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Dupont J, Leal BC, Lozano P, Monteiro AL, Migowski P, Scholten JD. Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5227-5420. [PMID: 38661578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Migowski
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Jackson D Scholten
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
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Mahdi HI, Ramlee NN, da Silva Duarte JL, Cheng YS, Selvasembian R, Amir F, de Oliveira LH, Wan Azelee NI, Meili L, Rangasamy G. A comprehensive review on nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts for biodiesel production in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil and USA. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:138003. [PMID: 36731678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is an alternative to fossil-derived diesel with similar properties and several environmental benefits. Biodiesel production using conventional catalysts such as homogeneous, heterogeneous, or enzymatic catalysts faces a problem regarding catalysts deactivation after repeated reaction cycles. Heterogeneous nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts (enzymes) have shown better advantages due to higher activity, recyclability, larger surface area, and improved active sites. Despite a large number of studies on this subject, there are still challenges regarding its stability, recyclability, and scale-up processes for biodiesel production. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review current modifications and role of nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts and also to observe effect of various parameters on biodiesel production. Nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts demonstrate long-term stability due to strong Brønsted-Lewis acidity, larger active spots and better accessibility leading to enhancethe biodiesel production. Incorporation of metal supporting positively contributes to shorten the reaction time and enhance the longer reusability. Furthermore, proper operating parameters play a vital role to optimize the biodiesel productivity in the commercial scale process due to higher conversion, yield and selectivity with the lower process cost. This article also analyses the relationship between different types of feedstocks towards the quality and quantity of biodiesel production. Crude palm oil is convinced as the most prospective and promising feedstock due to massive production, low cost, and easily available. It also evaluates key factors and technologies for biodiesel production in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, and the USA as the biggest biodiesel production supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilman Ibnu Mahdi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan.
| | - Nurfadhila Nasya Ramlee
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - José Leandro da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Applied Electrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Yu-Shen Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan; College of Future, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, India.
| | - Faisal Amir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana (UMB), Jl. Raya, RT.4/RW.1, Meruya Sel., Kec. Kembangan, Jakarta, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, 11650, Indonesia
| | - Leonardo Hadlich de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Ion Exchange (LATI), Chemical Engineering Department (DEQ), State University of Maringá, Maringá (UEM), 5790 Colombo Avenue, Zone 7, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Nur Izyan Wan Azelee
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), UTM Skudai, 81310, Skudai Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Lucas Meili
- Laboratory of Processes (LAPRO), Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A. C. Simões, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, Tabuleiro Dos Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
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Imam HT, Krasňan V, Rebroš M, Marr AC. Applications of Ionic Liquids in Whole-Cell and Isolated Enzyme Biocatalysis. Molecules 2021; 26:4791. [PMID: 34443378 PMCID: PMC8399596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids have unique chemical properties that have fascinated scientists in many fields. The effects of adding ionic liquids to biocatalysts are many and varied. The uses of ionic liquids in biocatalysis include improved separations and phase behaviour, reduction in toxicity, and stabilization of protein structures. As the ionic liquid state of the art has progressed, concepts of what can be achieved in biocatalysis using ionic liquids have evolved and more beneficial effects have been discovered. In this review ionic liquids for whole-cell and isolated enzyme biocatalysis will be discussed with an emphasis on the latest developments, and a look to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tanvir Imam
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK;
| | - Vladimír Krasňan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Rebroš
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Andrew Craig Marr
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK;
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Lozano P, Bernal JM, Gómez C, Álvarez E, Markiv B, García-Verdugo E, Luis SV. Green biocatalytic synthesis of biodiesel from microalgae in one-pot systems based on sponge-like ionic liquids. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Recent developments in biocatalysis in multiphasic ionic liquid reaction systems. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:901-910. [PMID: 29704212 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids are well known and frequently used 'designer solvents' for biocatalytic reactions. This review highlights recent achievements in the field of multiphasic ionic liquid-based reaction concepts. It covers classical biphasic systems including supported ionic liquid phases, thermo-regulated multi-component solvent systems (TMS) and polymerized ionic liquids. These powerful concepts combine unique reaction conditions with a high potential for future applications on a laboratory and industrial scale. The presence of a multiphasic system simplifies downstream processing due to the distribution of the catalyst and reactants in different phases.
