1
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Fisher JM, Williams ML, Palmer JR, Powers-Riggs NE, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Long-Lived Charge Separation in Single Crystals of an Electron Donor Covalently Linked to Four Acceptor Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9911-9919. [PMID: 38530990 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Crystalline donor-acceptor (D-A) systems serve as an excellent platform for studying CT exciton creation, migration, and dissociation into free charge carriers for solar energy conversion. Donor-acceptor cocrystals have been utilized to develop an understanding of CT exciton formation in ordered organic solids; however, the strong electronic coupling of the D and A units can sometimes limit charge separation lifetimes due to their close proximity. Covalent D-A systems that preorganize specific donor-acceptor structures can assist in engineering crystal morphologies that promote long-lived charge separation to overcome this limitation. Here we investigate photogenerated CT exciton formation in a single crystal of a 2,5,8,11-tetraphenylperylene (PerPh4) donor to which four identical naphthalene-(1,4:5,8)-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI) electron acceptors are covalently attached at the para positions of the PerPh4 phenyl groups to yield PerPh4-NDI4. X-ray crystallography shows that the four NDIs pack pairwise into two distinct motifs. Two NDI acceptors of one PerPh4-NDI4 are positioned over the PerPh4 donors of adjacent PerPh4-NDI4 molecules with the donor and acceptor π-systems having a large dihedral angle between them, while the other two NDIs of PerPh4-NDI4 form xylene-NDI van der Waals π-stacks with the corresponding NDIs in adjacent PerPh4-NDI4 molecules. Upon selective photoexcitation of PerPh4 in the single crystal, CT exciton formation occurs in <300 fs yielding electron-hole pairs that live for more than ∼16 μs. This demonstrates the effectiveness of covalently linked D-A systems for engineering single crystal structures that promote efficient and long-lived charge separation for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Malik L Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jonathan R Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Natalia E Powers-Riggs
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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2
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Shillito GE, Preston D, Crowley JD, Wagner P, Harris SJ, Gordon KC, Kupfer S. Controlling Excited State Localization in Bichromophoric Photosensitizers via the Bridging Group. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4947-4956. [PMID: 38437618 PMCID: PMC10951951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
A series of photosensitizers comprised of both an inorganic and an organic chromophore are investigated in a joint synthetic, spectroscopic, and theoretical study. This bichromophoric design strategy provides a means by which to significantly increase the excited state lifetime by isolating the excited state away from the metal center following intersystem crossing. A variable bridging group is incorporated between the donor and acceptor units of the organic chromophore, and its influence on the excited state properties is explored. The Franck-Condon (FC) photophysics and subsequent excited state relaxation pathways are investigated with a suite of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques in combination with scalar-relativistic quantum chemical calculations. It is demonstrated that the presence of an electronically conducting bridge that facilitates donor-acceptor communication is vital to generate long-lived (32 to 45 μs), charge-separated states with organic character. In contrast, when an insulating 1,2,3-triazole bridge is used, the excited state properties are dominated by the inorganic chromophore, with a notably shorter lifetime of 60 ns. This method of extending the lifetime of a molecular photosensitizer is, therefore, of interest for a range of molecular electronic devices and photophysical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E. Shillito
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dan Preston
- Research
School of Chemistry, Australian National
University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Pawel Wagner
- University
of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Samuel J. Harris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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3
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Harris SJ, Richardson C, Mapley JI, Wagner P, Gordon KC. Investigation of the Geometric and Spectroscopic Properties of Four Twisted Triphenylpyridinium Donor-Acceptor Dyes. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5681-5691. [PMID: 35998577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The geometric and spectroscopic properties of four cationic N-aryl-2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium-based donor-acceptor dyes─1-[4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]-2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium, 1-[4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenyl]-2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium, 1-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium, and 1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium─are reported. The four dyes exhibited a twisted, quasi-perpendicular geometry about the central donor-acceptor bond, shown by X-ray crystallography and supported by Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The electronic absorption spectra show weak charge transfer (CT) transitions at about 400 nm (ε ∼ 3000 L mol-1 cm-1). Time dependent (TD) DFT supported the nature of the CT transition, displaying an 89-97% shift in electron density from the donor to the acceptor upon electronic excitation. Excited state geometry calculations revealed significant geometry changes upon electronic excitation. Enhancement of vibrational modes attributable to this transition was also recognized in the resonance Raman spectra. Emission spectroscopies showed two distinct emission bands. The lower energy band, resulting from radiative decay of the CT excited state, exhibited large anomalous Stokes shifts of ∼9000 cm-1. Much of the Stokes shift was a consequence of geometry changes between the ground and excited states. This was confirmed by variable temperature emission studies, with Stokes shifts reducing by up to 3000 cm-1 upon cooling from 293 to 80 K. Additionally, a high energy aggregation induced emission band was present for two of the dyes, resulting from the inhibition of excited state geometry reorganization and supported by solid-state emission spectra. These phenomena exemplify the importance of geometry in short range donor-acceptor dyes such as these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Richardson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph I Mapley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Pawel Wagner
