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Li W, Zhu X, Zhang M, Yan X, Leng J, Zhou Y, Liu L, Zhang D, Yuan X, Xue D, Tian H, Ding Z. Phenoxyacetic acid enhances nodulation symbiosis during the rapid growth stage of soybean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322217121. [PMID: 39240965 PMCID: PMC11406252 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322217121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Root exudates are known signaling agents that influence legume root nodulation, but the molecular mechanisms for nonflavonoid molecules remain largely unexplored. The number of soybean root nodules during the initial growth phase shows substantial discrepancies at distinct developmental junctures. Using a combination of metabolomics analyses on root exudates and nodulation experiments, we identify a pivotal role for certain root exudates during the rapid growth phase in promoting nodulation. Phenoxyacetic acid (POA) was found to activate the expression of GmGA2ox10 and thereby facilitate rhizobial infection and the formation of infection threads. Furthermore, POA exerts regulatory control on the miR172c-NNC1 module to foster nodule primordia development and consequently increase nodule numbers. These findings collectively highlight the important role of POA in enhancing nodulation during the accelerated growth phase of soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xinfang Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xifeng Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Junchen Leng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Like Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Dajian Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xianzheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
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2
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Freitas-Alves NS, Moreira-Pinto CE, Arraes FBM, Costa LSDL, de Abreu RA, Moreira VJV, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Pinheiro DH, Lisei-de-Sa ME, Paes-de-Melo B, Pereira BM, Guimaraes PM, Brasileiro ACM, de Almeida-Engler J, Soccol CR, Morgante CV, Basso MF, Grossi-de-Sa MF. An ex vitro hairy root system from petioles of detached soybean leaves for in planta screening of target genes and CRISPR strategies associated with nematode bioassays. PLANTA 2023; 259:23. [PMID: 38108903 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The ex vitro hairy root system from petioles of detached soybean leaves allows the functional validation of genes using classical transgenesis and CRISPR strategies (e.g., sgRNA validation, gene activation) associated with nematode bioassays. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated root transformation has been widely used in soybean for the functional validation of target genes in classical transgenesis and single-guide RNA (sgRNA) in CRISPR-based technologies. Initial data showed that in vitro hairy root induction from soybean cotyledons and hypocotyls were not the most suitable strategies for simultaneous performing genetic studies and nematode bioassays. Therefore, an ex vitro hairy root system was developed for in planta screening of target molecules during soybean parasitism by root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Applying this method, hairy roots were successfully induced by A. rhizogenes from petioles of detached soybean leaves. The soybean GmPR10 and GmGST genes were then constitutively overexpressed in both soybean hairy roots and tobacco plants, showing a reduction in the number of Meloidogyne incognita-induced galls of up to 41% and 39%, respectively. In addition, this system was evaluated for upregulation of the endogenous GmExpA and GmExpLB genes by CRISPR/dCas9, showing high levels of gene activation and reductions in gall number of up to 58.7% and 67.4%, respectively. Furthermore, morphological and histological analyses of the galls were successfully performed. These collective data validate the ex vitro hairy root system for screening target genes, using classical overexpression and CRISPR approaches, directly in soybean in a simple manner and associated with nematode bioassays. This system can also be used in other root pathosystems for analyses of gene function and studies of parasite interactions with plants, as well as for other purposes such as studies of root biology and promoter characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara S Freitas-Alves
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Clidia E Moreira-Pinto
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Fabrício B M Arraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Lorena S de L Costa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Brasília-UNB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Rayane A de Abreu
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Valdeir J V Moreira
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Brasília-UNB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Isabela T Lourenço-Tessutti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Daniele H Pinheiro
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Maria E Lisei-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Bruno Paes-de-Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Bruna M Pereira
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Patricia M Guimaraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Ana C M Brasileiro
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, ISA, France
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carolina V Morgante
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Embrapa Semiarid, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Marcos F Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Maria F Grossi-de-Sa
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Brasília-UNB, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil.
- Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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3
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Pereira BM, Arraes F, Martins ACQ, Alves NSF, Melo BP, Morgante CV, Saraiva MAP, Grossi-de-Sá MF, Guimaraes PM, Brasileiro ACM. A novel soybean hairy root system for gene functional validation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285504. [PMID: 37200365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation has long been explored as a versatile and reliable method for gene function validation in many plant species, including soybean (Glycine max). Likewise, detached-leaf assays have been widely used for rapid and mass screening of soybean genotypes for disease resistance. The present study combines these two methods to establish an efficient and practical system to generate transgenic soybean hairy roots from detached leaves and their subsequent culture under ex vitro conditions. We demonstrated that hairy roots derived from leaves of two (tropical and temperate) soybean cultivars could be successfully infected by economically important species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica). The established detached-leaf method was further explored for functional validation of two candidate genes encoding for cell wall modifying proteins (CWMPs) to promote resistance against M. incognita through distinct biotechnological strategies: the overexpression of a wild Arachis α-expansin transgene (AdEXPA24) and the dsRNA-mediated silencing of an endogenous soybean polygalacturonase gene (GmPG). AdEXPA24 overexpression in hairy roots of RKN-susceptible soybean cultivar significantly reduced nematode infection by approximately 47%, whereas GmPG downregulation caused an average decrease of 37%. This novel system of hairy root induction from detached leaves showed to be an efficient, practical, fast, and low-cost method suitable for high throughput in root analysis of candidate genes in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrício Arraes
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruno Paes Melo
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carolina Vianna Morgante
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-Embrapa, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- EMBRAPA Semiárido, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Mario Alfredo Passos Saraiva
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-Embrapa, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Fátima Grossi-de-Sá
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-Embrapa, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Patricia Messenberg Guimaraes
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-Embrapa, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Miranda Brasileiro
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-Embrapa, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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4
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Huang P, Lu M, Li X, Sun H, Cheng Z, Miao Y, Fu Y, Zhang X. An Efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Hairy Root Transformation Method in a Soybean Root Biology Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012261. [PMID: 36293115 PMCID: PMC9603872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable genetic transformation of soybean is time-consuming and inefficient. As a simple and practical alternative method, hairy root transformation mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes is widely applied in studying root-specific processes, nodulation, biochemical and molecular functions of genes of interest, gene editing efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9, and biological reactors and producers. Therefore, many laboratories have developed unique protocols to obtain hairy roots in composite plants composed of transgenic roots and wild-type shoots. However, these protocols still suffer from the shortcomings of low efficiency and time, space, and cost consumption. To address this issue, we developed a new protocol efficient regeneration and transformation of hairy roots (eR&T) in soybean, by integrating and optimizing the main current methods to achieve high efficiency in both hairy root regeneration and transformation within a shorter period and using less space. By this eR&T method, we obtained 100% regeneration of hairy roots for all explants, with an average 63.7% of transformation frequency, which promoted the simultaneous and comparative analysis of the function of several genes. The eR&T was experimentally verified Promoter:GUS reporters, protein subcellular localization, and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing experiments. Employing this approach, we identified several novel potential regulators of nodulation, and nucleoporins of the Nup107-160 sub-complex, which showed development-dependent and tissue-dependent expression patterns, indicating their important roles in nodulation in soybean. Thus, the new eR&T method is an efficient and economical approach for investigating not only root and nodule biology, but also gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Huang
- Moa Key Lab of Soybean Biology (Beijing), National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingyang Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiangbei Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huiyu Sun
- Moa Key Lab of Soybean Biology (Beijing), National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yongfu Fu
- Moa Key Lab of Soybean Biology (Beijing), National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Moa Key Lab of Soybean Biology (Beijing), National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (X.Z.)
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5
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Abstract
Resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a topic incorporating multiple mechanisms and multiple types of science. It is also a topic of substantial agricultural importance, as SCN is estimated to cause more yield damage than any other pathogen of soybean, one of the world's main food crops. Both soybean and SCN have experienced jumps in experimental tractability in the past decade, and significant advances have been made. The rhg1-b locus, deployed on millions of farm acres, has been durable and will remain important, but local SCN populations are gradually evolving to overcome rhg1-b. Multiple other SCN resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) of proven value are now in play with soybean breeders. QTL causal gene discovery and mechanistic insights into SCN resistance are contributing to both basic and applied disciplines. Additional understanding of SCN and other cyst nematodes will also grow in importance and lead to novel disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Bent
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;
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6
