1
|
Bhaskaran J, Afifi TO, Sareen J, Vincent N, Bolton JM. A cross-sectional examination of sudden-death bereavement in university students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1696-1704. [PMID: 34469263 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1947298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ObjectivesThe objective of this research was to determine the unique contributions of sudden death bereavement to the mental health of university students compared to non-sudden death bereaved university students. Methods: We surveyed 1047 bereaved university students (retention rate 92%) and compared the non-sudden death bereaved university student population to the sudden death bereaved university population on outcomes including mental health symptomatology, and complicated grief using logistic regressions. Results: Sixty two percent of the sample reported sudden death bereavement. There were no differences on measures of PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, suicidal ideation, and at-risk drinking behavior across types of bereavement. However, sudden death bereavement compared to general bereavement was associated with increased likelihood of complicated grief. Conclusions: Sudden death bereavement in university students is associated with elevated risk of complicated grief. These findings confirm previous research and provide more insight into the unique needs of university student coping with sudden loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bhaskaran
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Norah Vincent
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - James M Bolton
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scocco P, Idotta C, Mareschi T, Preti A. Do interpersonal events buffer or worsen depressive and grief related symptoms in people bereaved through suicide? DEATH STUDIES 2020; 46:1344-1353. [PMID: 33287686 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1855608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Life events can heighten emotional suffering related to the loss of a close relative or friend by suicide, while supportive social relationships may promote coping. We investigated the impact of stressful events and perceived social support on depressive and grief symptoms in 378 help-seeking Italians bereaved through suicide. While we did not observe a significant effect of interpersonal stressors, perceived social support did have a buffering role on the intensity of depressive symptoms but not of grief-related suffering. Focusing on expanding and capitalizing on clients' perceived social networks could strengthen postvention programs. Further research on the role of interpersonal factors is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Scocco
- SOPROXI Onlus, Padova, Italy
- Mental Health Department, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Tea Mareschi
- Institute for Psychosocial Prevention, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kealy D, Piper WE, Ogrodniczuk JS, Joyce AS, Weideman R. Individual goal achievement in group psychotherapy: The roles of psychological mindedness and group process in interpretive and supportive therapy for complicated grief. Clin Psychol Psychother 2018; 26:241-251. [PMID: 30511363 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ability to infer psychological meaning in behaviour-referred to as psychological mindedness-has been posited as a patient characteristic that contributes to the therapy process and consequently to therapeutic success. The present study was developed to examine the relationship between patients' psychological mindedness and improvement in patients' personal treatment goals in interpretive and supportive group therapies for complicated grief, along with patients' importance to group process. The study was conducted with a clinical sample of 109 patients (79% female; average 45 years old) receiving treatment for complicated grief. Patients provided severity of distress ratings for individual target objectives at pretreatment and posttreatment. Psychological mindedness was assessed prior to treatment using the video-based, interviewer-rated Psychological Mindedness Assessment Procedure. Patients' importance to the therapy process was rated by therapists and other patients in interpretive and supportive group therapy for complicated grief. Conditional process modelling tested whether psychological mindedness would contribute to patients' goal achievement through patients' importance to group process, moderated by type of therapy. A significant, conditional indirect effect was observed for psychological mindedness as a predictor of improvement in individual target objectives, through patients' importance to group process as rated by therapists, specifically in interpretive therapy. The findings indicate that patients' psychological mindedness significantly contributes to their achievement of individual goals through their contributions to group process in interpretive group therapy. Further research is needed to understand the facilitation of individual goal achievement in supportive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kealy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William E Piper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John S Ogrodniczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony S Joyce
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rene Weideman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smaling HJA, Joling KJ, van de Ven PM, Bosmans JE, Simard J, Volicer L, Achterberg WP, Francke AL, van der Steen JT. Effects of the Namaste Care Family programme on quality of life of nursing home residents with advanced dementia and on family caregiving experiences: study protocol of a cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e025411. [PMID: 30327407 PMCID: PMC6196971 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quality of life of people with advanced dementia living in nursing homes is often suboptimal. Family caregivers can feel frustrated with limited contact with their relatives, which results in visits that are perceived as stressful and not very meaningful. Few psychosocial interventions are specifically developed for people with advanced dementia, and actively involve family caregivers or volunteers. Also, interventions usually stop when it becomes difficult for people to participate. The Namaste Care Family programme aims to increase the quality of life of people with advanced dementia, and improve family caregiving experiences through connecting to people and making them comfortable. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Our study will evaluate the effects of the Namaste Care Family programme on quality of life of people with advanced dementia living in nursing homes and family caregiving experiences using a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Longitudinal analyses will be performed taking into account clustering at the nursing home level. Both a cost-effectiveness and a cost-utility analysis from a societal perspective will be performed. We will modify the Namaste Care Family programme to increase family and volunteer involvement in ongoing and end-of-life care. Data collection involves assessments by family caregivers, nursing staff and elderly care physicians using questionnaires, and observations by the researchers at baseline and multiple times over 12 months. The last questionnaire will be sent up to month 24 after the death of the person with dementia. During semistructured interviews, the feasibility, accessibility and sustainability of the Namaste Care Family programme will be assessed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol is approved by the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam (protocol no. 2016.399) and registered with the Nederlands Trial Register (NTR5692). The findings will be disseminated via publications in peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and presentations for healthcare professionals where appropriate. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NTR5692.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke J A Smaling
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karlijn J Joling
- Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van de Ven
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith E Bosmans
- Department of Health Sciences, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Simard
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ladislav Volicer
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Land O'Lakes, Florida, USA
| | - Wilco P Achterberg
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke L Francke
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny T van der Steen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hasson-Ohayon I, Peri T, Rotschild I, Tuval-Mashiach R. The Mediating Role of Integration of Loss in the Relationship Between Dissociation and Prolonged Grief Disorder. J Clin Psychol 2017; 73:1717-1728. [PMID: 28380271 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Findings from the field of trauma have shown that there is a negative relationship between dissociation and integration of loss into the self-narrative. At the same time, an increasing amount of literature on grief has stressed the importance of an integrated self-narrative in the grieving process. Accordingly, the current study examined the possible mediating role played by the extent to which individuals have integrated their loss into their self-narrative in the relationship between dissociation and symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD). METHOD The Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PGD-13), the Outcome Questionnaire, the Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale, the Dissociative Experiences Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire were administered to 66 individuals who had lost a loved one. RESULTS The hypothesized mediation model of integration was confirmed. CONCLUSION The effect of people's dissociative tendencies on their PGD symptoms seems to occur via the impairment of their ability to integrate the memory of their loss into their general autobiographical memory. Empirical and clinical implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuvia Peri
- Bar-Ilan University, Department of Psychology, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Itai Rotschild
- Bar-Ilan University, Department of Psychology, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Verhofstede R, Smets T, Cohen J, Costantini M, Van Den Noortgate N, Deliens L. Improving end-of-life care in acute geriatric hospital wards using the Care Programme for the Last Days of Life: study protocol for a phase 3 cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2015; 15:13. [PMID: 25887959 PMCID: PMC4340777 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-015-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Care Programme for the Last Days of Life has been developed to improve the quality of end-of-life care in acute geriatric hospital wards. The programme is based on existing end-of-life care programmes but modeled to the acute geriatric care setting. There is a lack of evidence of the effectiveness of end-of-life care programmes and the effects that may be achieved in patients dying in an acute geriatric hospital setting are unknown. The aim of this paper is to describe the research protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of the Care Programme for the Last Days of Life. Methods and design A cluster randomized controlled trial will be conducted. Ten hospitals with one or more acute geriatric wards will conduct a one-year baseline assessment during which care will be provided as usual. For each patient dying in the ward, a questionnaire will be filled in by a nurse, a physician and a family carer. At the end of the baseline assessment hospitals will be randomized to receive intervention (implementation of the Care Programme) or no intervention. Subsequently, the Care Programme will be implemented in the intervention hospitals over a six-month period. A one-year post-intervention assessment will be performed immediately after the baseline assessment in the control hospitals and after the implementation period in the intervention hospitals. Primary outcomes are symptom frequency and symptom burden of patients in the last 48 hours of life. Discussion This will be the first cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of the Care Programme for the Last Days of Life for the acute geriatric hospital setting. The results will enable us to evaluate whether implementation of the Care Programme has positive effects on end-of-life care during the last days of life in this patient population and which components of the Care Programme contribute to improving the quality of end-of-life care. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01890239. Registered June 24th, 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Verhofstede
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) & Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tinne Smets
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) & Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Joachim Cohen
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) & Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Massimo Costantini
- Palliative Care Unit, IRCCS Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | | | - Luc Deliens
