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Western Diet Causes Obesity-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development by Differentially Compromising the Autophagic Response. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100995. [PMID: 33076261 PMCID: PMC7602470 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the development of steatosis, which can ultimately compromise liver function. Mitochondria are key players in obesity-induced metabolic disorders; however, the distinct role of hypercaloric diet constituents in hepatic cellular oxidative stress and metabolism is unknown. Male mice were fed either a high-fat (HF) diet, a high-sucrose (HS) diet or a combined HF plus HS (HFHS) diet for 16 weeks. This study shows that hypercaloric diets caused steatosis; however, the HFHS diet induced severe fibrotic phenotype. At the mitochondrial level, lipidomic analysis showed an increased cardiolipin content for all tested diets. Despite this, no alterations were found in the coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and neither in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Consistent with unchanged mitochondrial function, no alterations in mitochondrial-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant capacity were found. In contrast, the HF and HS diets caused lipid peroxidation and provoked altered antioxidant enzyme levels/activities in liver tissue. Our work provides evidence that hepatic oxidative damage may be caused by augmented levels of peroxisomes and consequently higher peroxisomal FAO-induced ROS in the early NAFLD stage. Hepatic damage is also associated with autophagic flux impairment, which was demonstrated to be diet-type dependent. The HS diet induced a reduction in autophagosomal formation, while the HF diet reduced levels of cathepsins. The accumulation of damaged organelles could instigate hepatocyte injuries and NAFLD progression.
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Current Models of Fatty Liver Disease; New Insights, Therapeutic Targets and Interventions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:33-58. [PMID: 30919331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of disorders ranging from simple steatosis to steatosis with inflammation and fibrosis. NAFLD is currently the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, with a global prevalence of 25%, and is soon projected to be the leading cause for liver transplantation in the US. Alarmingly, few effective pharmacotherapeutic approaches are currently available to block or attenuate development and progression of NAFLD. Preclinical models are critical for unraveling the complex and multi-factorial etiology of NAFLD and for testing potential therapeutics. Here we review preclinical models that have been instrumental in highlighting molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD and in facilitating early proof-of-concept investigations into novel intervention strategies.
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Stephenson K, Kennedy L, Hargrove L, Demieville J, Thomson J, Alpini G, Francis H. Updates on Dietary Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Studies and Insights. Gene Expr 2018; 18:5-17. [PMID: 29096730 PMCID: PMC5860971 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15093707969658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease of increasing interest, as its prevalence is on the rise. NAFLD has been linked to metabolic syndrome, which is becoming more common due to the Western diet. Because NAFLD can lead to cirrhosis and related complications including hepatocellular carcinoma, the increasing prevalence is concerning, and medical therapy aimed at treating NAFLD is of great interest. Researchers studying the effects of medical therapy on NAFLD use dietary mouse models. The two main types of mouse model diets are the methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet and the Western-like diet (WD). Although both induce NAFLD, the mechanisms are very different. We reviewed several studies conducted within the last 5 years that used MCD diet or WD mouse models in order to mimic this disease in a way most similar to humans. The MCD diet inconsistently induces NAFLD and fibrosis and does not completely induce metabolic syndrome. Thus, the clinical significance of the MCD diet is questionable. In contrast, WD mouse models consisting of high fat, cholesterol, and a combination of high-fructose corn syrup, sucrose, fructose, or glucose not only lead to metabolic syndrome but also induce NAFLD with fibrosis, making these choices most suitable for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Stephenson
- *Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- †Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- ‡Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Laura Hargrove
- ‡Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
| | | | - Joanne Thomson
- †Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- *Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA
- †Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- ‡Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- *Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA
- †Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- ‡Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
