1
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Lohman GJS. Selection of Fusion-Site Overhang Sets for High-Fidelity and High-Complexity Golden Gate Assembly. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2850:41-60. [PMID: 39363065 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4220-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Golden Gate Assembly depends on the accurate ligation of overhangs at fragment fusion sites to generate full-length products with all parts in the desired order. Traditionally, fusion-site sequences are selected by using validated sets of overhang sequences or by applying a handful of semi-empirical rules to guide overhang choice. While these approaches allow dependable assembly of 6-8 fragments in one pot, recent work has demonstrated that comprehensive measurement of ligase fidelity allows prediction of high-fidelity junction sets that enable much more complex assemblies of 12, 24, or even 36+ fragments in a single reaction that will join with high accuracy and efficiency. In this chapter, we outline the application of a set of online tools that apply these comprehensive datasets to the analysis of existing junction sets, the de novo selection of new high-fidelity overhang sets, the modification and expansion of existing sets, and the principles for dividing known sequences at an arbitrary number of high-fidelity breakpoints.
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2
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Laborda-Mansilla J, García-Ruiz E. Advancements in Golden Gate Cloning: A Comprehensive Review. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2850:481-500. [PMID: 39363089 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4220-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Researchers have dedicated efforts to refining genetic part assembly techniques, responding to the demand for complex DNA constructs. The optimization efforts, targeting enhanced efficiency, fidelity, and modularity, have yielded streamlined protocols. Among these, Golden Gate cloning has gained prominence, offering a modular and hierarchical approach for constructing complex DNA fragments. This method is instrumental in establishing a repository of reusable parts, effectively reducing the costs and proving highly valuable for high-throughput DNA assembly projects. In this review, we delve into the main protocol of Golden Gate cloning, providing refined insights to enhance protocols and address potential challenges. Additionally, we perform a thorough evaluation of the primary modular cloning toolkits adopted by the scientific community. The discussion includes an exploration of recent advances and challenges in the field, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of Golden Gate cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Laborda-Mansilla
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, ICP-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva García-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, ICP-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Strzelecki P, Shpiruk A, Cech GM, Kloska A, Hébraud P, Beyer N, Busi F, Grange W. Robust, high-yield, rapid fabrication of DNA constructs for Magnetic Tweezers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 731:150370. [PMID: 39047619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule techniques are highly sensitive tools that can reveal reaction intermediates often obscured in experiments involving large ensembles of molecules. Therefore, they provide unprecedented information on the mechanisms that control biomolecular reactions. Currently, one of the most significant single-molecule assays is Magnetic Tweezers (MT), which probes enzymatic reactions at high spatio-temporal resolutions on tens, if not hundreds, of molecules simultaneously. For high-resolution MT experiments, a short double-stranded DNA molecule (less than 2000 base pairs) is typically attached between a micron-sized superparamagnetic bead and a surface. The fabrication of such a substrate is key for successful single-molecule assays, and several papers have discussed the possibility of improving the fabrication of short DNA constructs. However, reported yields are usually low and require additional time-consuming purification steps (e.g., gel purification). In this paper, we propose the use of a Golden Gate Assembly assay that allows for the production of DNA constructs within minutes (starting from PCR products). We discuss how relevant parameters may affect the yield and offer single-molecule experimentalists a simple yet robust approach to fabricate DNA constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Strzelecki
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-6700, Strasbourg, France; Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anastasiia Shpiruk
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-6700, Strasbourg, France
| | - Grzegorz M Cech
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Kloska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Pascal Hébraud
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-6700, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Beyer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-6700, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florent Busi
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR 8251, F-75013, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, UFR Sciences du vivant, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Wilfried Grange
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-6700, Strasbourg, France; Université Paris Cité, UFR Sciences du vivant, F-75013, Paris, France.
