1
|
Lunghi C, Domenicali M, Vertullo S, Raschi E, De Ponti F, Onder G, Poluzzi E. Adopting STOPP/START Criteria Version 3 in Clinical Practice: A Q&A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. Drug Saf 2024:10.1007/s40264-024-01453-1. [PMID: 38990488 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-024-01453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The growing complexity of geriatric pharmacotherapy necessitates effective tools for mitigating the risks associated with polypharmacy. The Screening Tool of Older Persons' Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP)/Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment (START) criteria have been instrumental in optimizing medication management among older adults. Despite their large adoption for improving the reduction of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) and patient outcomes, the implementation of STOPP/START criteria faces notable challenges. The extensive number of criteria in the latest version and time constraints in primary care pose practical difficulties, particularly in settings with a high number of older patients. This paper critically evaluates the challenges and evolving implications of applying the third version of the STOPP/START criteria across various clinical settings, focusing on the European healthcare context. Utilizing a "Questions & Answers" format, it examines the criteria's implementation and discusses relevant suitability and potential adaptations to address the diverse needs of different clinical environments. By emphasizing these aspects, this paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on enhancing medication safety and efficacy in the geriatric population, and to promote more person-centred care in an aging society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Lunghi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Marco Domenicali
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Vertullo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuel Raschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Graziano Onder
- Department of Gerontology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Poluzzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prestes Vargas J, Smith M, Chipchase L, Morris ME. Impact of interprofessional student led health clinics for patients, students and educators: a scoping review. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2024:10.1007/s10459-024-10342-2. [PMID: 38842784 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-024-10342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although interprofessional student led health clinics have been implemented worldwide, the impact of this model await confirmation. OBJECTIVES To conduct a critical analysis of the literature on interprofessional student led clinics, and the views of stakeholders on feasibility and the barriers and facilitators to implementation. DESIGN A scoping review, evidence synthesis and quality appraisal were conducted using PRISMA Scr. Eight databases were searched from 2003 to 2023: Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane, Scopus, ERIC, Web of Science and Informit Health Collection. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to analyse data from patients, students and educators and inductive thematic analysis identified emergent themes. RESULTS Forty-six studies were included from a yield of 3140 publications. A key theme to emerge was that patients perceived improvements in their health and wellbeing and valued gaining health information from student led clinics. Student experiences were mostly positive although some found it challenging to work in interprofessional teams and roles were not always clear. The clinics enabled students to improve communication skills and autonomy. Clinical educators reported that students benefited from experiential learning within an interprofessional context. The clinics were feasible, provided that sufficient funding, infrastructure, staff and resources were available. Barriers to implementation included lack of funding, excessive waiting times and non-aligned student timetables. Pre-clinic orientation and support from on-site clinical educators facilitated implementation. CONCLUSIONS Despite some challenges with implementing interprofessional student led clinics, they can have a positive impact on student learning and patient experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Prestes Vargas
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Moira Smith
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - Lucy Chipchase
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Meg E Morris
- Victorian Rehabilitation Centre, Glen Waverley, and ARCH and CERI La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Poluzzi E, Raschi E, Lunghi C, Bertuccio A, Eleftheriou A, De Ponti F. Learning of clinical pharmacology by future prescribers in Bologna: Teachers' and students' reflections on the way forward. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38520050 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.16054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS In this reflection paper, the authors, based on their experience as teachers and students of the courses of Pharmacology at the University of Bologna, reflect on their specific roles towards innovation in the teaching of Clinical Pharmacology. METHODS Strengths, weaknesses and challenges are presented as identified during the teaching and learning experience in the currently evolving medical degree programmes of the University in light of current trends in medical education. RESULTS Keeping in mind the identified challenges together with the features proposed for the model prescriber (knowledgeable, contemporary, communicative and safe), we indicate some ways to improve the students' experience and make sure they develop up-to-date skills in Clinical Pharmacology taking advantage of recent ongoing collaborations at European level. International collaboration is indeed necessary to adequately address the current challenges of teaching clinical pharmacology. CONCLUSION Our shared conclusion is that empowering students with a scientifically sound method to retrieve relevant information and developing their skills to communicate in an interprofessional and, wherever possible, international environment is the key to prepare future prescribers and, ultimately, to improve patient safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Poluzzi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuel Raschi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlotta Lunghi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alice Bertuccio
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andreas Eleftheriou
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roncal-Belzunce V, Cedeño-Veloz BA, Elcano RSM, Gutiérrez-Valencia M, Izquieta VR, Guruceaga-Eguillor I, Marín-Epelde I, Echeverria-Beistegui I, Sánchez-Latorre M, Galbete A, Garaioa-Aramburu K, Martínez-Velilla N. Cognitive and functional trajectories in geriatric outpatients after a pharmacologic multidisciplinary intervention: A study protocol. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2023; 58:101386. [PMID: 37523939 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2023.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypharmacy is a common condition among older adults and is associated with adverse drug reactions and health outcomes, including falls, functional and cognitive impairment, and frailty. METHODS A prospective observational study will be conducted on older adults with polypharmacy. The aim is to assess the impact of a specialized outpatient clinic focused on pharmacotherapy optimization recently integrated into daily clinical practice in a Spanish public tertiary teaching hospital on patients' functional and cognitive abilities. Patients who attend a first consultation and meet inclusion criteria (≥75 years old, have a life expectancy≥3 months, and polypharmacy (≥5 prescribed medications) will be invited to participate in the study, until reach a calculated sample size of 104 participants. Patients will be excluded if they are enrolled in a clinical trial related to medication or in the event of a no-show or cancellation of the appointment at the first visit. Participants will receive usual care: a first consultation including multidisciplinary pharmacological optimization in the context of a CGA and subsequent face-to-face and/or telephone follow-up (∼3 and ∼6 months). The primary endpoint will be the functional (Barthel index) and cognitive change in capacities (IPCR - Índice de Incapacidad psíquica de la Cruz Roja). Secondary endpoints include medication changes, changes in patients' quality of life, rate of falling, and use of healthcare resources. DISCUSSION We expect that the close collaboration between professionals from different disciplines working together will be an effective strategy to improve the functional and cognitive abilities of older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05408598 (March 1, 2022).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Roncal-Belzunce
