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Bonate PL, Barrett JS, Ait-Oudhia S, Brundage R, Corrigan B, Duffull S, Gastonguay M, Karlsson MO, Kijima S, Krause A, Lovern M, Riggs MM, Neely M, Ouellet D, Plan EL, Rao GG, Standing J, Wilkins J, Zhu H. Training the next generation of pharmacometric modelers: a multisector perspective. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2024; 51:5-31. [PMID: 37573528 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-023-09878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The current demand for pharmacometricians outmatches the supply provided by academic institutions and considerable investments are made to develop the competencies of these scientists on-the-job. Even with the observed increase in academic programs related to pharmacometrics, this need is unlikely to change in the foreseeable future, as the demand and scope of pharmacometrics applications keep expanding. Further, the field of pharmacometrics is changing. The field largely started when Lewis Sheiner and Stuart Beal published their seminal papers on population pharmacokinetics in the late 1970's and early 1980's and has continued to grow in impact and use since its inception. Physiological-based pharmacokinetics and systems pharmacology have grown rapidly in scope and impact in the last decade and machine learning is just on the horizon. While all these methodologies are categorized as pharmacometrics, no one person can be an expert in everything. So how do you train future pharmacometricians? Leading experts in academia, industry, contract research organizations, clinical medicine, and regulatory gave their opinions on how to best train future pharmacometricians. Their opinions were collected and synthesized to create some general recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Brundage
- Metrum Research Group, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Stephen Duffull
- Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Shinichi Kijima
- Office of New Drug V, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Mark Lovern
- Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Certara, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Michael Neely
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Gauri G Rao
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Standing
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | | | - Hao Zhu
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Springs, MD, USA
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van Wijk RC, Mockeliunas L, van den Hoogen G, Upton CM, Diacon AH, Simonsson USH. Reproducibility in pharmacometrics applied in a phase III trial of BCG-vaccination for COVID-19. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16292. [PMID: 37770596 PMCID: PMC10539503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Large clinical trials often generate complex and large datasets which need to be presented frequently throughout the trial for interim analysis or to inform a data safety monitory board (DSMB). In addition, reliable and traceability are required to ensure reproducibility in pharmacometric data analysis. A reproducible pharmacometric analysis workflow was developed during a large clinical trial involving 1000 participants over one year testing Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (re)vaccination in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) morbidity and mortality in frontline health care workers. The workflow was designed to review data iteratively during the trial, compile frequent reports to the DSMB, and prepare for rapid pharmacometric analysis. Clinical trial datasets (n = 41) were transferred iteratively throughout the trial for review. An RMarkdown based pharmacometric processing script was written to automatically generate reports for evaluation by the DSMB. Reports were compiled, reviewed, and sent to the DSMB on average three days after the data cut-off, reflecting the trial progress in real-time. The script was also utilized to prepare for the trial pharmacometric analyses. The same source data was used to create analysis datasets in NONMEM format and to support model script development. The primary endpoint analysis was completed three days after data lock and unblinding, and the secondary endpoint analyses two weeks later. The constructive collaboration between clinical, data management, and pharmacometric teams enabled this efficient, timely, and reproducible pharmacometrics workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob C van Wijk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laurynas Mockeliunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Ulrika S H Simonsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Choi Y, Vinks AA, van der Graaf PH. Novel Therapeutic Modalities: The Future is Now. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:493-496. [PMID: 37594205 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yewon Choi
- Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexander A Vinks
- NDA Partners, Washington, DC, USA
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Leufkens HG, Kusynová Z, Aitken M, Hoekman J, Stolk P, Klein K, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK. Four scenarios for the future of medicines and social policy in 2030. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2252-2260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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van der Graaf PH, Gerding AB. Themes in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:1413-1415. [PMID: 34773711 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alethea B Gerding
- American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
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van der Graaf PH. Diversity in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:837-840. [PMID: 34536016 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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van der Graaf PH. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics: 2020 in Review. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:1117-1119. [PMID: 33185892 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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