1
|
Serin M, Kara P. Aptamer-based electrochemical nanobiosensor for research and monitoring of multiple sclerosis in mice models. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 160:108744. [PMID: 38852383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe progressive autoimmune-inflammatory, demyelinating process in the central nervous system (CNS) with heterogeneous neurological symptoms appearing as a consequence of myelin break down. Myelin basic protein (MBP) makes up to 30 % of the CNS myelin [1] and it is known to be released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a bioindicator of MS. Autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mice model of MS widely used for research and development of new treatments [2]. Herein, MBP specific aptamer developed for possible therapeutic purposes in mouse model [3] was applied as a bioreceptor for MBP recognition. A nanobiosensor for MBP detection and monitoring was developed by using graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles integrated onto the screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and aptamer immobilized to create a bioactive layer on the sensor surface for MBP binding. The measurements were carried out using electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS). Validation studies were carried out in a biological matrix (artificial CSF) containing MBP, and MSA. The aptasensor had LOD in artificial CSF 0.01 ng/mL and showed its usability in the concentration range of 0.01 … 64 ng/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Serin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Bornova, Turkey; Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Biomedical Technologies, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Pınar Kara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Bornova, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zargarani S, Tavaf MJ, Soltanmohammadi A, Yazdanpanah E, Baharlou R, Yousefi B, Sadighimoghaddam B, Esmaeili SA, Haghmorad D. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via modulation of Th1/Th17 and expansion of Th2/Treg responses. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:1124-1137. [PMID: 38741520 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The most common central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), modeled using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit potent immunomodulatory capabilities, including the suppression of immune cell functions and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Female C57BL/6 mice (8-10 weeks old) were divided into three groups: 1. Control, 2. Allogeneic MSCs (ALO) treatment, and 3. Syngeneic MSCs (SYN) treatment. To induce EAE, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein was injected subcutaneously with complete Freund's adjuvant, followed by intraperitoneal pertussis toxin. On Days 6 and 12 postimmunization, the treatment groups received intraperitoneal injections of 2 × 106 MSCs. Daily clinical and weight assessments were performed, and on Day 25, the mice were euthanized. At the end of the period, brain histological analysis was conducted to quantify lymphocyte infiltration. T-cell characteristics were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The assessment of transcription factor expression levels in the CNS was also performed using RT-PCR. Compared to the control group, both the allogeneic (ALO) and syngeneic (SYN) groups demonstrated significantly reduced disease progression. The maximum clinical scores for the control, ALO, and SYN groups were 4.4 ± 0.1, 2.4 ± 0.2, and 2.1 ± 0.2, respectively (ALO and SYN vs. Control: p < .001). In comparison to the control group, histological studies demonstrated that the allogeneic and syngeneic groups had less lymphocytic infiltration (ALO: 1.4 ± 0.1, SYN: 1.2 ± 0.2, and control: 2.8 ± 0.15; p < .001) and demyelination (ALO: 1.2 ± 0.15, SYN: 1.1 ± 0.1 and control: 2.9 ± 0.1, p < .001). ALO and SYN groups had lower expression of Th1 and Th17 cytokines and transcription factors (IFN-γ: 0.067, 0.051; STAT4: 0.189, 0.162; T-bet: 0.175, 0.163; IL-17: 0.074, 0.061; STAT3: 0.271, 0.253; ROR-γt: 0.163, 0.149, respectively) compared to the control group on Day 25 following EAE induction. Additionally, ALO and SYN groups compared to the control group, expressed more Th2 and Treg cytokines and transcription factors (IL-4: 4.25, 4.63; STAT6: 2.78, 2.96; GATA3: 2.91, 3.08; IL-27: 2.32, 2.46, IL-33: 2.71, 2.85; TGF-β: 4.8, 5.05; IL-10: 4.71, 4.93; CTLA-4: 7.72, 7.95; PD1: 4.12,4.35; Foxp3: 3.82,4.08, respectively). This research demonstrated that MSCs possess the potential to be a therapeutic option for MS and related CNS inflammatory disorders. Their immunomodulatory properties, coupled with the observed reductions in disease severity, lymphocytic infiltration, and demyelination, indicate that MSCs could play a crucial role in altering the course of MS by mitigating inflammatory immune responses and promoting regulatory immune processes. These findings open up new possibilities for the development of MSC-based therapies for MS, and further investigation and clinical trials may be warranted to explore their efficacy and safety in human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Zargarani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Maryam J Tavaf
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Azita Soltanmohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Yazdanpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rasoul Baharlou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bizhan Sadighimoghaddam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song Z, Li J, He Y, Wang X, Tian J, Wu Y. A novel PROTAC molecule dBET1 alleviates pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice by degrading BRD4. