1
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Regen-Pregizer BL, Ozcelik A, Mayer P, Hampel F, Dube H. A photochemical method to evidence directional molecular motions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4595. [PMID: 37524701 PMCID: PMC10390485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Light driven synthetic molecular motors represent crucial building blocks for advanced molecular machines and their applications. A standing challenge is the development of very fast molecular motors able to perform rotations with kHz, MHz or even faster frequencies. Central to this challenge is the direct experimental evidence of directionality because analytical methods able to follow very fast motions rarely deliver precise geometrical insights. Here, a general photochemical method for elucidation of directional motions is presented. In a macrocyclization approach the molecular motor rotations are restricted and forced to proceed in two separate ~180° rotation-photoequilibria. Therefore, all four possible photoinduced rotation steps (clockwise and counterclockwise directions) can be quantified. Comparison of the corresponding quantum yields to the unrestricted motor delivers direct evidence for unidirectionality. This method can be used for any ultrafast molecular motor even in cases where no high energy intermediates are present during the rotation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lukas Regen-Pregizer
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ani Ozcelik
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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2
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Lv J, Ding Y, Sun P, Wang J, Chen T, Zhao X, Fang C, Wang L. Theoretical study on the working mechanism and computational evidence of robust imine-based light-driven molecular motor. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Oruganti B, Wang J, Durbeej B. Modulating the Photocyclization Reactivity of Diarylethenes through Changes in the Excited-State Aromaticity of the π-Linker. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11565-11571. [PMID: 35997595 PMCID: PMC9442643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations are performed to explore if the reactivity of diarylethene switches toward photocyclization can be controlled by the excited-state aromaticity of their bridging π-linker. Using an archetypal diarylethene with a non-aromatic π-linker as a reference, completely different outcomes are found when the π-linker is allowed to become either aromatic (no reaction) or antiaromatic (fast reaction) upon photoexcitation. The results demonstrate a possibility to use the excited-state aromaticity concept for actual modulation of photochemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baswanth Oruganti
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping SE-58183, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping SE-58183, Sweden
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4
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Arpa EM, Durbeej B. Transient changes in aromaticity and their effect on excited-state proton transfer reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11496-11500. [PMID: 35507952 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00494a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The common approach to investigate the impact of aromaticity on excited-state proton transfer by probing the (anti)aromatic character of reactants and products alone is scrutinized by modelling such reactions involving 2-pyridone. Thereby, it is found that energy barriers can be strongly influenced by transient changes in aromaticity unaccounted for by this approach, particularly when the photoexcited state interacts with a second excited state. Overall, the modelling identifies a pronounced effect overlooked by most studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique M Arpa
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
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5
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Wang J, Oruganti B, Durbeej B. Computational Comparison of Chemical and Isotopic Approaches to Control the Photoisomerization Dynamics of Light-Driven Molecular Motors. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5552-5559. [PMID: 33784457 PMCID: PMC8154570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
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Synthetic molecular
motors driven by E/Z photoisomerization
reactions are able to produce unidirectional
rotary motion because of a structural asymmetry that makes one direction
of rotation more probable than the other. In most such motors, this
asymmetry is realized through the incorporation of a chemically asymmetric
carbon atom. Here, we present molecular dynamics simulations based
on multiconfigurational quantum chemistry to investigate whether the
merits of this approach can be equaled by an alternative approach
that instead exploits isotopic chirality. By first considering an N-methylpyrrolidine–cyclopentadiene motor design,
it is shown that isotopically chiral variants of this design undergo
faster photoisomerizations than a chemically chiral counterpart, while
maintaining rotary photoisomerization quantum yields of similarly
high magnitude. However, by subsequently considering a pyrrolinium–cyclopentene
design, it is also found that the introduction of isotopic chirality
does not provide any control of the directionality of the photoinduced
rotations within this framework. Taken together, the results highlight
both the potential usefulness of isotopic rather than chemical chirality
for the design of light-driven molecular motors, and the need for
further studies to establish the exact structural circumstances under