- Geriatric Unit, Navarrabiomed, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Health Research Institute (IdisNa), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Bernardo Abel Cedeño-Veloz
- Geriatric Unit, Navarrabiomed, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Health Research Institute (IdisNa), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Gutiérrez-Valencia
- Unit of Innovation and Organization, Navarre Health Service, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Itxaso Marín-Epelde
- Geriatric Unit, Navarrabiomed, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Health Research Institute (IdisNa), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iciar Echeverria-Beistegui
- Geriatric Unit, Navarrabiomed, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Health Research Institute (IdisNa), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Arkaitz Galbete
- Geriatric Unit, Navarrabiomed, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Health Research Institute (IdisNa), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Nicolás Martínez-Velilla
- Geriatric Unit, Navarrabiomed, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Health Research Institute (IdisNa), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bakkum MJ, Donker EM, Spitaleri Timpone P, Hagen CAM, Richir MC, van Agtmael MA, De Ponti F, Tichelaar J. Educational value of international and intercultural differences in prescribing: the international and interprofessional student-run clinic project. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:571-574. [PMID: 36749353 PMCID: PMC10038944 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel J Bakkum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik M Donker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pietro Spitaleri Timpone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Pharmacology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte A M Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milan C Richir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A van Agtmael
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Pharmacology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jelle Tichelaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reumerman MO, Richir MC, Sultan R, Daelmans HEM, Springer H, Grijmans E, Muller M, van Agtmael MA, Tichelaar J. An inter-professional student-run medication review programme. Reducing adverse drug reactions in a memory outpatient clinic: a controlled clinical trial. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2022; 21:1511-1520. [PMID: 35469517 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2069748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated if the addition of an inter-professional student-led medication review team (ISP-team) to standard care can increase the number of detected ADRs and reduce the number of ADRs 3 months after an outpatient visit. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this controlled clinical trial, patients were allocated to standard care (control group) or standard care plus the ISP team (intervention group). The ISP team consisted of medical and pharmacy students and student nurse practitioners. The team performed a structured medication review and adjusted medication to reduce the number of ADRs. Three months after the outpatient visit, a clinical pharmacologist who was blinded for allocation performed a follow-up telephone interview to determine whether patients experienced ADRs. RESULTS During the outpatient clinic visit, significantly more (p < 0.001) ADRs were detected in the intervention group (n = 48) than in the control group (n = 10). In both groups, 60-63% of all detected ADRs were managed. Three months after the outpatient visit, significantly fewer (predominantly mild and moderately severe) ADRs related to benzodiazepine derivatives and antihypertensive causing dizziness were detected in the patients of the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS An ISP team in addition to standard care increases the detection and management of ADRs in elderly patients resulting in fewer mild and moderately severe ADRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Reumerman
- Internal Medicine, section pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milan C Richir
- Internal Medicine, section pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rowan Sultan
- Internal Medicine, section pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hester E M Daelmans
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Research in Education, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Els Grijmans
- Hogeschool Inholland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Majon Muller
- Internal Medicine, Section Geriatric Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A van Agtmael
- Internal Medicine, section pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Tichelaar
- Internal Medicine, section pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bakkum MJ, Loobeek BJ, Richir MC, Papaioannidou P, Likic R, Sanz EJ, Christiaens T, Costa JN, Dima L, de Ponti F, Kramers C, van Smeden J, van Agtmael MA, Tichelaar J. Teaching resources for the European Open Platform for Prescribing Education (EurOP 2E)-a nominal group technique study. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2022; 7:23. [PMID: 36180446 PMCID: PMC9523648 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The European Open Platform for Prescribing Education (EurOP2E) seeks to improve and harmonize European clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education by facilitating international collaboration and sharing problem-based, online, open educational resources. The COVID-19 pandemic forced teachers to switch to virtual modalities, highlighting the need for high-quality online teaching materials. The goal of this study was to establish the online problem-based teaching resources needed to sustain prescribing education during the pandemic and thereafter. A nominal group technique study was conducted with prescribing teachers from 15 European countries. Results were analyzed through thematic analysis. In four meetings, 20 teachers from 15 countries proposed and ranked 35 teaching materials. According to the participants, the most necessary problem-based-online teaching materials related to three overarching themes. Related to learning outcomes for CPT, participants proposed creating prescription scenarios, including materials focusing on background knowledge and resources on personalized medicine and topical/ethical issues such as the prescription's impact on planetary health. Second, related to teaching, they proposed online case discussions, gamification and decision support systems. Finally, in relation to faculty development, they recommend teacher courses, a repository of reusable exam questions and harmonized formularies. Future work will aim to collaboratively produce such materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel J Bakkum
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bryan J Loobeek
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milan C Richir
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paraskevi Papaioannidou
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Robert Likic
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine and Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emilio J Sanz
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- Universidad de La Laguna, school of Health Sciences, Tenerife, Spain and Hospital Universitario de Canarias. La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Thierry Christiaens
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Section Clinical Pharmacology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - João N Costa
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lorena Dima
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- Transilvania University of Brașov, Faculty of Medicine, Brașov, Romania
| | - Fabrizio de Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Smeden
- Division of education, Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A van Agtmael
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jelle Tichelaar
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|