The positive and negative sleep appraisal measure: Towards a clinical validation of sleep spectrum cognitions

Validation of the Korean Version of the Positive and Negative Sleep Appraisal Measure (PANSAM) as a Tool for Evaluating Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep among the General Population

We explored the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Positive and Negative Sleep Appraisal Measure (PANSAM) scale using pre-existing sleep-related questionnaires among the general population. Through an online survey, data from 400 South Korean participants were collected from 10 to 18 January 2022. Symptoms were measured with the PANSAM, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the 16-item Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale (DBAS-16), the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES), and the discrepancy between desired time in bed and the desired total sleep time (DBST) index. The four PANSAM subscales were reliable and valid tools for measuring individuals’ dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the full-scale and four-factor model showed a good fit. The full scale and each subscale were significantly correlated with ISI, DBAS-16, and GSES scores. The DBST index was significantly correlated with Subscales 2 and 3. In conclusion, the Korean version of the PANSAM scale and its four subscales can be applied when clinicians measure dysfunctional beliefs regarding sleep among the general population in South Korea. The PANSAM should be explored among other clinical groups to elucidate its applicability as a trans-diagnostic tool while conducting cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.