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Song JH, Montes-Luz B, Tadra-Sfeir MZ, Cui Y, Su L, Xu D, Stacey G. High-Resolution Translatome Analysis Reveals Cortical Cell Programs During Early Soybean Nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:820348. [PMID: 35498680 PMCID: PMC9048599 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.820348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nodule organogenesis in legumes is regulated temporally and spatially through gene networks. Genome-wide transcriptome, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses have been used previously to define the functional role of various plant genes in the nodulation process. However, while significant progress has been made, most of these studies have suffered from tissue dilution since only a few cells/root regions respond to rhizobial infection, with much of the root non-responsive. To partially overcome this issue, we adopted translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) to specifically monitor the response of the root cortex to rhizobial inoculation using a cortex-specific promoter. While previous studies have largely focused on the plant response within the root epidermis (e.g., root hairs) or within developing nodules, much less is known about the early responses within the root cortex, such as in relation to the development of the nodule primordium or growth of the infection thread. We focused on identifying genes specifically regulated during early nodule organogenesis using roots inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. A number of novel nodulation gene candidates were discovered, as well as soybean orthologs of nodulation genes previously reported in other legumes. The differential cortex expression of several genes was confirmed using a promoter-GUS analysis, and RNAi was used to investigate gene function. Notably, a number of differentially regulated genes involved in phytohormone signaling, including auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellic acid (GA), were also discovered, providing deep insight into phytohormone signaling during early nodule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyo Song
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Bruna Montes-Luz
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Michelle Zibetti Tadra-Sfeir
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Yaya Cui
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Lingtao Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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7
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Fu M, Sun J, Li X, Guan Y, Xie F. Asymmetric redundancy of soybean Nodule Inception (NIN) genes in root nodule symbiosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:477-489. [PMID: 34633461 PMCID: PMC8774708 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nodule Inception (NIN) is one of the most important root nodule symbiotic genes as it is required for both infection and nodule organogenesis in legumes. Unlike most legumes with a sole NIN gene, there are four putative orthologous NIN genes in soybean (Glycine max). Whether and how these NIN genes contribute to soybean-rhizobia symbiotic interaction remain unknown. In this study, we found that all four GmNIN genes are induced by rhizobia and that conserved CE and CYC binding motifs in their promoter regions are required for their expression in the nodule formation process. By generation of multiplex Gmnin mutants, we found that the Gmnin1a nin2a nin2b triple mutant and Gmnin1a nin1b nin2a nin2b quadruple mutant displayed similar defects in rhizobia infection and root nodule formation, Gmnin2a nin2b produced fewer nodules but displayed a hyper infection phenotype compared to wild type (WT), while the Gmnin1a nin1b double mutant nodulated similar to WT. Overexpression of GmNIN1a, GmNIN1b, GmNIN2a, and GmNIN2b reduced nodule numbers after rhizobia inoculation, with GmNIN1b overexpression having the weakest effect. In addition, overexpression of GmNIN1a, GmNIN2a, or GmNIN2b, but not GmNIN1b, produced malformed pseudo-nodule-like structures without rhizobia inoculation. In conclusion, GmNIN1a, GmNIN2a, and GmNIN2b play functionally redundant yet complicated roles in soybean nodulation. GmNIN1b, although expressed at a comparable level with the other homologs, plays a minor role in root nodule symbiosis. Our work provides insight into the understanding of the asymmetrically redundant function of GmNIN genes in soybean.
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MESH Headings
- Crops, Agricultural/genetics
- Crops, Agricultural/growth & development
- Crops, Agricultural/metabolism
- Crops, Agricultural/microbiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Genetic Variation
- Genotype
- Rhizobium
- Root Nodules, Plant/genetics
- Root Nodules, Plant/growth & development
- Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism
- Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology
- Glycine max/genetics
- Glycine max/growth & development
- Glycine max/metabolism
- Glycine max/microbiology
- Symbiosis/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafeng Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Xu H, Guo Y, Qiu L, Ran Y. Progress in Soybean Genetic Transformation Over the Last Decade. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:900318. [PMID: 35755694 PMCID: PMC9231586 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.900318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of the important food, feed, and biofuel crops in the world. Soybean genome modification by genetic transformation has been carried out for trait improvement for more than 4 decades. However, compared to other major crops such as rice, soybean is still recalcitrant to genetic transformation, and transgenic soybean production has been hampered by limitations such as low transformation efficiency and genotype specificity, and prolonged and tedious protocols. The primary goal in soybean transformation over the last decade is to achieve high efficiency and genotype flexibility. Soybean transformation has been improved by modifying tissue culture conditions such as selection of explant types, adjustment of culture medium components and choice of selection reagents, as well as better understanding the transformation mechanisms of specific approaches such as Agrobacterium infection. Transgenesis-based breeding of soybean varieties with new traits is now possible by development of improved protocols. In this review, we summarize the developments in soybean genetic transformation to date, especially focusing on the progress made using Agrobacterium-mediated methods and biolistic methods over the past decade. We also discuss current challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Xu
- Tianjin Genovo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lijuan Qiu,
| | - Yidong Ran
- Tianjin Genovo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
- Yidong Ran,
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