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Gould AL, Campbell RK, Loewy JW, Beckman RA, Dey J, Schiel A, Burman CF, Zhou J, Antonijevic Z, Miller ER, Tang R. A framework for assessing the impact of accelerated approval. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265712. [PMID: 35749431 PMCID: PMC9231718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The FDA's Accelerated Approval program (AA) is a regulatory program to expedite availability of products to treat serious or life-threatening illnesses that lack effective treatment alternatives. Ideally, all of the many stakeholders such as patients, physicians, regulators, and health technology assessment [HTA] agencies that are affected by AA should benefit from it. In practice, however, there is intense debate over whether evidence supporting AA is sufficient to meet the needs of the stakeholders who collectively bring an approved product into routine clinical care. As AAs have become more common, it becomes essential to be able to determine their impact objectively and reproducibly in a way that provides for consistent evaluation of therapeutic decision alternatives. We describe the basic features of an approach for evaluating AA impact that accommodates stakeholder-specific views about potential benefits, risks, and costs. The approach is based on a formal decision-analytic framework combining predictive distributions for therapeutic outcomes (efficacy and safety) based on statistical models that incorporate findings from AA trials with stakeholder assessments of various actions that might be taken. The framework described here provides a starting point for communicating the value of a treatment granted AA in the context of what is important to various stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lawrence Gould
- Methodology Research, BARDS, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert K. Campbell
- Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - John W. Loewy
- DataForethought, Winchester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Beckman
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jyotirmoy Dey
- Data and Statistical Sciences, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anja Schiel
- Department for Pharmacoeconomics, Norwegian Medicines Agency, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Joey Zhou
- Xcovery Pharmaceuticals, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Eva R. Miller
- Independent Biostatistical Consultant, Middletown Twp, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rui Tang
- Methodology and Data Visualization, Biostatistics Department, Servier Pharmaceuticals US, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Chisholm O, Sharry P, Phillips L. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Benefit-Risk Analysis by National Regulatory Authorities. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:820335. [PMID: 35096913 PMCID: PMC8790083 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.820335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval process for pharmaceuticals has always included a consideration of the trade-offs between benefits and risks. Until recently, these trade-offs have been made in panel discussions without using a decision model to explicitly consider what these trade-offs might be. Recently, the EMA and the FDA have embraced Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) as a methodology for making approval decisions. MCDA offers an approach for improving the quality of these decisions and, in particular, by using quantitative and qualitative data in a structured decision model to make trade-offs in a logical, transparent and auditable way. This paper will review the recent use of MCDA by the FDA and EMA and recommend its wider adoption by other National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orin Chisholm
- PharmMed, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,People and Decisions, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick Sharry
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,The University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lawrence Phillips
- Decision Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
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The Integrated Review: FDA Modernizes the Review of New Drug Marketing Applications. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020; 55:467-472. [PMID: 33236259 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-020-00240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
New Drug Applications and Biologics Licensing Applications submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are reviewed by an interdisciplinary team of regulatory scientists that includes medical officers, clinical pharmacologists, toxicologists, statisticians, and drug labeling experts. Upon review of an applicant's submitted evidence from nonclinical studies, clinical trials, and manufacturing capabilities, the review team evaluates the benefits and risks of the drug and makes a scientifically-informed decision. As part of a multi-year, multi-phase New Drugs Regulatory Program Modernization effort, the FDA has recently redesigned how it reviews and documents its decisions with regard to marketing applications. This article describes the origins and rationale of the new Integrated Assessment process and Integrated Review document, summarizes how these differ from the FDA's traditional review of marketing applications, and discusses what industry can expect from a modernized drug review.
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Raju GK, Khozin S, Gurumurthi K, Domike R, Woodcock J. Patient-Centered Approach to Benefit-Risk Characterization Using Number Needed to Benefit and Number Needed to Harm: Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2020; 4:769-783. [PMID: 32853030 DOI: 10.1200/cci.19.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This work summarizes the benefit and risk of the results of clinical trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration of therapies for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using number needed to benefit (NNB) and number needed to harm (NNH) metrics. NNB and NNH metrics have been reported as potentially being more patient centric and more intuitive to medical practitioners than more common metrics, such as the hazard ratio, and valuable to medical practitioners in complementing other metrics, such as the median time to event. This approach involved the characterization of efficacy and safety results in terms of NNB and NNH of 30 clinical trials in advanced NSCLC supporting US Food and Drug Administration approval decisions from 2003 to 2017. We assessed trends of NNB over time of treatment (eg, for programmed death 1 inhibitors) and variation of NNB across subpopulations (eg, characterized by epidermal growth factor receptor mutation, programmed death ligand 1 expression, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, age, and extent of disease progression). Furthermore, the evolution of NNB of treatments for advanced NSCLC was charted from 2003 to 2017. Across subpopulations, NNB, on average, was 4 patients for approved targeted therapies in molecularly enriched populations, 11 patients for approved therapies in nonmolecularly enriched populations, and 23 patients for withdrawn or unapproved therapies. Furthermore, the NNB analysis showed variation for attributes of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations, level of programmed death 1 expression, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, etc. When considering the best-case subpopulations and available drugs, the NNB frontier reduced from an estimated value of 7.7 in 2003 to an estimated value of 2.5 in 2017 at the estimated median overall survival-equal to 6 months-of an untreated patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokaraju K Raju
- Light Pharma, Cambridge, MA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sean Khozin
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | | | - Reuben Domike
- Light Pharma, Cambridge, MA.,Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
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Sun S, Heske S, Mercadel M, Wimmer J. Predicting Regulatory Product Approvals Using a Proposed Quantitative Version of FDA's Benefit-Risk Framework to Calculate Net-Benefit Score and Benefit-Risk Ratio. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020; 55:129-137. [PMID: 32643080 PMCID: PMC7785542 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-020-00197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Approval of regulated medical products in the USA is based upon a rigorous review of the benefits and risks as performed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) staff of scientists and is summarized in a descriptive and qualitative format called the FDA’s Benefit–Risk Framework (BRF). This present method highlights the key factors in regulatory decision-making, but does not clearly define the reason for its final approval. Method This study proposes a quantitative version of FDA’s BRF to calculate a Net-Benefit Score and a Benefit–Risk Ratio as a method to define a single-value summary of the tradeoffs between benefits and risks and allow comparisons among other products. In this retrospective review of five years of new molecular entities and new biologic (N = 185 products) regulatory decision-making, this proposed scoring system codifies and quantitates the information about a product’s benefits, risks, and risk management information in a format that may predict why regulated medical products are approved in the USA. Results Simple calculation of codified benefits, risks, and risk mitigations with numerical limits is proposed to provide a repeatable process and transparency for documenting the net-benefit of regulatory product approval. Conclusion Use of a strict process of collecting, codifying, and analyzing public information to determine a Net-Benefit score and a Benefit–Risk Ratio is possible to anticipate regulatory product approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sun
- Syneos Health, 1030 Sync Street, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA.
| | - Suzanne Heske
- Syneos Health, 1030 Sync Street, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | | | - Jean Wimmer
- Syneos Health, 1030 Sync Street, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
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