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Abstract
Carborynes (1,2-dehydro-o-carborane and 1,3-dehydro-o-carborane), three-dimensional analogues of benzyne, can be generated in situ from the precursors 1-X-2-Li-1,2-C2B10H10 (X = Br, I, OTs, OTf), or 1-Me3Si-2-[IPh(OAc)]-1,2-C2B10H10 or [1-Li-3-N2-1,2-C2B10H10][BF4]. They are a class of very useful synthons for the synthesis of a large variety of functionalized carborane derivatives for potential application in medicine, materials science and organometallic/coordination chemistry. The experimental data demonstrate that there is a correspondence between the reactions of carborynes and those of benzyne with alkenes, dienes, alkynes, aromatics or heteroaromatics in a pericyclic reaction fashion. On the other hand, carborynes have unique properties of their own owing to their steric/electronic features. They undergo regioselective sp2/sp3 C-H bond and N-Li bond insertion reactions, which has not been observed for benzyne. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in this interesting research field with considerable attention devoted to the reaction modes and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaozao Qiu
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai 200032, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhang J, Xie Z. Ene Reaction of o-Carboryne with Alkynes and Alkenes at Room Temperature: Synthesis of o-Carboranyl Allenes and Alkenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:2971-2975. [PMID: 33797268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
o-Carboryne undergoes at room temperature an efficient ene reaction with a large variety of alkynes and alkenes possessing an α-CH proton to give a series of o-carboranyl allenes and alkenes in good to high isolated yields. This reaction has a broad substrate scope from alkyl and aryl to silyl substituents. This protocol provides a facile synthetic method for accessing cage C-substituted carboranyl allenes and alkenes, which may be utilized as useful starting materials to synthesize multifunctionalized carboranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Zhang J, Xie Z. Tandem [4 + 2]/[2 + 2] cycloaddition of o-carboryne with enynes: facile construction of carborane-fused tricyclics. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5616-5620. [PMID: 34168796 PMCID: PMC8179614 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
o-Carboryne (1,2-dehydro-o-carborane) is a very useful synthon for the synthesis of a variety of carborane-functionalized molecules. With 1-Li-2-OTf-o-C2B10H10 as the precursor, o-carboryne undergoes an efficient [4 + 2] cycloaddition with various conjugated enynes, followed by a subsequent [2 + 2] cycloaddition at room temperature, generating a series of carborane-fused tricyclo[6.4.0.02,7]dodeca-2,12-dienes in moderate to high isolated yields. This reaction is compatible with many functional groups and has a broad substrate scope. A reactive carborane-fused 1,2-cyclohexadiene intermediate is involved, which is supported by experimental results and DFT calculations. This protocol offers a convenient strategy for the construction of complex carborane-functionalized tricyclics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, N. T. Hong Kong China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, N. T. Hong Kong China
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Zhang J, Xie Z. [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of o-Carboryne with Vinyl Ethers: Synthesis of Carborane-Fused Cyclobutanes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Swan E, Platts K, Blencowe A. An overview of the cycloaddition chemistry of fulvenes and emerging applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2113-2132. [PMID: 31579091 PMCID: PMC6753682 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The unusual electronic properties and unique reactivity of fulvenes have interested researchers for over a century. The propensity to form dipolar structures at relatively low temperatures and to participate as various components in cycloaddition reactions, often highly selectively, makes them ideal for the synthesis of complex polycyclic carbon scaffolds. As a result, fulvene cycloaddition chemistry has been employed extensively for the synthesis of natural products. More recently, fulvene cycloaddition chemistry has also found application to other areas including materials chemistry and dynamic combinatorial chemistry. This highlight article discusses the unusual properties of fulvenes and their varied cycloaddition chemistry, focussing on applications in organic and natural synthesis, dynamic combinatorial chemistry and materials chemistry, including dynamers, hydrogels and charge transfer complexes. Tables providing comprehensive directories of fulvene cycloaddition chemistry are provided, including fulvene intramolecular and intermolecular cycloadditions complete with reactant partners and their resulting cyclic adducts, which provide a useful reference source for synthetic chemists working with fulvenes and complex polycyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Swan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Kirsten Platts
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, The University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Zhang J, Xie Z. Broad Scope Extra-Annular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of o
-Carboryne with Styrenes: Efficient Route to Carborane-Fused Polycyclics. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin New Territories Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin New Territories Hong Kong, China
