CotTIPS)] (Ln=Dy, Er), the introduction of a second near lanthanide ion results in strong antiferromagnetic interactions, allowing the enhancement of the magnetic characteristic of the system, compared to the quasi isolated counterpart. This research renews the overlooked coordination chemistry of the DBA ligand and expands it to encompass rare-earth elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Uhlmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe
| | - Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe
| | - Adrian Hauser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe
| | - Ting-Ting Ruan
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Senthil Kumar Kuppusamy
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Chengyu Jin
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Centre Européen de Science Quantique (CESQ), Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS, UMR 7006), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge BP, 70028 67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eufemio Moreno-Pineda
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Depto. de Química-Física, Panamá, 0824, Panamá
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Grupo de Investigación de Materiales, Panamá, 0824, Panamá
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe
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Franzke YJ, Bruder F, Gillhuber S, Holzer C, Weigend F. Paramagnetic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Shifts for Triplet Systems and Beyond with Modern Relativistic Density Functional Methods. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:670-686. [PMID: 38195394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
An efficient framework for the calculation of paramagnetic NMR (pNMR) shifts within exact two-component (X2C) theory and (current-dependent) density functional theory (DFT) up to the class of local hybrid functionals (LHFs) is presented. Generally, pNMR shifts for systems with more than one unpaired electron depend on the orbital shielding contribution and a temperature-dependent term. The latter includes zero-field splitting (ZFS), hyperfine coupling (HFC), and the g-tensor. For consistency, we calculate these three tensors at the same level of theory, i.e., using scalar-relativistic X2C augmented with spin-orbit perturbation theory. Results for pNMR chemical shifts of transition-metal complexes reveal that this X2C-DFT framework can yield good results for both the shifts and the individual tensor contributions of metallocenes and related systems, especially if the HFC constant is large. For small HFC constants, the relative error is often large, and sometimes the sign may be off. 4d and 5d complexes with more complicated structures demonstrate the limitations of a fully DFT-based approach. Additionally, a Co-based complex with a very large ZFS and pronounced multireference character is not well described. Here, a hybrid DFT-multireference framework is necessary for accurate results. Our results show that X2C is sufficient to describe relativistic effects and computationally cheaper than a fully relativistic approach. Thus, it allows use of large basis sets for converged HFCs. Overall, current-dependent meta-generalized gradient approximations and LHFs show some potential; however, the currently available functionals leave a lot to be desired, and the predictive power is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick J Franzke
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Bruder
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gillhuber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Reiß A, Reimann MK, Jin C, Wachter-Lehn M, Kremer RK, Pöttgen R, Fink K, Klopper W, Feldmann C. Experimental and computational study of the exchange interaction between the V(III) centers in the vanadium-cyclal dimer. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17389-17397. [PMID: 37942816 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03243d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
[V2(HCyclal)2] is prepared by controlled oxidation of vanadium nanoparticles at 50 °C in toluene. The V(0) nanoparticles are synthesized in THF by reduction of VCl3 with lithium naphthalenide. They exhibit very small particle sizes of 1.2 ± 0.2 nm and a high reactivity (e.g. with air or water). By reaction of V(0) nanoparticles with the azacrown ether H4Cyclal, [V2(HCyclal)2] is obtained with deep green crystals and high yield. The title compound exhibits a V(III) dimer (V⋯V: 304.1(1) pm) with two deprotonated [HCyclal]3- ligands as anions. V(0) nanoparticles as well as the sole coordination of V(III) by a crown ether as the ligand and nitrogen as sole coordinating atom are shown for the first time. Magnetic measurements and computational results point to antiferromagnetic coupling within the V(III) couple, establishing an antiferromagnetic spin S = 1 dimer with the magnetic susceptibility determined by the thermal population of the total spin ranging from ST = 0 to ST = 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reiß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Kai Reimann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Chengyu Jin
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martha Wachter-Lehn
