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Bauer J, Benz M, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. Chemistry of 2,5-diaminotetrazole. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11806-11813. [PMID: 35861528 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01480g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,5-Diaminotetrazole is one of the most prominent high-nitrogen tetrazole compounds described in the literature. Interestingly the isomer 2,5-diaminotetrazole is nearly undescribed due to its challenging synthetic routes. 2,5-Diaminotetrazol (1) was successfully synthesized via amination of 5-aminotetrazole followed by various purification steps to separate it from isomeric 1,5-diaminotetrazole. In addition to the extensive characterization of 2,5-DAT further derivates by protonation, methylation and amination of the tetrazole ring were synthesized and characterized. The resulting tri-functionalized, ionic tetrazolium derivatives were combined with energetic anions (nitrate, perchlorate, azide, 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (BTO2-)) to adjust and tune the properties of each compound. All compounds were intensively characterized including IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, thermal analysis through DTA, X-ray diffraction and sensitivity testing. The purity was verified by CHNO elemental analysis and the energetic properties were calculated using the EXPLO5 code and the calculated enthalpy of formation (CBS-4M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Benz
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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2
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Zuckerman JE, Manship TD, Smith DM, Piercey DG. Synthesis of 5-Nitrotetrazolate via the Aqueous Oxidation of 5-Aminotetrazole. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jake E. Zuckerman
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 W Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tim D. Manship
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dawson M. Smith
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 W Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Davin G. Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 W Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Creegan SE, Zeller M, Byrd EFC, Piercey DG. Titanium Superoxide for the Oxidation of Amines: Synthesis of bis(3‐nitro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐yl)methane and its Metal Salts. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Creegan
- School of Materials Engineering Purdue Energetics Research Center Purdue University 205 Gates Road West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | | | - Davin G. Piercey
- School of Materials Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue Energetics Research Center Purdue University 205 Gates Road West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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4
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Muir RH, Bragg J, Pearsall A, Jorgensen M, Sims B, Yonoski K, Mehta N, Salan JS. Development of a Safe Continuous Process to Sodium Nitrotetrazolate via Solid Phase “Catch and Release”. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Muir
- Nalas Engineering Services, Inc., 85 Westbrook Road, Centerbrook, Connecticut 06409, United States
| | - Jon Bragg
- Nalas Engineering Services, Inc., 85 Westbrook Road, Centerbrook, Connecticut 06409, United States
| | - Andrew Pearsall
- Nalas Engineering Services, Inc., 85 Westbrook Road, Centerbrook, Connecticut 06409, United States
| | - Matthew Jorgensen
- Nalas Engineering Services, Inc., 85 Westbrook Road, Centerbrook, Connecticut 06409, United States
| | - Brittany Sims
- Nalas Engineering Services, Inc., 85 Westbrook Road, Centerbrook, Connecticut 06409, United States
| | - Kyle Yonoski
- Nalas Engineering Services, Inc., 85 Westbrook Road, Centerbrook, Connecticut 06409, United States
| | - Neha Mehta
- U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey 07885, United States
| | - Jerry S. Salan
- Nalas Engineering Services, Inc., 85 Westbrook Road, Centerbrook, Connecticut 06409, United States
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5
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Yocca SR, Yount J, Zeller M, Byrd EFC, Piercey DG. 1,3,4,5-Tetraamino-1,2,4-triazolium Cation: An Energetic Moiety. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9645-9652. [PMID: 34115475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The amination of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole with O-tosylhydroxylamine yielded the nitrogen-rich 1,3,4,5-tetraamino-1,2,4-triazolium cation as its tosylate salt. Subsequent metathesis reactions produced energetic salts with various energetic anions, including perchlorate, nitrate, nitrotetrazolate, and bistetrazolate diolate. All energetic salts possess relatively high heats of formation, thermal sensitivities, and detonation velocities and pressures. The prepared energetic salts were characterized chemically using single-crystal X-ray crystallography, elemental analysis, and 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy and energetically by measuring their thermal, impact, and friction sensitivities. 15N NMR was carried out on the tosylate salt. Energetic performances were determined by a combined experimental-computational method using calculated heats of formation and experimental crystal densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian R Yocca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Joseph Yount
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Edward F C Byrd
- Detonation Sciences & Modeling Branch, CCDC U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Davin G Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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6
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Abstract
First investigation of this new energetic cation, which may greatly expand the range of possible energetic salts available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Gettings
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University
- West Lafayette
| | - Edward F. C. Byrd
- Detonation Sciences & Modeling Branch, CCDC U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground
- USA
| | | | - Davin Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University
- West Lafayette
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