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Mu WH, Cheng RJ, Fang DC, Chass GA. The pivotal role of electronics in preferred alkene over alkyne Ni-carboryne insertions and absolute regioselectivities. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6494-6498. [PMID: 29693092 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The in situ formation mechanisms of active Ni-carboryne species (COM1) and subsequent alkene/alkyne Ni-C bond insertion priorities, as well as relevant cycloaddition regioselectivities and kinetics, were investigated using the IDSCRF-B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) method, and all atoms were equitably treated at the DGDZVP level. The results reveal the o-carborane species to be energetically hedged into a four-step path (barrier heights 5.3, 19.7, 18.4 and 0.3 kcal mol-1, respectively) prior to being transferred into the active Ni-carboryne species (COM1) with the assistance of nBuLi and NiCl2(PPh3)2 at room temperature. In direct agreement with empirical trends, alkene insertion into Ni-C bonds on COM1 is exclusively favoured over the competing alkyne insertion. Electronic structure analyses of the corresponding transition structures showed that the preference of alkenes to alkynes is due to different bonding characteristics during this insertion process, namely, back donation for alkenes but donation for alkyne insertion, as evidenced by molecular graphics and NBO charge distributions. Subsequent alkyne additions (i.e. post alkene insertion) arise as the rate-determining step (RDS) for each of the five different reactions (a-e) explored. The solution free-energy barriers of these RDSs (30.5-38.5 kcal mol-1) were in quantitative agreement with their corresponding experimental yields, evidencing the reliability of the DFT results to reproduce chemical phenomena and energetic trends in real Ni-catalysed carboryne-alkene/alkyne cycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Mu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China.
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Zhang R, Yuan Y, Qiu Z, Xie Z. Reaction of o
-Carboryne with Furans: Facile Synthesis of Carborane- Fused Oxanorbornenes and Their Derivatives. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongyi Zhang
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yinggen Yuan
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zaozao Qiu
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road; Shanghai 200032 China
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin New Territories Hong Kong, China
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Zhang J, Qiu Z, Xie Z. Broad Scope [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of o-Carboryne with Pentafulvenes Using 1-Li-2-OTf-o-C2B10H10 as Precursor. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zaozao Qiu
- Shanghai-Hong
Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department
of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Shanghai-Hong
Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China
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Preethalayam P, Krishnan KS, Thulasi S, Chand SS, Joseph J, Nair V, Jaroschik F, Radhakrishnan KV. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Pentafulvenes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:3930-3989. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preethanuj Preethalayam
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - K. Syam Krishnan
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Sreeja Thulasi
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - S. Sarath Chand
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Jomy Joseph
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims 51687 Cedex 2, France
| | - Vijay Nair
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Florian Jaroschik
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims 51687 Cedex 2, France
| | - K. V. Radhakrishnan
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
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12
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Zhao D, Zhang J, Xie Z. An Unprecedented Formal [5 + 2] Cycloaddition of Nitrones with o-Carboryne via Tandem [3 + 2] Cycloaddition/Oxygen Migration/Aromatization Sequence. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13938-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiji Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Cheng R, Zhang J, Zhang J, Qiu Z, Xie Z. Facile Synthesis of N
-Carboranyl Amines through an ortho
-Carboryne Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1751-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruofei Cheng
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin; N.T. Hong Kong China
| | - Jiji Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin; N.T. Hong Kong China
| | - Zaozao Qiu
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin; N.T. Hong Kong China
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Cheng R, Zhang J, Zhang J, Qiu Z, Xie Z. Facile Synthesis of N
-Carboranyl Amines through an ortho
-Carboryne Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruofei Cheng
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin; N.T. Hong Kong China
| | - Jiji Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin; N.T. Hong Kong China
| | - Zaozao Qiu
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin; N.T. Hong Kong China
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Zhao D, Zhang J, Xie Z. Dearomative [2 + 2] Cycloaddition and Formal C–H Insertion Reaction of o-Carboryne with Indoles: Synthesis of Carborane-Functionalized Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9423-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiji Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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