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Qiao Y, Ma W, Theyssen N, Chen C, Hou Z. Temperature-Responsive Ionic Liquids: Fundamental Behaviors and Catalytic Applications. Chem Rev 2017; 117:6881-6928. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Qiao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wenbao Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nils Theyssen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenshan Hou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
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Rueda N, Santos JCD, Ortiz C, Barbosa O, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Torres R. Chemical amination of lipases improves their immobilization on octyl-glyoxyl agarose beads. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lozano P, Bernal JM, Gómez C, García-Verdugo E, Isabel Burguete M, Sánchez G, Vaultier M, Luis SV. Green bioprocesses in sponge-like ionic liquids. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ali G, Moreau T, Forano C, Mousty C, Prevot V, Charmantray F, Hecquet L. Chiral Polyol Synthesis Catalyzed by a Thermostable Transketolase Immobilized on Layered Double Hydroxides in Ionic liquids. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghina Ali
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Thomas Moreau
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Claude Forano
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Christine Mousty
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Vanessa Prevot
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
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10
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Key factors affecting the activity and stability of enzymes in ionic liquids and novel applications in biocatalysis. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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dos Santos JCS, Rueda N, Gonçalves LRB, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Tuning the catalytic properties of lipases immobilized on divinylsulfone activated agarose by altering its nanoenvironment. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 77:1-7. [PMID: 26138393 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) and lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) have been immobilized on divinylsulfone (DVS) activated agarose beads at pH 10 for 72 h. Then, as a reaction end point, very different nucleophiles have been used to block the support and the effect of the nature of the blocking reagent has been analyzed on the features of the immobilized preparations. The blocking has generally positive effects on enzyme stability in both thermal and organic solvent inactivations. For example, CALB improved 7.5-fold the thermal stability after blocking with imidazole. The effect on enzyme activity was more variable, strongly depending on the substrate and the experimental conditions. Referring to CALB; using p-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB) and methyl phenylacetate, activity always improved by the blocking step, whatever the blocking reagent, while with methyl mandelate or ethyl hexanoate not always the blocking presented a positive effect. Other example is TLL-DVS biocatalyst blocked with Cys. This was more than 8 times more active than the non-blocked preparation and become the most active versus p-NPB at pH 7, the least active versus methyl phenylacetate at pH 5 but the third one most active at pH 9, versus methyl mandelate presented lower activity than the unblocked preparation at pH 5 and versus ethyl hexanoate was the most active at all pH values. That way, enzyme specificity could be strongly altered by this blocking step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C S dos Santos
- ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Campus Do Pici, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Nazzoly Rueda
- ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Escuela de Química, Grupo de investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Edificio Camilo Torres 210, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Luciana R B Gonçalves
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Campus Do Pici, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Yaghini N, Nordstierna L, Martinelli A. Effect of water on the transport properties of protic and aprotic imidazolium ionic liquids - an analysis of self-diffusivity, conductivity, and proton exchange mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:9266-75. [PMID: 24714867 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report on the transport properties of protic and aprotic ionic liquids of the imidazolium cation (C2C1Im(+) or C2HIm(+)) and the TFSI(-) or TfO(-) anion as a function of added water. We observe that the self-diffusion coefficient of the ionic species increases upon addition of water, and that the cation diffuses faster than the anion in the entire water concentration range investigated. We also observe that the overall increase of anionic and cationic diffusion coefficients is significant for C2HImTfO while it is rather weak for C2C1ImTFSI, the former being more hydrophilic. Moreover, the difference between cationic and anionic self-diffusivity specifically depends on the structure of the ionic liquid's ions. The degree of ion-ion association has been investigated by comparing the molar conductivity obtained by impedance measurements with the molar conductivity calculated from NMR data using the Nernst-Einstein equation. Our data indicate that the ions are partly dissociated (Λimp/ΛNMR in the range 0.45-0.75) but also that the degree of association decreases in the order C2HImTfO > C2HImTFSI ≈ C2C1ImTfO > C2C1ImTFSI. From these results, it seems that water finds different sites of interaction in the protic and aprotic ionic liquids, with a strong preference for hydrogen bonding to the -NH group (when available) and a stronger affinity to the TfO anion as compared to the TFSI. For the protic ionic liquids, the analysis of (1)H NMR chemical shifts (upon addition of H2O and D2O, respectively) indicates a water-cation interaction of hydrogen bonding nature. In addition, we could probe proton exchange between the -NH group and deuterated water for the protic cation, which occurs at a significantly faster rate if associated with the TfO anion as compared to the TFSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yaghini
