1
|
Bhagat AK, Schlee S, Straub K, Nazet J, Luckner P, Bruckmann A, Sterner R. Photoswitching of Feedback Inhibition by Tryptophan in Anthranilate Synthase. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2846-2856. [PMID: 35816663 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The artificial regulation of enzymatic activity by light is an important goal of synthetic biology that can be achieved by the incorporation of light-responsive noncanonical amino acids via genetic code expansion. Here, we apply this concept to anthranilate synthase from Salmonella typhimurium (stTrpE). This enzyme catalyzes the first step of tryptophan biosynthesis, and its activity is feedback-inhibited by the binding of the end-product of the pathway to an allosteric site. To put this feedback inhibition of stTrpE by tryptophan under the control of light, we individually replaced 15 different amino acid residues with the photosensitive noncanonical amino acid o-nitrobenzyl-O-tyrosine (ONBY). ONBY contains a sterically demanding caging group that was meant to cover the allosteric site. Steady-state enzyme kinetics showed that the negative effect of tryptophan on the catalytic activity of the two variants stTrpE-K50ONBY and stTrpE-Y455ONBY was diminished compared to the wild-type enzyme by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. Upon light-induced decaging of ONBY to the less space-consuming tyrosine residue, tryptophan binding to the allosteric site was restored and catalytic activity was inhibited almost as efficiently as observed for wild-type stTrpE. Based on these results, direct photocontrol of feedback inhibition of stTrpE-K50ONBY and stTrpE-Y455ONBY could be achieved by irradiation during the reaction. Molecular modeling studies allowed us to rationalize the observed functional conversion from the noninhibited caged to the tryptophan-inhibited decaged states. Our study shows that feedback inhibition, which is an important mechanism to regulate key metabolic enzymes, can be efficiently controlled by the purposeful use of light-responsive noncanonical amino acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Bhagat
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Schlee
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Straub
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julian Nazet
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Luckner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Bruckmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Sterner
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu H, Feng J, Zhong F, Wu Y. Chemical Modification for the "off-/on" Regulation of Enzyme Activity. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200195. [PMID: 35482602 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes with excellent catalytic performance play important roles in living organisms. Advances in strategies for enzyme chemical modification have enabled powerful strategies for exploring and manipulating enzyme functions and activities. Based on the development of chemical enzyme modifications, incorporating external stimuli-responsive features-for example, responsivity to light, voltage, magnetic force, pH, temperature, redox activity, and small molecules-into a target enzyme to turn "on" and "off" its activity has attracted much attention. The ability to precisely control enzyme activity using different approaches would greatly expand the chemical biology toolbox for clarification and detection of signal transduction and in vivo enzyme function and significantly promote enzyme-based disease therapy. This review summarizes the methods available for chemical enzyme modification mainly for the off-/on control of enzyme activity and particularly highlights the recent progress regarding the applications of this strategy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaibin Yu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiayi Feng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kneuttinger AC. A guide to designing photocontrol in proteins: methods, strategies and applications. Biol Chem 2022; 403:573-613. [PMID: 35355495 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Light is essential for various biochemical processes in all domains of life. In its presence certain proteins inside a cell are excited, which either stimulates or inhibits subsequent cellular processes. The artificial photocontrol of specifically proteins is of growing interest for the investigation of scientific questions on the organismal, cellular and molecular level as well as for the development of medicinal drugs or biocatalytic tools. For the targeted design of photocontrol in proteins, three major methods have been developed over the last decades, which employ either chemical engineering of small-molecule photosensitive effectors (photopharmacology), incorporation of photoactive non-canonical amino acids by genetic code expansion (photoxenoprotein engineering), or fusion with photoreactive biological modules (hybrid protein optogenetics). This review compares the different methods as well as their strategies and current applications for the light-regulation of proteins and provides background information useful for the implementation of each technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Kneuttinger