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Friedman JE, Dobrinskikh E, Alfonso‐Garcia A, Fast A, Janssen RC, Soderborg TK, Anderson AL, Reisz JA, D'Alessandro A, Frank DN, Robertson CE, de la Houssaye BA, Johnson LK, Orlicky DJ, Wang XX, Levi M, Potma EO, El Kasmi KC, Jonscher KR. Pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents developmental programming of microbial dysbiosis and macrophage polarization to attenuate liver fibrosis in offspring of obese mice. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:313-328. [PMID: 29507905 PMCID: PMC5831029 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, evidence suggests that exposure to maternal obesity creates an inflammatory environment in utero, exerting long-lasting postnatal signatures on the juvenile innate immune system and microbiome that may predispose offspring to development of fatty liver disease. We found that exposure to a maternal Western-style diet (WD) accelerated fibrogenesis in the liver of offspring and was associated with early recruitment of proinflammatory macrophages at 8-12 weeks and microbial dysbiosis as early as 3 weeks of age. We further demonstrated that bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were polarized toward an inflammatory state at 8 weeks of age and that a potent antioxidant, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), reversed BMDM metabolic reprogramming from glycolytic toward oxidative metabolism by restoring trichloroacetic acid cycle function at isocitrate dehydrogenase. This resulted in reduced inflammation and inhibited collagen fibril formation in the liver at 20 weeks of age, even when PQQ was withdrawn at 3 weeks of age. Beginning at 3 weeks of age, WD-fed mice developed a decreased abundance of Parabacteroides and Lactobacillus, together with increased Ruminococcus and decreased tight junction gene expression by 20 weeks, whereas microbiota of mice exposed to PQQ retained compositional stability with age, which was associated with improved liver health. Conclusion: Exposure to a maternal WD induces early gut dysbiosis and disrupts intestinal tight junctions, resulting in BMDM polarization and induction of proinflammatory and profibrotic programs in the offspring that persist into adulthood. Disrupted macrophage and microbiota function can be attenuated by short-term maternal treatment with PQQ prior to weaning, suggesting that reshaping the early gut microbiota in combination with reprogramming macrophages during early weaning may alleviate the sustained proinflammatory environment, preventing the rapid progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in offspring of obese mothers. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:313-328).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - Alba Alfonso‐Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Beckman Laser InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine, IrvineCA
| | - Alexander Fast
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Beckman Laser InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine, IrvineCA
| | | | | | - Aimee L. Anderson
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Digestive Disease Institute and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoxin X. Wang
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - Eric O. Potma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Beckman Laser InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine, IrvineCA
| | - Karim C. El Kasmi
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Digestive Disease Institute and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Karen R. Jonscher
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
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Verbeek J, Spincemaille P, Vanhorebeek I, Van den Berghe G, Vander Elst I, Windmolders P, van Pelt J, van der Merwe S, Bedossa P, Nevens F, Cammue B, Thevissen K, Cassiman D. Dietary intervention, but not losartan, completely reverses non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese and insulin resistant mice. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:46. [PMID: 28231800 PMCID: PMC5324232 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary intervention is the cornerstone of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) treatment. However, histological evidence of its efficacy is limited and its impact on hepatic pathways involved in NASH is underreported. The efficacy of the angiotensin receptor type 1 blocker losartan is controversial because of varying results in a few animal and human studies. We evaluated the effect of dietary intervention versus losartan on NASH and associated systemic metabolic features in a representative mouse model. Methods Male C57BL/6 J mice with high fat-high sucrose diet (HF-HSD) induced NASH, obesity, insulin resistance and hypercholesterolemia were subjected to dietary intervention (switch from HF-HSD to normal chow diet (NCD)) (n = 9), continuation HF-HSD together with losartan (30 mg/kg/day) (n = 9) or continuation HF-HSD only (n = 9) for 8 weeks. 