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Sharma B, Gadi R. Analytical Tools and Methods for Explosive Analysis in Forensics: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-27. [PMID: 37934616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2274927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes (i) compositions and types of improvised explosive devices; (ii) the process of collection, extraction and analysis of explosive evidence encountered in explosive and related cases; (iii) inter-comparison of analytical techniques; (iv) the challenges and prospects of explosive detection technology. The highlights of this study include extensive information regarding the National & International standards specified by USEPA, ASTM, and so on, for explosives detection. The holistic development of analytical tools for explosive analysis ranging from conventional methods to advanced analytical tools is also covered in this article. The most important aspect of this review is to make forensic scientists familiar with the challenges during explosive analysis and the steps to avoid them. The problems during analysis can be analyte-based, that is, interferences due to matrix or added molding/stabilizing agents, trace amount of parent explosives in post-blast samples and many more. Others are techniques-based challenges viz. specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity of the technique. Thus, it has become a primary concern to adopt rapid, field deployable, and highly sensitive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
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Klapec DJ, Czarnopys G, Pannuto J. Interpol review of the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2023; 6:100298. [PMID: 36685733 PMCID: PMC9845958 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Klapec
- Arson and Explosives Section I, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Greg Czarnopys
- Forensic Services, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Julie Pannuto
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
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Lafzi F, Taskesenligil Y, Canımkurbey B, Pıravadılı S, Kilic H, Saracoglu N. Four-Winged Propeller-Shaped Indole-Modified and Indole-Substituted Tetraphenylethylenes: Greenish-Blue Emitters with Aggregation-Induced Emission Features for Conventional Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44322-44337. [PMID: 36506174 PMCID: PMC9730769 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is an extraordinary photochemical phenomenon described by Tang's group in 2001, where the aggregation of some organic molecules enhances their light emission by limiting intramolecular activity in the aggregate state. This phenomenon offers new opportunities for researchers due to its potential applications in optoelectronics, energy, and biophysics. Tetraphenylethylenes (TPEs) are reliable AIE luminogens with a wide range of successful applications in material chemistry. To expand the library of AIE-active TPEs, both a series of TPE analogues, in which the phenyl rotor has been replaced by the indole ring, and indole-substituted TPE derivatives were designed and synthesized through vinyl-aryl and aryl-aryl bond formations using the Suzuki coupling reaction. Efficient synthetic routes that delivered indole-modified and indole-substituted TPEs have been developed, and almost all heterocyclic TPE analogues have demonstrated AIE behavior. Furthermore, to test whether the indole ring can be diversified, two title compounds were converted to a series of bis(indolyl)methane (BIM), and these BIM-TPE materials showed typical AIE properties. Interestingly, two compounds indicated a solvent vapor fuming reversible switch between bright blue emission and greenish-yellow emission. Upon fuming with dichloromethane, their fluorescence spectra showed 8 and 32 nm red-shift and could return to the original state after fuming with hexane. Furthermore, we have explored the effects of replacing the phenyl ring in TPE with indole together with the substitution of TPE with indole ring(s) on the performance of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device applications. In addition, density functional theory calculations; the optical, electrochemical, light emission, electroluminescence characteristics; and admittance spectroscopic analysis of OLED devices of four representative TPEs have been investigated in detail. As a result, the indole-TPEs are potential blue emitters with AIE features for conventional OLEDs, which is a significant color in displays and lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferruh Lafzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk
University, Erzurum25240, Türkiye
| | - Yunus Taskesenligil
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk
University, Erzurum25240, Türkiye
| | - Betül Canımkurbey
- Sabuncuoglu
Serefeddin Health Services Vocational School, Amasya University, Amasya05100, Türkiye
| | - Selin Pıravadılı
- Materials
Technologies, Marmara Research Center (MAM), The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Gebze, Kocaeli 41470, Türkiye
| | - Haydar Kilic
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk
University, Erzurum25240, Türkiye
| | - Nurullah Saracoglu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk
University, Erzurum25240, Türkiye
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Górski K, Mech-Piskorz J, Pietraszkiewicz M. From truxenes to heterotruxenes: playing with heteroatoms and the symmetry of molecules. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00816e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the modification of truxene, we can change the electronic structure or create multidimensional materials. Thus, the use of truxenes is very wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Górski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Justyna Mech-Piskorz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marek Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
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Williams JOD, Solan GA, Xu J, Allen J, Harris RC, Timmermann VM. Investigating Branched Polyethylene Sensors for Applications in Prosthetics. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie O. D. Williams
- School of Physics and Astronomy University of Leicester University Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Gregory A. Solan
- School of Chemistry University of Leicester University Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Jinting Xu
- School of Chemistry University of Leicester University Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Jack Allen
- School of Chemistry University of Leicester University Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Rob C. Harris
- School of Chemistry University of Leicester University Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
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Li H, Yang T, Wang J, Xie N, Wang Q, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Liang B. Highly Efficient Orange-Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Compounds Comprising Dual Dicyano-Substituted Pyrazine/Quinoxaline Acceptors. Chempluschem 2021; 86:95-102. [PMID: 33394570 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The π-conjugation of molecules has a large influence on their excited state properties, especially for red thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials. Two orange-red TADF compounds comprising dual dicyano-substituted pyrazine/quinoxaline acceptors have been designed and synthesized. TPA-2DCNQ (3,3'-((phenylazanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(2-phenylquinoxaline-6,7-dicarbonitrile) with extended π-conjugated quinoxaline as the acceptor exhibits higher photoluminescence quantum yields (ca. 0.67-0.71) in doped films. A smaller energy splitting (ΔEst ) between the first singlet excited state and triplet excited state is also achieved, indicating that extending the π-conjugation of the acceptor rationally is an effective approach to designing highly efficient long-wavelength TADF materials. Devices with TPA-2DCNQ as the emitter display maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 12.6-14.0 %, which are more than twice those of devices containing TPA-2DCNPZ (6,6'-((phenylazanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(5-phenylpyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejun Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.,Jihua Laboratory, 13 Nanpingxi Road, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Tong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ning Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Qingyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yincai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Baoyan Liang
- Jihua Laboratory, 13 Nanpingxi Road, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
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