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard K Kremer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Bruder F, Franzke YJ, Holzer C, Weigend F. Zero-field splitting parameters within exact two-component theory and modern density functional theory using seminumerical integration. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:194117. [PMID: 37987521 DOI: 10.1063/5.0175758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient implementation of zero-field splitting parameters based on the work of Schmitt et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 134, 194113 (2011)] is presented. Seminumerical integration techniques are used for the two-electron spin-dipole contribution and the response equations of the spin-orbit perturbation. The original formulation is further generalized. First, it is extended to meta-generalized gradient approximations and local hybrid functionals. For these functional classes, the response of the paramagnetic current density is considered in the coupled-perturbed Kohn-Sham equations for the spin-orbit perturbation term. Second, the spin-orbit perturbation is formulated within relativistic exact two-component theory and the screened nuclear spin-orbit (SNSO) approximation. The accuracy of the implementation is demonstrated for transition-metal and diatomic main-group compounds. The efficiency is assessed for Mn and Mo complexes. Here, it is found that coarse integration grids for the seminumerical schemes lead to drastic speedups while introducing clearly negligible errors. In addition, the SNSO approximation substantially reduces the computational demands and leads to very similar results as the spin-orbit mean field Ansatz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bruder
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Yannick J Franzke
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Guo Y, Zhang N, Liu W. SOiCISCF: Combining SOiCI and iCISCF for Variational Treatment of Spin-Orbit Coupling. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6668-6685. [PMID: 37728243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that the SOiCI approach [Zhang, N.; J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2022, 34, 224007], in conjunction with the spin-separated exact two-component relativistic Hamiltonian, can provide very accurate fine structures of systems containing heavy elements by treating electron correlation and spin-orbit coupling (SOC) on an equal footing. Nonetheless, orbital relaxations/polarizations induced by SOC are not yet fully accounted for due to the use of scalar relativistic orbitals. This issue can be resolved by further optimizing the still real-valued orbitals self-consistently in the presence of SOC, as done in the spin-orbit coupled CASSCF approach [Ganyushin, D.; et al. J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 138, 104113] but with the iCISCF algorithm [Guo, Y.; J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2021, 17, 7545-7561] for large active spaces. The resulting SOiCISCF employs both double group and time reversal symmetries for computational efficiency and the assignment of target states. The fine structures of p-block elements are taken as showcases to reveal the efficacy of SOiCISCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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Zhang N, Xiao Y, Liu W. SOiCI and iCISO: combining iterative configuration interaction with spin-orbit coupling in two ways. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:224007. [PMID: 35287124 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac5db4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The near-exact iCIPT2 approach for strongly correlated systems of electrons, which stems from the combination of iterative configuration interaction (iCI, an exact solver of full CI) with configuration selection for static correlation and second-order perturbation theory (PT2) for dynamic correlation, is extended to the relativistic domain. In the spirit of spin separation, relativistic effects are treated in two steps: scalar relativity is treated by the infinite-order, spin-free part of the exact two-component (X2C) relativistic Hamiltonian, whereas spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is treated by the first-order, Douglas-Kroll-Hess-like SOC operator derived from the same X2C Hamiltonian. Two possible combinations of iCIPT2 with SOC are considered, i.e., SOiCI and iCISO. The former treats SOC and electron correlation on an equal footing, whereas the latter treats SOC in the spirit of state interaction, by constructing and diagonalizing an effective spin-orbit Hamiltonian matrix in a small number of correlated scalar states. Both double group and time reversal symmetries are incorporated to simplify the computation. Pilot applications reveal that SOiCI is very accurate for the spin-orbit splitting (SOS) of heavy atoms, whereas the computationally very cheap iCISO can safely be applied to the SOS of light atoms and even of systems containing heavy atoms when SOC is largely quenched by ligand fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
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Dahlen M, Reinfandt N, Jin C, Gamer MT, Fink K, Roesky PW. Hetero-bimetallic Lanthanide-Coinage Metal Compounds Featuring Possible Metal-Metal Interactions in the Excited State. Chemistry 2021; 27:15127-15135. [PMID: 34328235 PMCID: PMC8597103 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heterometallic complexes, combining metals of the outer rims of the d-block, for example lanthanides(III) (Ln) and coinage metals(I) (M) are scarcely reported, synthetically challenging and highly interesting in terms of their interactions. In this context, we synthesized hetero-bimetallic Ln-M compounds ligated by the phosphine functionalized amidinate system (N,N'-bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl]formamidinate, "dpfam"). The resulting compounds [dpfam3 LnM][OTf] (Ln = La, Nd and M = Ag, Au) feature a close proximity of the two metal centres and were investigated experimentally by photoluminescence spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The latter showed rare La-Au interactions for the first excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Dahlen
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.4576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Niklas Reinfandt
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.4576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Chengyu Jin
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Michael T. Gamer
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.4576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.4576131KarlsruheGermany
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