9 mice received NCD during the entire experiment (20 weeks). We assessed the systemic metabolic effects and performed a detailed hepatic histological and molecular profiling. A P-value of < 0.05, using the group with continuation of HF-HSD only as control, was considered as statistically significant. Results Dietary intervention normalized obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercholesterolemia (for all P < 0.001), and remarkably, completely reversed all histological features of pre-existent NASH (for all P < 0.001), including fibrosis measured by quantification of collagen proportional area (P < 0.01). At the hepatic molecular level, dietary intervention targeted fibrogenesis with a normalization of collagen type I alpha 1, transforming growth factor β1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 mRNA levels (for all P < 0.01), lipid metabolism with a normalization of fatty acid translocase/CD36, fatty acid transport protein 5, fatty acid synthase mRNA levels (P < 0.05) and markers related to mitochondrial function with a normalization of hepatic ATP content (P < 0.05) together with sirtuin1 and uncoupling protein 2 mRNA levels (for both P < 0.001). Dietary intervention abolished p62 accumulation (P < 0.01), suggesting a restoration of autophagic flux. Losartan did not significantly affect obesity, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia or any histological NASH feature. Conclusions Dietary intervention, and not losartan, completely restores the metabolic phenotype in a representative mouse model with pre-existent NASH, obesity, insulin resistance and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jef Verbeek
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter Spincemaille
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vanhorebeek
- Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Vander Elst
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petra Windmolders
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos van Pelt
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Bedossa
- Department of Pathology, Hopital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Frederik Nevens
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Metabolic Center, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Jonscher KR, Stewart MS, Alfonso-Garcia A, DeFelice BC, Wang XX, Luo Y, Levi M, Heerwagen MJR, Janssen RC, de la Houssaye BA, Wiitala E, Florey G, Jonscher RL, Potma EO, Fiehn O, Friedman JE. Early PQQ supplementation has persistent long-term protective effects on developmental programming of hepatic lipotoxicity and inflammation in obese mice. FASEB J 2016; 31:1434-1448. [PMID: 28007783 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600906r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is widespread in adults and children. Early exposure to maternal obesity or Western-style diet (WD) increases steatosis and oxidative stress in fetal liver and is associated with lifetime disease risk in the offspring. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a natural antioxidant found in soil, enriched in human breast milk, and essential for development in mammals. We investigated whether a supplemental dose of PQQ, provided prenatally in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity during pregnancy, could protect obese offspring from progression of NAFLD. PQQ treatment given pre- and postnatally in WD-fed offspring had no effect on weight gain but increased metabolic flexibility while reducing body fat and liver lipids, compared with untreated obese offspring. Indices of NAFLD, including hepatic ceramide levels, oxidative stress, and expression of proinflammatory genes (Nos2, Nlrp3, Il6, and Ptgs2), were decreased in WD PQQ-fed mice, concomitant with increased expression of fatty acid oxidation genes and decreased Pparg expression. Notably, these changes persisted even after PQQ withdrawal at weaning. Our results suggest that supplementation with PQQ, particularly during pregnancy and lactation, protects offspring from WD-induced developmental programming of hepatic lipotoxicity and may help slow the advancing epidemic of NAFLD in the next generation.-Jonscher, K. R., Stewart, M. S., Alfonso-Garcia, A., DeFelice, B. C., Wang, X. X., Luo, Y., Levi, M., Heerwagen, M. J. R., Janssen, R. C., de la Houssaye, B. A., Wiitala, E., Florey, G., Jonscher, R. L., Potma, E. O., Fiehn, O. Friedman, J. E. Early PQQ supplementation has persistent long-term protective effects on developmental programming of hepatic lipotoxicity and inflammation in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Jonscher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA;
| | - Michael S Stewart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | | | - Brian C DeFelice
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Xiaoxin X Wang
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret J R Heerwagen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Rachel C Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Becky A de la Houssaye
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Ellen Wiitala
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Garrett Florey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA; and
| | - Raleigh L Jonscher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA; and
| | - Eric O Potma
- Beckman Laser Institute, and.,Department of Biomedical Engineering,University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA.,Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
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7
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Jacobs A, Warda A, Verbeek J, Cassiman D, Spincemaille P. An Overview of Mouse Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: From Past to Present. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:185-200. [DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ans Jacobs
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Anne‐Sophie Warda
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jef Verbeek
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Metabolic Center, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Pieter Spincemaille
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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