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) & Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schaal S, Richter A, Elbert T. Prolonged grief disorder and depression in a German community sample. DEATH STUDIES 2014; 38:476-481. [PMID: 24758218 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2013.809032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine rates and risk factors for prolonged grief and to investigate the association between prolonged grief and depression. The authors interviewed a heterogeneous bereaved sample of 61 Germans, 6 of whom had prolonged grief and depression, respectively. The 2 syndromes were strongly linked to one another. Risk factors for prolonged grief were being a woman and having high levels of religious beliefs and low levels of satisfaction with one's religious beliefs, emotional closeness to the deceased, and unanticipated loss. Symptoms of prolonged grief may endure years post-loss and often overlap with depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schaal
- a Department of Psychology , University of Konstanz , Konstanz , Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nickerson A, Liddell BJ, Maccallum F, Steel Z, Silove D, Bryant RA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:106. [PMID: 24712883 PMCID: PMC3998219 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While a large proportion of conflict-affected populations have been dually exposed to trauma and loss, there is inadequate research identifying differential symptom profiles related to bereavement and trauma exposure in these groups. The objective of this study were to (1) determine whether there are distinct classes of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and prolonged grief disorder (PGD) symptoms in bereaved trauma survivors exposed to conflict and persecution, and (2) examine whether particular types of refugee experiences and stressors differentially predict symptom profiles. METHODS Participants were 248 Mandaean adult refugees who were assessed at an average of 4.3 years since entering Australia following persecution in Iraq. PTSD, PGD, trauma exposure, adjustment difficulties since relocation, and English proficiency were measured. Latent class analysis was used to elucidate symptom profiles of PTSD and PGD in this sample. RESULTS Latent class analysis revealed four classes of participants: a combined PTSD/PGD class (16%), a predominantly PTSD class (25%), a predominantly PGD class (16%), and a resilient class (43%). Whereas membership in the PTSD/PGD class was predicted by exposure to traumatic loss, those in the PGD class were more likely to have experienced adaptation difficulties since relocation, and individuals in the PTSD class were more likely to have experienced difficulties related to loss of culture and support. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that specific symptom patterns emerge following exposure to mass trauma and loss. These profiles are associated with distinct types of traumatic experiences and post-migration living difficulties. These results have substantial public health implications for assessment and intervention following mass trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nickerson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Belinda J Liddell
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Fiona Maccallum
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zachary Steel
- Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Derrick Silove
- Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Bereavement is a common experience in adults aged 60 and older. Loss of a loved one usually leads to acute grief characterized by yearning and longing, decreased interest in ongoing activities, and frequent thoughts of the deceased. For most, acute grief naturally evolves into a state of integrated grief, where the bereaved is able to reengage with everyday activities and find interest or pleasure. About 7 % of bereaved older adults, however, will develop the mental health condition of Complicated Grief (CG). In CG, the movement from acute to integrated grief is derailed, and grief symptoms remain severe and impairing. This article reviews recent publications on the diagnosis of CG, risk factors for the condition and evidenced-based treatments for CG. Greater attention to CG detection and treatment in older adults is needed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Boelen PA. Symptoms of prolonged grief, depression, and adult separation anxiety: distinctiveness and correlates. Psychiatry Res 2013; 207:68-72. [PMID: 23068081 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a disorder distinct from other disorders including major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to extend this research by examining the distinctiveness of symptoms of PGD relative to symptoms of adult separation anxiety disorder, also taking into account depression. Data were available from 205 bereaved individuals who completed measures tapping these symptoms together with a complementary measure of mental and physical health. Findings showed that symptoms of PGD, depression, and adult separation anxiety disorder were better conceptualized as distinct dimensions instead of a unitary dimension of distress. Correlations between the three symptom clusters were moderate to large. Cause of loss was the single variable that was associated with all three symptom clusters with loss due to violent cause giving rise to more severe symptoms. All three symptom clusters were associated with lower concurrent mental and physical health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Boelen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Three studies using independent samples of bereaved individuals were conducted to examine the association of self-concept clarity (SCC) with symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), a debilitating syndrome than can develop after bereavement. Study 1 (N = 67) showed that lower SCC was associated with greater PGD severity, independent from self-concept content change. Using a retrospective design, Study 2 (N = 116) showed that a loss can coincide with a decline in SCC, the magnitude of which was associated with acute PGD severity. Study 2 also showed that the maintenance of PGD symptoms over time was associated with a smaller increase in SCC beyond the first month of bereavement and not with this acute SCC decline. Using a prospective-longitudinal design, Study 3 (N = 121) showed that the impact of lower SCC on concurrent and prospective PGD severity was mediated by lower self-esteem, depressive avoidance, and rumination. Moreover, lower initial SCC predicted PGD severity 6 months later.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Boelen
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|