- Applied Surface Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Kögel JF, Linder T, Schröder FG, Sundermeyer J, Goll SK, Himmel D, Krossing I, Kütt K, Saame J, Leito I. Fluoro- and Perfluoralkylsulfonylpentafluoroanilides: Synthesis and Characterization of NH Acids for Weakly Coordinating Anions and Their Gas-Phase and Solution Acidities. Chemistry 2015; 21:5769-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lozano P, Bernal JM, Nieto S, Gomez C, Garcia-Verdugo E, Luis SV. Active biopolymers in green non-conventional media: a sustainable tool for developing clean chemical processes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:17361-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07600e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By understanding structure–function relationships of active biopolymers (e.g. enzymes and nucleic acids) in green non-conventional media, sustainable chemical processes may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular “B” e Inmunología
- Facultad de Química
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Mare Nostrum
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Juana M. Bernal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular “B” e Inmunología
- Facultad de Química
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Mare Nostrum
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Susana Nieto
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular “B” e Inmunología
- Facultad de Química
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Mare Nostrum
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Celia Gomez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular “B” e Inmunología
- Facultad de Química
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Mare Nostrum
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | | | - Santiago V. Luis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Universidad Jaume I
- Castellón
- Spain
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Ngo TPN, Li A, Tiew KW, Li Z. Efficient transformation of grease to biodiesel using highly active and easily recyclable magnetic nanobiocatalyst aggregates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 145:233-239. [PMID: 23298767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Green and efficient production of biodiesel (FAME) from waste grease containing high amount of free fatty acid (FFA) was achieved by using novel magnetic nanobiocatalyst aggregates (MNA). Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase (TLL) and Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) were covalently immobilized on core-shell structured iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle (80 nm), respectively, followed by freeze-dry to give MNA (13-17 μm) with high yield (80-89%) and high enzyme loading (61 mg TLL or 22 mg CALB per gram MNA). MNA TL showed the best performance among immobilized enzymes known thus for the production of FAME from grease (17 wt.% FFA) with methanol, giving 99% yield in 12 h (3.3 wt.% catalyst). MNA TL was easily separated under magnetic field and reused, retaining 88% productivity in 11th cycle. MNA CA converted >97% FFA in grease (17 wt.% FFA) to FAME in 12 h (0.45 wt.% catalyst), being useful in two-step transformation of grease to biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P N Ngo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Lozano P, García-Verdugo E, Bernal JM, Izquierdo DF, Burguete MI, Sánchez-Gómez G, Luis SV. Immobilised lipase on structured supports containing covalently attached ionic liquids for the continuous synthesis of biodiesel in scCO2. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:790-798. [PMID: 22383391 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Different nanostructured supports, based on 1-decyl-2-methyimidazolium cations covalently attached to a polystyrene divinylbenzene porous matrix, were used as carriers to immobilise Candida antarctica lipase B. The suitability of these immobilised lipase derivatives for the synthesis of biodiesel (methyl oleate) by the methanolysis of triolein has been tested in both tert-butanol and supercritical (sc)CO(2) (18 MPa, 45 °C) as reaction media. The use of modified supports with low ionic-liquid loading covalently attached to the main polymeric backbone chains provide structured materials that led to the best biodiesel yields (up to 95 %) and operational stability (85 % biodiesel yield after 45 cycles of 8-4 h) in scCO(2) (45 °C, 18 MPa). The presence of tert-butanol as an inert cosolvent in the scCO(2) phase at the same concentration as triolein was key to avoid poisoning the biocatalyst through the blockage of its active sites by the polar byproduct (glycerol) produced in the biodiesel synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Faungnawakij K, Yoosuk B, Namuangruk S, Krasae P, Viriya-empikul N, Puttasawat B. Sr-Mg Mixed Oxides as Biodiesel Production Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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