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112646. [PMID: 39002520 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), a bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) protein family member, is indispensable for the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Therefore, inhibiting BRD4 may be a prospective therapeutic approach for modulating the inflammatory response and regulating the course of MS. dBET1, a newly synthesized proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), exhibits effectively degrades of BRD4. However, the precise effects of dBET1 on MS require further investigation. Therefore, we assessed the effect of dBET1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a typical MS experimental model. Our findings revealed that BRD4 is mainly expressed in astrocytes and neurons of the spinal cords, and is up-regulated in the spinal cords of EAE mice. The dBET1 attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of astrocytic pro-inflammatory mediators and inhibited deleterious molecular activity in astrocytes. Correspondingly, dBET1, used in preventive and therapeutic settings, alleviated the behavioral symptoms in EAE mice, as demonstrated by decreased demyelination, alleviated leukocyte infiltration, reduced microglial and astrocyte activation, and diminished inflammatory mediator levels. In addition, dBET1 corrected the imbalance in peripheral T cells and protected blood-brain barrier integrity in EAE mice. The underlying mechanism involved suppressing the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B, mitogen-activated protein kinase /extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor kappa B pathways. In summary, our data strongly suggests that dBET1 is a promising treatment option for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yijie He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jianan Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lazarević M, Stegnjaić G, Jevtić B, Despotović S, Ignjatović Đ, Stanisavljević S, Nikolovski N, Momčilović M, Fraser GL, Dimitrijević M, Miljković Đ. Increased regulatory activity of intestinal innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3) prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis severity. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:26. [PMID: 38238790 PMCID: PMC10795263 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in inbred rodents, i.e., genetically identical animals kept under identical environmental conditions, shows variable clinical outcomes. We investigated such variations of EAE in Dark Agouti rats immunized with spinal cord homogenate and identified four groups: lethal, severe, moderate, and mild, at day 28 post immunization. Higher numbers of CD4+ T cells, helper T cells type 1 (Th1) and 17 (Th17) in particular, were detected in the spinal cord of the severe group in comparison with the moderate group. In addition, increased proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells, and heightened levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6 were detected in the small intestine lamina propria of the severe group. A selective agonist of free fatty acid receptor type 2 (Ffar2) applied orally in the inductive phase of EAE shifted the distribution of the disease outcomes towards milder forms. This effect was paralleled with potentiation of intestinal innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3) regulatory properties, and diminished Th1 and Th17 cell response in the lymph nodes draining the site of immunization. Our results suggest that different clinical outcomes in DA rats are under determinative influence of intestinal ILC3 activity during the inductive phase of EAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Lazarević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Stegnjaić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Jevtić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Despotović
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 9, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đurđica Ignjatović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Suzana Stanisavljević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Nikolovski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miljana Momčilović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Graeme L Fraser
- Epics Therapeutics S.A, 47 Rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đorđe Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rahiman N, Zamani P, Arabi L, Alavizadeh SH, Nikpoor A, Mashreghi M, Badiee A, Jaafari MR. Novel liposomal glatiramer acetate: Preparation and immunomodulatory evaluation in murine model of multiple sclerosis. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123620. [PMID: 37981250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The frequent administration rate required for Glatiramer acetate (GA), a first-line therapy for Multiple sclerosis (MS), poses patient compliance issues. Only a small portion of the subcutaneously administered GA is available for phagocytosis by macrophages, as most of it is hydrolyzed at its administration site or excreted renally. To unravel these hurdles, we have prepared liposomal formulations of GA through thin film-hydration method plus extrusion. The clinical and histopathological efficacy of GA-loaded liposomes were assessed in prophylactic and therapeutic manners on murine model of MS (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)). The selected GA liposomal formulation showed favorable size (275 nm on average), high loading efficiency, and high macrophage localization. Moreover, administration of GA-liposomes in mice robustly suppressed the inflammatory responses and decreased the inflammatory and demyelinated lesion regions in CNS compared to the free GA with subsequent reduction of the EAE clinical score. Our study indicated that liposomal GA could be served as a reliable nanomedicine-based platform to hopefully curb MS-related aberrant autoreactive immune responses with higher efficacy, longer duration of action, fewer administration frequencies, and higher delivery rate to macrophages. This platform has the potential to be introduced as a vaccine for MS after clinical translation and merits further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aminreza Nikpoor
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mashreghi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, Ferrero E, Schmid C, Huck C, Smith P, Tisserand S, Rubert J, Bornancin F, Eichlisberger D, Cenni B. Remibrutinib (LOU064) inhibits neuroinflammation driven by B cells and myeloid cells in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:194. [PMID: 37633912 PMCID: PMC10463946 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key signaling node in B cell receptor (BCR) and Fc receptor (FcR) signaling. BTK inhibitors (BTKi) are an emerging oral treatment option for patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). Remibrutinib (LOU064) is a potent, highly selective covalent BTKi with a promising preclinical and clinical profile for MS and other autoimmune or autoallergic indications. METHODS The efficacy and mechanism of action of remibrutinib was assessed in two different experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models for MS. The impact of remibrutinib on B cell-driven EAE