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Chemical Vapor Deposited Mixed Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133526. [PMID: 34202688 PMCID: PMC8269519 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we used a two-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to synthesize methylammonium lead-tin triiodide perovskite films, MAPb1−xSnxI3, with x varying from 0 to 1. We successfully controlled the concentration of Sn in the perovskite films and used Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) to quantify the composition of the precursor films for conversion into perovskite films. According to the RBS results, increasing the SnCl2 source amount in the reaction chamber translate into an increase in Sn concentration in the films. The crystal structure and the optical properties of perovskite films were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectrometry. All the perovskite films depicted similar XRD patterns corresponding to a tetragonal structure with I4cm space group despite the precursor films having different crystal structures. The increasing concentration of Sn in the perovskite films linearly decreased the unit volume from about 988.4 Å3 for MAPbI3 to about 983.3 Å3 for MAPb0.39Sn0.61I3, which consequently influenced the optical properties of the films manifested by the decrease in energy bandgap (Eg) and an increase in the disorder in the band gap. The SEM micrographs depicted improvements in the grain size (0.3–1 µm) and surface coverage of the perovskite films compared with the precursor films.
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Shkir M, Alshahrani T, Chandekar KV, Manthrammel MA, Sayed MA, Ashraf IM, Palanivel B, AlFaify S. Effect of Gd3+ Doping on Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of PbI2/FTO Thin Films for Optoelectronic and Nonlinear Applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Novel Nd-doping effect on structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of facilely fabricated PbI2 thin films applicable to optoelectronic devices. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-00983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Li Q, Zhao Y, Fu R, Zhou W, Zhao Y, Liu X, Yu D, Zhao Q. Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated Through CsCl-Enhanced PbI 2 Precursor via Sequential Deposition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1803095. [PMID: 30141199 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of high-quality perovskite film highly relies on chemical composition and the synthesis method of perovskite. So far, sequentially deposited MA0.03 FA0.97 Pb(I0.97 Br0.03 )3 polycrystalline film is adopted to produce high-performance perovskite solar cells with record power conversion efficiency (PCE). Fewer grain boundaries and incorporation of inorganic cation (e.g., cesium) would further increase device performance via sequential deposition. Here, cesium chloride (CsCl) is introduced into lead iodide (PbI2 ) precursor solution that beneficially modulates the property of PbI2 film, leading to larger grains with cesium incorporation in the resulting perovskite film. The enlarged crystal grains originate from a slower nucleation process for CsCl-containing PbI2 film when reacting with formamidine iodide, confirmed by in situ confocal photoluminescence imaging. Photovoltaic devices based on CsCl-containing PbI2 film demonstrate a higher averaging efficiency of 21.3% than 20.3% of the devices without CsCl additives for reverse scan. More importantly, the device stability is improved by CsCl additives that retain over 90% of their initial PCE value after 4000 min tracking at maximum power point under 1-sun illumination. This work paves a way to further improve the photovoltaic performance of mixed-cation-halide perovskite solar cells via a sequential deposition method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100084, China
- UCLA-PKU Joint Research Institute in Science and Engineering, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rui Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenke Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute, Beijing, 102209, China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100084, China
- UCLA-PKU Joint Research Institute in Science and Engineering, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100084, China
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An efficient, flexible perovskite solar module exceeding 8% prepared with an ultrafast PbI 2 deposition rate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:442. [PMID: 29323220 PMCID: PMC5765045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-area, pinhole-free CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films were successfully fabricated on 5 cm × 5 cm flexible indium tin oxide coated polyethylene naphthalate (ITO-PEN) substrates through a sequential evaporation/spin-coating deposition method in this research. The influence of the rate-controlled evaporation of PbI2 films on the quality of the perovskite layer and the final performance of the planar-structured perovskite solar cells were investigated. An ultrafast evaporation rate of 20 Å s−1 was found to be most beneficial for the conversion of PbI2 to CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. Based on this high-quality CH3NH3PbI3 film, a resultant flexible perovskite solar sub-module (active area of 16 cm2) with a power conversion efficiency of more than 8% and a 1.2 cm2 flexible perovskite solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of 12.7% were obtained.
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Shkir M, Yahia I, AlFaify S, Abutalib M, Muhammad S. Facile synthesis of lead iodide nanostructures by microwave irradiation technique and their structural, morphological, photoluminescence and dielectric studies. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rizwan Z, Zakaria A, Mohd Ghazali MS, Jafari A, Din FU, Zamiri R. Effect of annealing temperature on the optical spectra of CdS thin films deposited at low solution concentrations by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) Technique. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:1293-305. [PMID: 21541059 PMCID: PMC3083706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12021293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different concentrations of CdCl(2) and (NH(2))(2)CS were used to prepare CdS thin films, to be deposited on glass substrate by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. CdCl(2) (0.000312 M and 0.000625 M) was employed as a source of Cd(2+) while (NH(2))(2)CS (0.00125 M and 0.000625 M) for S(2-) at a constant bath temperature of 70 °C. Adhesion of the deposited films was found to be very good for all the solution concentrations of both reagents. The films were air-annealed at a temperature between 200 °C to 360 °C for one hour. The minimum thickness was observed to be 33.6 nm for film annealed at 320 °C. XRD analyses reveal that the films were cubic along with peaks of hexagonal phase for all film samples. The crystallite size of the films decreased from 41.4 nm to 7.4 nm with the increase of annealing temperature for the CdCl(2) (0.000312 M). Optical energy band gap (E(g)), Urbach energy (E(u)) and absorption coefficient (α) have been calculated from the transmission spectral data. These parameters have been discussed as a function of annealing temperature and solution concentration. The best transmission (about 97%) was obtained for the air-annealed films at higher temperature at CdCl(2) (0.000312 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Rizwan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (Z.R.); (M.S.M.G.); (A.J.); (F.U.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Azmi Zakaria
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (Z.R.); (M.S.M.G.); (A.J.); (F.U.D.); (R.Z.)
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +603-89466650; Fax: +603-89454454
| | - Mohd Sabri Mohd Ghazali
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (Z.R.); (M.S.M.G.); (A.J.); (F.U.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Atefeh Jafari
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (Z.R.); (M.S.M.G.); (A.J.); (F.U.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Fasih Ud Din
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (Z.R.); (M.S.M.G.); (A.J.); (F.U.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Reza Zamiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (Z.R.); (M.S.M.G.); (A.J.); (F.U.D.); (R.Z.)
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Ghosh T, Bandopadhyay S, Roy KK, Maiti AK, Goswami K. Optical studies on ZnO films prepared by sol-gel method. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.200800601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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