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4
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Strzelecki P, Joly N, Hébraud P, Hoffmann E, Cech GM, Kloska A, Busi F, Grange W. Enhanced Golden Gate Assembly: evaluating overhang strength for improved ligation efficiency. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae809. [PMID: 39340302 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular cloning, a routine yet essential technique, relies heavily on efficient ligation, which can be significantly improved using Golden Gate Assembly (GGA). A key component of GGA is the use of type IIS enzymes, which uniquely cleave downstream of their recognition sequences to generate various overhangs, including non-palindromic ones. Recent advancements in GGA include the development of newly engineered enzymes with enhanced activity. Additionally, high-throughput GGA assays, which allow for the simultaneous study of all possible overhangs, have identified optimal GGA substrates with high efficiencies and fidelities, greatly facilitating the design of complex assemblies. Interestingly, these assays reveal unexpected correlations between ligation efficiencies and overhang stabilities. One hypothesis for this observation is that newly hydrolyzed DNA fragments with strong overhangs can readily re-ligate, thereby slowing down the overall process. In this paper, we employ a combination of gel electrophoresis and numerical calculations to test this hypothesis, ultimately determining that it does not hold true under the conditions established by conventional GGA assays. Using an assembly of 10 fragments, we demonstrate that strong overhangs yield higher GGA efficiency, while weak overhangs result in lower efficiency. These findings enable us to propose optimal overhangs for efficient GGA assays, significantly increasing yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Strzelecki
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Nicolas Joly
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Hébraud
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elise Hoffmann
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Grzegorz M Cech
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Kloska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Florent Busi
- UFR Sciences du vivant, Université Paris Cité, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Cité, 4 rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Wilfried Grange
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- UFR Sciences du vivant, Université Paris Cité, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
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5
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Zhou L, Zhang R, Jiang B, Meng Q, Chen J, Liu X. Efficient Production of an Alginate Lyase in Bacillus subtilis with Combined Strategy: Vector and Host Selection, Promoter and Signal Peptide Screening, and Modification of a Translation Initiation Region. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:19403-19412. [PMID: 39180506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Alginate lyases (ALys) whose degrading products, alginate oligosaccharides, exhibit various outstanding biochemical activities have aroused increasing interest of researchers in the marine bioresource field. However, their predominant sourcing from marine bacteria, with limited yields and unclear genetic backgrounds, presents a challenge for industrial production. In this study, ALys (Aly01) from Vibrio natriegens SK 42.001 was expressed in Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), a nonpathogenic microorganism recognized as generally safe (GRAS). This accomplishment was realized through a comprehensive strategy involving vector and host selection, promoter and signal peptide screening, and engineering of the ribosome binding site (RBS) and the N-terminal coding sequence (NCS). The optimal combination was identified as the pP43NMK and B. subtilis WB600. Among the 19 reported strong promoters, PnprE exhibited the best performance, showing intracellular enzyme activities of 4.47 U/mL. Despite expectations, dual promoter construction did not yield a significant increase. Further, SPydhT demonstrated the highest extracellular activity (1.33 U/mL), which was further improved by RBS/NCS engineering, reaching 4.58 U/mL. Finally, after fed-batch fermentation, the extracellular activity reached 18.01 U/mL, which was the highest of ALys with a high molecular weight expressed in B. subtilis. These findings are expected to offer valuable insights into the heterologous expression of ALys in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qing Meng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Shandong Haizhibao Ocean Technology Co., Ltd., Weihai 264333, China
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6
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Bilotti K, Keep S, Sikkema AP, Pryor JM, Kirk J, Foldes K, Doyle N, Wu G, Freimanis G, Dowgier G, Adeyemi O, Tabatabaei SK, Lohman GJS, Bickerton E. One-pot Golden Gate Assembly of an avian infectious bronchitis virus reverse genetics system. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307655. [PMID: 39052682 PMCID: PMC11271894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis is an acute respiratory disease of poultry of particular concern for global food security. Investigation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis, via reverse genetics enables deeper understanding of virus biology and a rapid response to emerging variants. Classic methods of reverse genetics for IBV can be time consuming, rely on recombination for the introduction of mutations, and, depending on the system, can be subject to genome instability and unreliable success rates. In this study, we have applied data-optimized Golden Gate Assembly design to create a rapidly executable, flexible, and faithful reverse genetics system for IBV. The IBV genome was divided into 12 fragments at high-fidelity fusion site breakpoints. All fragments were synthetically produced and propagated in E. coli plasmids, amenable to standard molecular biology techniques for DNA manipulation. The assembly can be carried out in a single reaction, with the products used directly in subsequent viral rescue steps. We demonstrate the use of this system for generation of point mutants and gene replacements. This Golden Gate Assembly-based reverse genetics system will enable rapid response to emerging variants of IBV, particularly important to vaccine development for controlling spread within poultry populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bilotti
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Sikkema
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John M. Pryor
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James Kirk
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ge Wu
