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Jungbluth A, Cho E, Privitera A, Yallum KM, Kaienburg P, Lauritzen AE, Derrien T, Kesava SV, Habib I, Pratik SM, Banerji N, Brédas JL, Coropceanu V, Riede M. Limiting factors for charge generation in low-offset fullerene-based organic solar cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5488. [PMID: 38942793 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Free charge generation after photoexcitation of donor or acceptor molecules in organic solar cells generally proceeds via (1) formation of charge transfer states and (2) their dissociation into charge separated states. Research often either focuses on the first component or the combined effect of both processes. Here, we provide evidence that charge transfer state dissociation rather than formation presents a major bottleneck for free charge generation in fullerene-based blends with low energetic offsets between singlet and charge transfer states. We investigate devices based on dilute donor content blends of (fluorinated) ZnPc:C60 and perform density functional theory calculations, device characterization, transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. We draw a comprehensive picture of how energies and transitions between singlet, charge transfer, and charge separated states change upon ZnPc fluorination. We find that a significant reduction in photocurrent can be attributed to increasingly inefficient charge transfer state dissociation. With this, our work highlights potential reasons why low offset fullerene systems do not show the high performance of non-fullerene acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jungbluth
- Department of Physics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13PJ, UK
| | - Eunkyung Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
- Division of Energy Technology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Alberto Privitera
- Department of Physics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13PJ, UK
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Florence, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Kaila M Yallum
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Kaienburg
- Department of Physics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13PJ, UK
| | - Andreas E Lauritzen
- Department of Physics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13PJ, UK
| | - Thomas Derrien
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Sameer V Kesava
- Department of Physics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13PJ, UK
| | - Irfan Habib
- Department of Physics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13PJ, UK
| | - Saied Md Pratik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
| | - Moritz Riede
- Department of Physics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13PJ, UK.
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2
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Joseph J, Bauroth S, Charisiadis A, Charalambidis G, Coutsolelos AG, Guldi DM. Cascades of energy and electron transfer in a panchromatic absorber. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9304-9312. [PMID: 35758634 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02404g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of molecular model systems is fundamental towards a deeper understanding of key photochemical steps in natural photosynthesis. Herein, we report an entirely non-covalent triad consisting of boron dipyrromethene (BDP), porphyrin (ZnP), and fullerene (C60). Non-covalent binding motifs such as an amidinium-carboxylate salt bridge as well as axial pyridyl-metal coordination offer substantial electronic coupling and establish efficient pathways for photoactivated energy and electron transfer processes along a well-tuned gradient. Experimental findings from steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic assays, as well as (spectro-)electrochemical measurements corroborate the formation of BDP|ZnP|C60 in solution, on one hand, and significant communication in the excited states, on the other hand. BDP acts as an energy harvesting antenna towards ZnP, which eventually undergoes charge separation with C60 by electron transfer from ZnP to C60. Notably, full spectral deconvolution of the transient species was achieved, supporting the successful self-assembly as well as giving a clear view onto the occurring photophysical processes and their spectral footprints upon photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Joseph
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Bauroth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Asterios Charisiadis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL)Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, GR 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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3
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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4
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Covalent and non-covalent systems based on s-, p-, and d-metal macroheterocyclic complexes and fullerenes. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Bottari G, de la Torre G, Guldi DM, Torres T. An exciting twenty-year journey exploring porphyrinoid-based photo- and electro-active systems. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Anaya‐Plaza E, Joseph J, Bauroth S, Wagner M, Dolle C, Sekita M, Gröhn F, Spiecker E, Clark T, Escosura A, Guldi DM, Torres T. Synergie von elektrostatischen und π‐π‐Wechselwirkungen für die Verwirklichung von künstlichen photosynthetischen Modellsystemen auf Nano‐Ebene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Anaya‐Plaza
- Lehrstuhl der organischen Chemie Autonome Universität Madrid (UAM) c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
- Lehrstuhl für Bioprodukte und Biosysteme Aalto Universität Kemistintie 1 02150 Espoo Finnland
| | - Jan Joseph
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & interdisziplinäres Zentrum für molekulare Materialien (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Bauroth
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & interdisziplinäres Zentrum für molekulare Materialien (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Maximilian Wagner
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & interdisziplinäres Zentrum für molekulare Materialien (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Christian Dolle
- Lehrstuhl für Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung (IMN) & Center, for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Michael Sekita
