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Chapman RF, Karlsen T, Ge RL, Stray-Gundersen J, Levine BD. Living altitude influences endurance exercise performance change over time at altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1151-8. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00909.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For sea level based endurance athletes who compete at low and moderate altitudes, adequate time for acclimatization to altitude can mitigate performance declines. We asked whether it is better for the acclimatizing athlete to live at the specific altitude of competition or at a higher altitude, perhaps for an increased rate of physiological adaptation. After 4 wk of supervised sea level training and testing, 48 collegiate distance runners (32 men, 16 women) were randomly assigned to one of four living altitudes (1,780, 2,085, 2,454, or 2,800 m) where they resided for 4 wk. Daily training for all subjects was completed at a common altitude from 1,250 to 3,000 m. Subjects completed 3,000-m performance trials on the track at sea level, 28 and 6 days before departure, and at 1,780 m on days 5, 12, 19, and 26 of the altitude camp. Groups living at 2,454 and 2,800 m had a significantly larger slowing of performance vs. the 1,780-m group on day 5 at altitude. The 1,780-m group showed no significant change in performance across the 26 days at altitude, while the groups living at 2,085, 2,454, and 2,800 m showed improvements in performance from day 5 to day 19 at altitude but no further improvement at day 26. The data suggest that an endurance athlete competing acutely at 1,780 m should live at the altitude of the competition and not higher. Living ∼300-1,000 m higher than the competition altitude, acute altitude performance may be significantly worse and may require up to 19 days of acclimatization to minimize performance decrements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trine Karlsen
- K. G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norweigan University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R.-L. Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, China
| | | | - Benjamin D. Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Peng QQ, Basang Z, Cui CY, Li L, Qian J, Gesang Q, Yang L, La Z, De Y, Dawa P, Qu N, Suo Q, Dan Z, Xiao D, Wang XF, Jin L. Physiological responses and evaluation of effects of BMI, smoking and drinking in high altitude acclimatization: a cohort study in Chinese Han young males. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79346. [PMID: 24260204 PMCID: PMC3832642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High altitude acclimatization is a series of physiological responses taking places when subjects go to altitude. Many factors could influence these processes, such as altitude, ascending speed and individual characteristics. In this study, based on a repeated measurement design of three sequential measurements at baseline, acute phase and chronic phase, we evaluated the effect of BMI, smoking and drinking on a number of physiological responses in high altitude acclimatization by using mixed model and partial least square path model on a sample of 755 Han Chinese young males. We found that subjects with higher BMI responses were reluctant to hypoxia. The effect of smoking was not significant at acute phase. But at chronic phase, red blood cell volume increased less while respiratory function increased more for smoking subjects compared with nonsmokers. For drinking subjects, red blood cell volume increased less than nondrinkers at both acute and chronic phases, while blood pressures increased more than nondrinkers at acute phase and respiratory function, red blood cell volume and oxygen saturation increased more than nondrinkers at chronic phase. The heavy and long-term effect of smoking, drinking and other factors in high altitude acclimatization needed to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-qian Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoma Basang
- High Altitude Health Science Research Center, Tibet University, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
- * E-mail: (LJ); (BZ)
| | - Chao-ying Cui
- High Altitude Health Science Research Center, Tibet University, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- CMC Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Quzhen Gesang
- High Altitude Health Science Research Center, Tibet University, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - La Yang
- High Altitude Health Science Research Center, Tibet University, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zong La
- High Altitude Health Science Research Center, Tibet University, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yang De
- High Altitude Health Science Research Center, Tibet University, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Puchi Dawa
- High Altitude Health Science Research Center, Tibet University, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ni Qu
- High Altitude Health Science Research Center, Tibet University, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qu Suo
- High Altitude Health Science Research Center, Tibet University, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhen Dan
- High Altitude Health Science Research Center, Tibet University, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Duoji Xiao
- High Altitude Health Science Research Center, Tibet University, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-feng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- CMC Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- CMC Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (LJ); (BZ)
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