which this asymmetry is best exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Baswanth Oruganti
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-45041 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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6
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Karadakov PB, Di M, Cooper DL. Excited-State Aromaticity Reversals in Möbius Annulenes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9611-9616. [PMID: 33155798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is suggested that Möbius annulenes follow a rule similar to Baird's rule such that the 4n and 4n + 2 criteria for Möbius electronic ground-state aromaticity and antiaromaticity are reversed in the lowest triplet and first singlet excited electronic states. Support comes from an investigation of aromaticity in the ground (S0), lowest triplet (T1), and first singlet excited (S1) electronic states of the Möbius-aromatic cyclononatetraenyl cation, C9H9+, using isotropic magnetic shielding isosurfaces calculated with state-optimized complete-active-space self-consistent field wave functions constructed from gauge-including atomic orbitals. Examination of these isosurfaces demonstrates that while the S0 state of C9H9+ is aromatic, the T1 and S1 states are antiaromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Karadakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Make Di
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - David L Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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7
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Wang J, Oruganti B, Durbeej B. Unidirectional Rotary Motion in Isotopically Chiral Molecular Motors: A Computational Analysis. Org Lett 2020; 22:7113-7117. [PMID: 32822192 PMCID: PMC7506945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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Molecular dynamics
simulations are performed to explore if isotopic chirality can induce
unidirectional rotary motion in molecular motors operated through
double-bond photoisomerizations. Using a high-quantum yield motor
featuring a chemically asymmetric carbon atom as reference, it is
found that isotopically chiral counterparts of this motor sustain
such motion almost equally well. Overall, the study reveals a previously
unexplored role for isotopic chirality in the design of rotary molecular
motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Baswanth Oruganti
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-45041 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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8
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Kotani R, Liu L, Kumar P, Kuramochi H, Tahara T, Liu P, Osuka A, Karadakov PB, Saito S. Controlling the S1 Energy Profile by Tuning Excited-State Aromaticity. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14985-14992. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kotani
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Li Liu
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Pardeep Kumar
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kuramochi
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tahei Tahara
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Peter B. Karadakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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9
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Oruganti B, Pál Kalapos P, Bhargav V, London G, Durbeej B. Photoinduced Changes in Aromaticity Facilitate Electrocyclization of Dithienylbenzene Switches. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13941-13953. [PMID: 32666793 PMCID: PMC7458422 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
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The concepts of excited-state
aromaticity and antiaromaticity have
in recent years with increasing frequency been invoked to rationalize
the photochemistry of cyclic conjugated organic compounds, with the
long-term goal of using these concepts to improve the reactivities
of such compounds toward different photochemical transformations.
In this regard, it is of particular interest to assess how the presence
of a benzene motif affects photochemical reactivity, as benzene is
well-known to completely change its aromatic character in its lowest
excited states. Here, we investigate how a benzene motif influences
the photoinduced electrocyclization of dithienylethenes, a major class
of molecular switches. Specifically, we report on the synthesis of
a dithienylbenzene switch where the typical nonaromatic, ethene-like
motif bridging the two thienyl units is replaced by a benzene motif,
and show that this compound undergoes electrocyclization upon irradiation
with UV-light. Furthermore, through a detailed quantum chemical analysis,
we demonstrate that the electrocyclization is driven jointly and synergistically
by the loss of aromaticity in this motif from the formation of a reactive,
antiaromatic excited state during the initial photoexcitation, and
by the subsequent relief of this antiaromaticity as the reaction progresses
from the Franck–Condon region. Overall, we conclude that photoinduced
changes in aromaticity facilitate the electrocyclization of dithienylbenzene
switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baswanth Oruganti
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-45041 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Péter Pál Kalapos
- MTA-TTK "Lendület" Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Varada Bhargav
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM (deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gábor London
- MTA-TTK "Lendület" Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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