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Yao X, Fan L, Zhang Q, Zheng C, Yang X, Lu Y, Jiang Y. Impact of Anchoring Groups on the Photocatalytic Performance of Iridium(III) Complexes and Their Toxicological Analysis. Molecules 2024; 29:2564. [PMID: 38893440 PMCID: PMC11173709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Three different iridium(III) complexes, labelled as Ir1-Ir3, each bearing a unique anchoring moiety (diethyl [2,2'-bipyridine]-4,4'-dicarboxylate, tetraethyl [2,2'-bipyridine]-4,4'-diylbis(phosphonate), or [2,2'-biquinoline]-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid), were synthesized to serve as photosensitizers. Their electrochemical and photophysical characteristics were systematically investigated. ERP measurements were employed to elucidate the impact of the anchoring groups on the photocatalytic hydrogen generation performance of the complexes. The novel iridium(III) complexes were integrated with platinized TiO2 (Pt-TiO2) nanoparticles and tested for their ability to catalyze hydrogen production under visible light. A H2 turnover number (TON) of up to 3670 was obtained upon irradiation for 120 h. The complexes with tetraethyl [2,2'-bipyridine]-4,4'-diylbis(phosphonate) anchoring groups were found to outperform those bearing other moieties, which may be one of the important steps in the development of high-efficiency iridium(III) photosensitizers for hydrogen generation by water splitting. Additionally, toxicological analyses found no significant difference in the toxicity to luminescent bacteria of any of the present iridium(III) complexes compared with that of TiO2, which implies that the complexes investigated in this study do not pose a high risk to the aquatic environment compared to TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yao
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Linyu Fan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
- PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
- PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Chaoqun Zheng
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Yisang Lu
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Yachen Jiang
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
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Iridium and Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Perylene Ligands. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227928. [PMID: 36432028 PMCID: PMC9697229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review summarizes the work carried out mostly in the last decade on iridium and ruthenium complexes bearing various perylene ligands, of particular interest for bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, and solar energy conversion. In these complexes, the absorption spectra and the electrochemical properties are those of the perylene subunit plus those of the metal moiety. In contrast, the emissions are completely changed with respect to perylenes considered alone. Thus, fully organic perylenes are characterized by a strong fluorescence in the visible region, lifetimes of a few nanoseconds, and luminescence quantum yields approaching 100%, whereas perylene Ir and Ru complexes usually do not emit; however, in few cases, weak phosphorescent emissions, with lifetimes in the range of microseconds and relatively low quantum yields, are reported. This is due to a strong interaction between the perylene core and the heavy metal center, taking place after the excitation. Nevertheless, an important advantage deriving from the presence of the heavy metal center is represented by the ability to generate large amounts of singlet oxygen, which plays a key role in photodynamic therapy.
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Cerpentier FJR, Karlsson J, Lalrempuia R, Brandon MP, Sazanovich IV, Greetham GM, Gibson EA, Pryce MT. Ruthenium Assemblies for CO 2 Reduction and H 2 Generation: Time Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy, Spectroelectrochemistry and a Photocatalysis Study in Solution and on NiO. Front Chem 2022; 9:795877. [PMID: 35004612 PMCID: PMC8738169 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.795877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel supramolecular complexes RuRe ([Ru(dceb)2(bpt)Re(CO)3Cl](PF6)) and RuPt ([Ru(dceb)2(bpt)PtI(H2O)](PF6)2) [dceb = diethyl(2,2′-bipyridine)-4,4′-dicarboxylate, bpt = 3,5-di(pyridine-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazolate] were synthesized as new catalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction and H2 evolution, respectively. The influence of the catalytic metal for successful catalysis in solution and on a NiO semiconductor was examined. IR-active handles in the form of carbonyl groups on the peripheral ligand on the photosensitiser were used to study the excited states populated, as well as the one-electron reduced intermediate species using infrared and UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry, and time resolved infrared spectroscopy. Inclusion of ethyl-ester moieties led to a reduction in the LUMO energies on the peripheral bipyridine ligand, resulting in localization of the 3MLCT excited state on these peripheral ligands following excitation. RuPt generated hydrogen in solution and when immobilized on NiO in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell. RuRe was inactive as a CO2 reduction catalyst in solution, and produced only trace amounts of CO when the photocatalyst was immobilized on NiO in a PEC cell saturated with CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Karlsson
- Energy Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ralte Lalrempuia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
| | - Michael P Brandon
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- Energy Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mary T Pryce
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Wahyuono RA, Braumüller M, Bold S, Amthor S, Nauroozi D, Plentz J, Wächtler M, Rau S, Dietzek B. Localizing the initial excitation - A case study on NiO photocathodes using Ruthenium dipyridophenazine complexes as sensitizers. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 252:119507. [PMID: 33578124 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the localization of the initially excited electronic state within the molecular framework of a series of [Ru(bpy)2dppz]2+ derivatives (bpy:2,2'-bipyridine, dppz: dipyrido-phenazine) as sensitizers in NiO based photocathodes. The introduction of conjugated linkers with phenylene and triazole moieties in the bpy ligand sphere separates the NiO surface from the metal center and hence is considered to stabilize the charge separated state, which results from light-driven hole injection. However, introduction of the conjugated linkers also alters the localization of the excess electron density in the excited state within the ligand sphere and impacts the extent to which the charge-separated state is formed. The study emphasizes that tuning the ligand with the lowest-energy π* orbital distal or proximal to the NiO surface significantly affects the initial charge-separation and the solar cell performance. The stability of the charge-separated state correlates with the observed photocurrents in dye-sensitized solar cells. Furthermore, the study challenges the widely accepted concept that the introduction of extended anchoring groups, i.e. increasing Ru - NiO distance, stabilizes the charge-separated state and suppresses charge recombination at the metal-oxide molecule interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruri Agung Wahyuono
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V., Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Engineering Physics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim, Sukolilo, 60111 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Markus Braumüller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bold
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V., Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastian Amthor
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonathan Plentz
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V., Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V., Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V., Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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