pathology was determined after immunization with human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (HuMOG). The efficacy on myeloid cell and microglia driven neuroinflammation was determined in the RatMOG EAE. In addition, we assessed the relationship of efficacy to BTK occupancy in tissue, ex vivo T cell response, as well as single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) in brain and spinal cord tissue. RESULTS Remibrutinib inhibited B cell-dependent HuMOG EAE in dose-dependent manner and strongly reduced neurological symptoms. At the efficacious oral dose of 30 mg/kg, remibrutinib showed strong BTK occupancy in the peripheral immune organs and in the brain of EAE mice. Ex vivo MOG-specific T cell recall response was reduced, but not polyclonal T cell response, indicating absence of non-specific T cell inhibition. Remibrutinib also inhibited RatMOG EAE, suggesting that myeloid cell and microglia inhibition contribute to its efficacy in EAE. Remibrutinib did not reduce B cells, total Ig levels nor MOG-specific antibody response. In brain and spinal cord tissue a clear anti-inflammatory effect in microglia was detected by scRNA-seq. Finally, remibrutinib showed potent inhibition of in vitro immune complex-driven inflammatory response in human microglia. CONCLUSION Remibrutinib inhibited EAE models by a two-pronged mechanism based on inhibition of pathogenic B cell autoreactivity, as well as direct anti-inflammatory effects in microglia. Remibrutinib showed efficacy in both models in absence of direct B cell depletion, broad T cell inhibition or reduction of total Ig levels. These findings support the view that remibrutinib may represent a novel treatment option for patients with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Ferrero
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cindy Schmid
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Huck
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sarah Tisserand
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joelle Rubert
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Bruno Cenni
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu X, Han C, Wang P, Zhou F. Natural products targeting cellular processes common in Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1149963. [PMID: 36970529 PMCID: PMC10036594 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1149963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) include the loss of dopaminergic neurons and formation of Lewy bodies, whereas multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder with damaged myelin sheaths and axonal loss. Despite their distinct etiologies, mounting evidence in recent years suggests that neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and infiltration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) all play crucial roles in both diseases. It is also recognized that therapeutic advances against one neurodegenerative disorder are likely useful in targeting the other. As current drugs in clinical settings exhibit low efficacy and toxic side effects with long-term usages, the use of natural products (NPs) as treatment modalities has attracted growing attention. This mini-review summarizes the applications of natural compounds to targeting diverse cellular processes inherent in PD and MS, with the emphasis placed on their neuroprotective and immune-regulating potentials in cellular and animal models. By reviewing the many similarities between PD and MS and NPs according to their functions, it becomes evident that some NPs studied for one disease are likely repurposable for the other. A review from this perspective can provide insights into the search for and utilization of NPs in treating the similar cellular processes common in major neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuxu Xu
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shangdong, China
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chaowei Han
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saez-Calveras N, Brewster AL, Stuve O. The validity of animal models to explore the pathogenic role of the complement system in multiple sclerosis: A review. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1017484. [PMID: 36311030 PMCID: PMC9606595 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1017484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been extensively used to characterize the disease mechanisms in MS, as well as to identify potential pharmacologic targets for this condition. In recent years, the immune complement system has gained increased attention as an important effector in the pathogenesis of MS. Evidence from histological, serum, and CSF studies of patients supports an involvement of complement in both relapsing-remitting and progressive MS. In this review, we discuss the history and advances made on the use of MS animal models to profile the effects of the complement system in this condition. The first studies that explored the complement system in the context of MS used cobra venom factor (CVF) as a complement depleting agent in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) Lewis rats. Since then, multiple mice and rat models of MS have revealed a role of C3 and the alternative complement cascade in the opsonization and phagocytosis of myelin by microglia and myeloid cells. Studies using viral vectors, genetic knockouts and pharmacologic complement inhibitors have also shown an effect of complement in synaptic loss. Antibody-mediated EAE models have revealed an involvement of the C1 complex and the classical complement as an effector of the humoral response in this disease. C1q itself may also be involved in modulating microglia activation and oligodendrocyte differentiation in these animals. In addition, animal and in vitro models have revealed that multiple complement factors may act as modulators of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, evidence gathered from mice models suggests that the membrane attack complex (MAC) may even exert protective roles in the chronic stages of EAE. Overall, this review summarizes the importance of MS animal models to better characterize the role of the complement system and guide future therapeutic approaches in this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nil Saez-Calveras
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Neurology Section, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Amy L. Brewster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
- Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Olaf Stuve,
| |
Collapse
|