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & interdisziplinäres Zentrum für molekulare Materialien (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & interdisziplinäres Zentrum für molekulare Materialien (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Lehrstuhl für Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung (IMN) & Center, for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & interdisziplinäres Zentrum für molekulare Materialien (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Andrés Escosura
- Lehrstuhl der organischen Chemie Autonome Universität Madrid (UAM) c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
- Institut für moderne Forschung in Chemiewissenschaften (IAdChem) Autonome Universität Madrid (UAM) 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & interdisziplinäres Zentrum für molekulare Materialien (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Tomás Torres
- Lehrstuhl der organischen Chemie Autonome Universität Madrid (UAM) c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
- Institut für moderne Forschung in Chemiewissenschaften (IAdChem) Autonome Universität Madrid (UAM) 28049 Madrid Spanien
- IMDEA-Institut für Nanowissenschaften c/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
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Anaya‐Plaza E, Joseph J, Bauroth S, Wagner M, Dolle C, Sekita M, Gröhn F, Spiecker E, Clark T, de la Escosura A, Guldi DM, Torres T. Synergy of Electrostatic and π-π Interactions in the Realization of Nanoscale Artificial Photosynthetic Model Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18786-18794. [PMID: 32652750 PMCID: PMC7590087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the scientific race to build up photoactive electron donor-acceptor systems with increasing efficiencies, little is known about the interplay of their building blocks when integrated into supramolecular nanoscale arrays, particularly in aqueous environments. Here, we describe an aqueous donor-acceptor ensemble whose emergence as a nanoscale material renders it remarkably stable and efficient. We have focused on a tetracationic zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) featuring pyrenes, which shows an unprecedented mode of aggregation, driven by subtle cooperation between electrostatic and π-π interactions. Our studies demonstrate monocrystalline growth in solution and a symmetry-breaking intermolecular charge transfer between adjacent ZnPcs upon photoexcitation. Immobilizing a negatively charged fullerene (C60 ) as electron acceptor onto the monocrystalline ZnPc assemblies was found to enhance the overall stability, and to suppress the energy-wasting charge recombination found in the absence of C60 . Overall, the resulting artificial photosynthetic model system exhibits a high degree of preorganization, which facilitates efficient charge separation and subsequent charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Anaya‐Plaza
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
| | - Jan Joseph
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Stefan Bauroth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Dolle
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Michael Sekita
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)28049MadridSpain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)28049MadridSpain
- IMDEA-Nanocienciac/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
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8
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Martín-Gomis L, Seetharaman S, Herrero D, Karr PA, Fernández-Lázaro F, D'Souza F, Sastre-Santos Á. Distance-Dependent Electron Transfer Kinetics in Axially Connected Silicon Phthalocyanine-Fullerene Conjugates. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2254-2262. [PMID: 33448590 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of donor-acceptor distance in controlling the rate of electron transfer in axially linked silicon phthalocyanine-C60 dyads has been investigated. For this, two C60-SiPc-C60 dyads, 1 and 2, varying in their donor-acceptor distance, have been newly synthesized and characterized. In the case of C60-SiPc-C60 1 where the SiPc and C60 are separated by a phenyl spacer, faster electron transfer was observed with kcs equal to 2.7×109 s-1 in benzonitrile. However, in the case of C60-SiPc-C60 2, where SiPc and C60 are separated by a biphenyl spacer, a slower electron transfer rate constant, kcs=9.1×108 s-1, was recorded. The addition of an extra phenyl spacer in 2 increased the donor-acceptor distance by ∼4.3 Å, and consequently, slowed down the electron transfer rate constant by a factor of ∼3.7. The charge separated state lasted over 3 ns, monitoring time window of our femtosecond transient spectrometer. Complimentary nanosecond transient absorption studies revealed formation of 3SiPc* as the end product and suggested the final lifetime of the charge separated state to be in the 3-20 ns range. Energy level diagrams established to comprehend these mechanistic details indicated that the comparatively high-energy SiPc.+-C60 .- charge separated states (1.57 eV) populated the low-lying 3SiPc* (1.26 eV) prior returning to the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martín-Gomis
- División de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas at Denton, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - David Herrero
- División de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 1111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, USA
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- División de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas at Denton, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- División de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
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9
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Preparation of Phthalocyanine Immobilized Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposites for Decoloration of Dye Wastewater: Key Role of Spacers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8071021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Kong X, Gong H, Liu P, Yao W, Liu Z, Wang G, Zhang S, He Z. Synthesis and investigation on optoelectronic properties of mesogenic triphenylene–perylene dyads linked by ethynylphenyl bridges. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04328g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Columnar mesogenic dyads consisting of triphenylene and perylene units are a novel kind of single-component photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Kong
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Hongkang Gong
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Wei Yao
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Zheng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Guixia Wang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Zhiqun He
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Optoelectronic Technology
- Beijing Jiaotong University
- Beijing 100044
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