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute/Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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4
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Sutton JJ, Preston D, Traber P, Steinmetzer J, Wu X, Kayal S, Sun XZ, Crowley JD, George MW, Kupfer S, Gordon KC. Excited-State Switching in Rhenium(I) Bipyridyl Complexes with Donor-Donor and Donor-Acceptor Substituents. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9082-9093. [PMID: 34111929 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of two Re(CO)3(bpy)Cl complexes in which the bpy is substituted with two donor (triphenylamine, TPA, ReTPA2) as well as both donor (TPA) and acceptor (benzothiadiazole, BTD, ReTPA-BTD) groups are presented. For ReTPA2 the absorption spectra show intense intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT) bands at 460 nm with small solvatochromic behavior; for ReTPA-BTD the ILCT transitions are weaker. These transitions are assigned as TPA → bpy transitions as supported by resonance Raman data and TDDFT calculations. The excited-state spectroscopy shows the presence of two emissive states for both complexes. The intensity of these emission signals is modulated by solvent. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy definitively assigns the excited states present in CH2Cl2 to be MLCT in nature, and in MeCN the excited states are ILCT in nature. DFT calculations indicated this switching with solvent is governed by access to states controlled by spin-orbit coupling, which is sufficiently different in the two solvents, allowing to select out each of the charge-transfer states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Sutton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Philipp Traber
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Steinmetzer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Kayal
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Xue-Z Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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5
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Carlton ES, Sutton JJ, Gale AG, Shields GC, Gordon KC, Wagenknecht PS. Insights into the charge-transfer character of electronic transitions in RCp 2Ti(C 2Fc) 2 complexes using solvatochromism, resonance Raman spectroscopy, and TDDFT. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2233-2242. [PMID: 33502417 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04282j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of complexes with low-energy FeII to TiIV metal-to-metal charge-transfer (MMCT) transitions, Cp2Ti(C2Fc)2, Cp*2Ti(C2Fc)2, and MeOOCCp2Ti(C2Fc)2, was investigated using solvatochromism and resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) augmented with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations in order to interrogate the nature of the CT transitions. Computational models were benchmarked against the experimental UV-Vis spectra and B3LYP/6-31G(d) was found to most faithfully represent the spectra. The energy of the MMCT transition was measured in 15 different solvents and a multivariate fit to the Catalán solvent parameters - solvent polarizability (SP), solvent dipolarity (SdP), solvent basicity (SB), and solvent acidity (SA) - was performed. The effect of SP indicates a greater degree of electron delocalization in the excited state (ES) than the ground state (GS). The small negative solvatochromism with respect to SdP indicates a smaller dipole moment in the ES than the GS. The effect of SB is consistent with charge-transfer to Ti. Upon excitation into the MMCT absorption band, the RRS data show enhancement of the alkyne stretching modes and of the out-of-plane bending modes of the cyclopentadienyl ring connected to Fe and the alkyne bridge. This is consistent with changes in the oxidation states of Ti and Fe, respectively. The higher-energy transitions (350-450 nm) show enhancement of vibrational modes consistent with ethnylcyclopentadienyl to Ti ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). The RRS data is consistent with the TDDFT predicted character of these transitions. TDDFT suggests that the lowest-energy transition in Cp2Ti(C2Fc)2CuI, where CuI is coordinated between the alkynes, retains its FeII to TiIV MMCT character, in agreement with the RRS data, but that the lowest-energy transitions have significant CuI to Ti character. For Cp2Ti(C2Fc)2CuI, excitation into the low-energy MMCT absorption band results in selective enhancement of the symmetric alkynyl stretching mode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua J Sutton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ariel G Gale
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
| | - George C Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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6
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Rodríguez-Jiménez S, Bennington MS, Akbarinejad A, Tay EJ, Chan EWC, Wan Z, Abudayyeh AM, Baek P, Feltham HLC, Barker D, Gordon KC, Travas-Sejdic J, Brooker S. Electroactive Metal Complexes Covalently Attached to Conductive PEDOT Films: A Spectroelectrochemical Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1301-1313. [PMID: 33351602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The successful covalent attachment, via copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), of alkyne-functionalized nickel(II) and copper(II) macrocyclic complexes onto azide (N3)-functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films on ITO-coated glass electrodes is reported. To investigate the surface attachment of the selected metal complexes, which are analogues of the cobalt-based complex previously reported to be a molecular catalyst for hydrogen evolution, first, three different PEDOT films were formed by electropolymerization of pure PEDOT or pure N3-PEDOT, and last, 1:2N3-PEDOT:PEDOT were formed by co-polymerizing a 1:4 mixture of N3-EDOT:EDOT monomers. The successful surface immobilization of the complexes on the latter two azide-functionalized films, by CuAAC, was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemistry as well as by UV-vis-NIR and resonance Raman spectroelectrochemistry. The ratio between the N3 groups, and hence, the number of surface-attached metal complexes after CuAAC functionalization, in pristine N3-PEDOT versus 1:2N3-PEDOT:PEDOT is expected to be 3:1 and seen to be 2.86:1 with a calculated surface coverage of 3.28 ± 1.04 and 1.15 ± 0.09 nmol/cm2, respectively. The conversion, to the metal complex attached films, was lower for the N3-PEDOT films (Ni 74%, Cu 76%) than for the copolymer 1:2N3-PEDOT:PEDOT films (Ni 83%, Cu 91%) due to the former being more sterically congested. The Raman and UV-vis-NIR results were simulated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT), respectively, and showed good agreement with the experimental data. Importantly, the spectroelectrochemical behavior of both anchored metal complexes is analogous to that of the free metal complexes in solution. This proves that PEDOT films are promising conducting scaffolds for the covalent immobilization of metal complexes, as the existing electrochromic features of the complexes are preserved on immobilization, which is important for applications in electrocatalytic proton and carbon dioxide reduction, optoelectronics, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Michael S Bennington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Alireza Akbarinejad