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry and Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Komogortsev AN, Lichitsky BV, Melekhina VG, Nasyrova DI, Milyutin CV. Photoinduced 6π-Electrocyclization of a 1,3,5-Hexatriene System Containing an Allomaltol Fragment. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15345-15356. [PMID: 34637303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the possibility of photocyclization of the 1,3,5-hexatriene system containing a fragment of allomaltol was demonstrated. A preparative method for the synthesis of previously unknown benzo[5,6]chromeno[8,7-d]oxazole-2,7(3H)-diones was developed based on the investigated photoreaction. A distinctive feature of this approach is the modification of the starting terarylenes aimed at blocking the competitive process leading to side reactions of the pyranone fragment. It was shown that the proposed photocyclization of substituted oxazol-2-ones can be used for the photogeneration of biologically active alcohols and various acids. The structure of one of the cyclization products was determined by X-ray diffraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N Komogortsev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Boris V Lichitsky
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriya G Melekhina
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Darina I Nasyrova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Constantine V Milyutin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reichert D, Schepers H, Simke J, Lechner H, Dörner W, Höcker B, Ravoo BJ, Rentmeister A. Computational design and experimental characterization of a photo-controlled mRNA-cap guanine-N7 methyltransferase. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1484-1490. [PMID: 34704053 PMCID: PMC8495969 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00109d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial and temporal control of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level is essential in eukaryotic cells and developing multicellular organisms. In recent years optochemical and optogenetic tools have enabled the manipulation and investigation of many steps in the involved processes. However, examples for light-mediated control of eukaryotic mRNA processing and the responsible enzymes are still rare. In particular, methylation of the 5′ cap of mRNA is required for ribosome assembly, and the responsible guanine-N7 methyltransferase (MTase) from E. cuniculi (Ecm1) proved suitable for activating translation. Here, we report on a photoswitchable MTase obtained by bridging the substrate-binding cleft of Ecm1 with a tetra-ortho-methoxy-azobenzene. This azobenzene derivative is characterized by efficient trans-to-cis isomerization using red light at 615 nm. Starting from a cysteine-free Ecm1 variant (ΔCys), we used a computational approach to identify suitable conjugation sites for the azobenzene moiety. We created and characterized the four best-ranked variants, each featuring two appropriately positioned cysteines close to the substrate-binding cleft. Conjugating and crosslinking the azobenzene between C149/C155 in a designed Ecm1 variant (VAR3-Az) enabled light-dependent modulation of the MTase activity and showed a 50% higher activity for the cis form than the trans-form of the azobenzene conjugated to VAR3-Az. Guided by computational design, we engineered a light-dependent 5' cap guanine-N7 methyltransferase by bridging the substrate-binding cleft with an azobenzene derivative.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Correnstraße 36 Münster 48149 Germany .,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Helena Schepers
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Correnstraße 36 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Julian Simke
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Horst Lechner
- Department for Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30 Bayreuth 95447 Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 10-12/II Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Wolfgang Dörner
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Correnstraße 36 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Birte Höcker
- Department for Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30 Bayreuth 95447 Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster Münster 48149 Germany.,Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Correnstraße 36 Münster 48149 Germany .,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster Münster 48149 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kadambar VK, Bellare M, Bollella P, Katz E, Melman A. Electrochemical control of the catalytic activity of immobilized enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13800-13803. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06190e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the catalytic activity of enzymes immobilized on carbon nanotube electrodes was achieved by changing their local pH environment using electrochemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhura Bellare
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| | - Artem Melman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schmermund L, Jurkaš V, Özgen FF, Barone GD, Büchsenschütz HC, Winkler CK, Schmidt S, Kourist R, Kroutil W. Photo-Biocatalysis: Biotransformations in the Presence of Light. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schmermund
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Valentina Jurkaš
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - F. Feyza Özgen
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Giovanni D. Barone
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hanna C. Büchsenschütz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Strauss MA, Wegner HA. Influence of an Ammonium Tag on the Switching Dynamics of Azobenzenes in Polar Solvents. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A. Strauss
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| |
Collapse
|