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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7
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Leblanc J, Boulle O, Roux E, Nicolas J, Lavenier D, Audic Y. Fully in vitro iterative construction of a 24 kb-long artificial DNA sequence to store digital information. Biotechniques 2024; 76:203-215. [PMID: 38573592 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2023-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In the absence of a DNA template, the ab initio production of long double-stranded DNA molecules of predefined sequences is particularly challenging. The DNA synthesis step remains a bottleneck for many applications such as functional assessment of ancestral genes, analysis of alternative splicing or DNA-based data storage. In this report we propose a fully in vitro protocol to generate very long double-stranded DNA molecules starting from commercially available short DNA blocks in less than 3 days using Golden Gate assembly. This innovative application allowed us to streamline the process to produce a 24 kb-long DNA molecule storing part of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 . The DNA molecule produced can be readily cloned into a suitable host/vector system for amplification and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Leblanc
- University Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Boulle
- University Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Emeline Roux
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, France
| | - Jacques Nicolas
- University Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | - Yann Audic
- CNRS, University Rennes, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR) UMR 6290, Rennes, France
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8
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Lund S, Potapov V, Johnson SR, Buss J, Tanner NA. Highly Parallelized Construction of DNA from Low-Cost Oligonucleotide Mixtures Using Data-Optimized Assembly Design and Golden Gate. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:745-751. [PMID: 38377591 PMCID: PMC10949349 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Commercially synthesized genes are typically made using variations of homology-based cloning techniques, including polymerase cycling assembly from chemically synthesized microarray-derived oligonucleotides. Here, we apply Data-optimized Assembly Design (DAD) to the synthesis of hundreds of codon-optimized genes in both constitutive and inducible vectors using Golden Gate Assembly. Starting from oligonucleotide pools, we synthesize genes in three simple steps: (1) amplification of parts belonging to individual assemblies in parallel from a single pool; (2) Golden Gate Assembly of parts for each construct; and (3) transformation. We construct genes from receiving DNA to sequence confirmed isolates in as little as 4 days. By leveraging the ligation fidelity afforded by T4 DNA ligase, we expect to be able to construct a larger breadth of sequences not currently supported by homology-based methods, which require stability of extensive single-stranded DNA overhangs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Lund
- Research
Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Vladimir Potapov
- Research
Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Sean R. Johnson
- Research
Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Jackson Buss
- Research
Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Nathan A. Tanner
- Research
Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
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9
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Manigat F, Connell LB, Stewart BN, LePabic AR, Tessier CJG, Emlaw JR, Calvert ND, Rössl A, Shuhendler AJ, daCosta CJB, Campbell-Valois FX. pUdOs: Concise Plasmids for Bacterial and Mammalian Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:485-497. [PMID: 38235654 PMCID: PMC10878396 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The plasmids from the Université d'Ottawa (pUdOs) are 28 small plasmids each comprising one of four origins of replication and one of seven selection markers, which together afford flexible use in Escherichia coli and several related gram-negative bacteria. The promoterless multicloning site is insulated from upstream spurious promoters by strong transcription terminators and contains type IIP or IIS restriction sites for conventional or Golden Gate cloning. pUdOs can be converted into efficient expression vectors through the insertion of a promoter at the user's discretion. For example, we demonstrate the utility of pUdOs as the backbone for an improved version of a Type III Secretion System reporter in Shigella. In addition, we derive a series of pUdO-based mammalian expression vectors, affording distinct levels of expression and transfection efficiency comparable to commonly used mammalian expression plasmids. Thus, pUdOs could advantageously replace traditional plasmids in a wide variety of cell types and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- France
O. Manigat
- Center
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- bioGARAGE,
Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Louise B. Connell
- Center
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- bioGARAGE,
Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Brittany N. Stewart
- Center
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- bioGARAGE,
Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Abdel-Rahman LePabic
- Center
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- bioGARAGE,
Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christian J. G. Tessier
- Center
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- bioGARAGE,
Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Johnathon R. Emlaw
- Center
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- bioGARAGE,
Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicholas D. Calvert
- Center
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- bioGARAGE,
Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Anthony Rössl
- Center
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- bioGARAGE,
Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Adam J. Shuhendler
- Center
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- bioGARAGE,
Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- University
of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Corrie J. B. daCosta
- Center
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- bioGARAGE,
Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - François-Xavier Campbell-Valois
- Center
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- bioGARAGE,
Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre
for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry,
Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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