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Elliot J Tay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Eddie Wai Chi Chan
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ziyao Wan
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Abdullah M Abudayyeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Paul Baek
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Humphrey L C Feltham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Sally Brooker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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7
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Morawski O, Karpiuk J, Gawryś P, Sobolewski AL. Aggregation controlled photoluminescence of hexaazatri-naphthylene (HATN) – an experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15437-15447. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photophysics of hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATN) in solution and in the solid state is determined by the nπ* character of its lowest excited singlet state and by the ππ* character of the first triplet state, and changes upon aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Morawski
- Institute of Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Al. Lotników 32/46
- 02-668 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Jerzy Karpiuk
- Institute of Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Al. Lotników 32/46
- 02-668 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Paweł Gawryś
- Institute of Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Al. Lotników 32/46
- 02-668 Warsaw
- Poland
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8
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Barnsley JE, Shillito GE, Larsen CB, van der Salm H, Horvath R, Sun XZ, Wu X, George MW, Lucas NT, Gordon KC. Generation of Microsecond Charge-Separated Excited States in Rhenium(I) Diimine Complexes: Driving Force Is the Dominant Factor in Controlling Lifetime. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9785-9795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Holly van der Salm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Raphael Horvath
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2NR, United Kingdom
| | - Xue Zhong Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2NR, United Kingdom
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2NR, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2NR, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Nigel T. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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9
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Barnsley JE, Pelet W, McAdam J, Wagner K, Hayes P, Officer DL, Wagner P, Gordon KC. When “Donor–Acceptor” Dyes Delocalize: A Spectroscopic and Computational Study of D–A Dyes Using “Michler’s Base”. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5957-5968. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Barnsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - William Pelet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - John McAdam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Klaudia Wagner
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Patricia Hayes
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - David L. Officer
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Pawel Wagner
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
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10
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Barnsley JE, Shillito GE, Mapley JI, Larsen CB, Lucas NT, Gordon KC. Walking the Emission Tightrope: Spectral and Computational Analysis of Some Dual-Emitting Benzothiadiazole Donor–Acceptor Dyes. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7991-8006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph I. Mapley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Nigel T. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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11
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Sutton JJ, Barnsley JE, Mapley JI, Wagner P, Officer DL, Gordon KC. Modulation of Donor-Acceptor Distance in a Series of Carbazole Push-Pull Dyes; A Spectroscopic and Computational Study. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020421. [PMID: 29443935 PMCID: PMC6017769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of eight carbazole-cyanoacrylate based donor-acceptor dyes were studied. Within the series the influence of modifying the thiophene bridge, linking donor and acceptor and a change in the nature of the acceptor, from acid to ester, was explored. In this joint experimental and computational study we have used electronic absorbance and emission spectroscopies, Raman spectroscopy and computational modeling (density functional theory). From these studies it was found that extending the bridge length allowed the lowest energy transition to be systematically red shifted by 0.12 eV, allowing for limited tuning of the absorption of dyes using this structural motif. Using the aforementioned techniques we demonstrate that this transition is charge transfer in nature. Furthermore, the extent of charge transfer between donor and acceptor decreases with increasing bridge length and the bridge plays a smaller role in electronically mixing with the acceptor as it is extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Sutton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan E Barnsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Joseph I Mapley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Pawel Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute/AIIM Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - David L Officer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute/AIIM Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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