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Luo CM, Yang MQ, Yang DQ, Wu ZQ, Zhou Y, Tian WC, Zhang J, Li Q, Deng C, Wei WT. [3 + 2] Annulation of Vinyl Azides with Aldehydes for the Synthesis of 3-Oxazolines via the [CO + CCN] Strategy. Org Lett 2024; 26:6859-6865. [PMID: 39092611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the widespread utilizable value of 3-oxazolines, mild and efficient access to such a class of unique structures still remains, to date, a challenge. Herein, we present a [3 + 2] annulation strategy, guided by the retrosynthetic principle of [CO + CCN], that utilizes vinyl azides as the CCN module and aldehydes as the CO module. This approach enables the efficient construction of the 3-oxazoline framework with remarkable features, including operational simplicity, environmental friendliness, and high efficiency. Notably, it solely requires the addition of inexpensive and readily available N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and air oxygen to obtain the desired product. It also provides a new way to generate the hydroxyl radical, which is produced by the homolysis of peroxycarboxylic acid. In addition, control experiments, X-ray crystallographic analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations afford evidence for the key intermediates (hydroxyl radical, carboxyl radical, imine radical, hydroxyl substituted amide derivatives), further confirming the path for realization of 3-oxazolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Luo
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Qi Yang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Qing Yang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Qi Wu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chan Tian
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Chao Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen-Ting Wei
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
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Triandafillidi I, Kokotou MG, Lotter D, Sparr C, Kokotos CG. Aldehyde-catalyzed epoxidation of unactivated alkenes with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10191-10196. [PMID: 34377408 PMCID: PMC8336450 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02360h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The organocatalytic epoxidation of unactivated alkenes using aqueous hydrogen peroxide provides various indispensable products and intermediates in a sustainable manner. While formyl functionalities typically undergo irreversible oxidations when activating an oxidant, an atropisomeric two-axis aldehyde capable of catalytic turnover was identified for high-yielding epoxidations of cyclic and acyclic alkenes. The relative configuration of the stereogenic axes of the catalyst and the resulting proximity of the aldehyde and backbone residues resulted in high catalytic efficiencies. Mechanistic studies support a non-radical alkene oxidation by an aldehyde-derived dioxirane intermediate generated from hydrogen peroxide through the Payne and Criegee intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 Basel 4056 Switzerland
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Dominik Lotter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 Basel 4056 Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 Basel 4056 Switzerland
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
AbstractOscillatory flow reactors (OFRs) superimpose an oscillatory flow to the net movement through a flow reactor. OFRs have been engineered to enable improved mixing, excellent heat- and mass transfer and good plug flow character under a broad range of operating conditions. Such features render these reactors appealing, since they are suitable for reactions that require long residence times, improved mass transfer (such as in biphasic liquid-liquid systems) or to homogeneously suspend solid particles. Various OFR configurations, offering specific features, have been developed over the past two decades, with significant progress still being made. This review outlines the principles and recent advances in OFR technology and overviews the synthetic applications of OFRs for liquid-liquid and solid-liquid biphasic systems.
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Brandão P, Pineiro M, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Flow Chemistry: Towards A More Sustainable Heterocyclic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies; University of Évora; 7000 Évora Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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Hone CA, Kappe CO. The Use of Molecular Oxygen for Liquid Phase Aerobic Oxidations in Continuous Flow. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 377:2. [PMID: 30536152 PMCID: PMC6290733 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is the ultimate “green” oxidant for organic synthesis. There has been recent intensive research within the synthetic community to develop new selective liquid phase aerobic oxidation methodologies as a response to the necessity to reduce the environmental impact of chemical synthesis and manufacture. Green and sustainable chemical processes rely not only on effective chemistry but also on the implementation of reactor technologies that enhance reaction performance and overall safety. Continuous flow reactors have facilitated safer and more efficient utilization of O2, whilst enabling protocols to be scalable. In this article, we discuss recent advancements in the utilization of continuous processing for aerobic oxidations. The translation of aerobic oxidation from batch protocols to continuous flow processes, including process intensification (high T/p), is examined. The use of “synthetic air”, typically consisting of less than 10% O2 in N2, is compared to pure O2 (100% O2) as an oxidant source in terms of process efficiency and safety. Examples of homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous (packed bed) catalysis are provided. The application of flow photoreactors for the in situ formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) for use in organic reactions, as well as the implementation of membrane technologies, green solvents and recent reactor solutions for handling O2 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Dias LD, Carrilho RMB, Henriques CA, Piccirillo G, Fernandes A, Rossi LM, Filipa Ribeiro M, Calvete MJF, Pereira MM. A recyclable hybrid manganese(III) porphyrin magnetic catalyst for selective olefin epoxidation using molecular oxygen. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461850027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a hybrid Mn(III)-porphyrin magnetic nanocomposite is described. Moreover, a sustainable methodology for epoxidation of olefins is reported, using O[Formula: see text] as a green oxidant and the magnetic nanoparticle as a recyclable catalyst. High activity in alkene oxidation was observed, with full selectivity for epoxide formation. The magnetic catalyst presented high stability, being recovered and reused in five consecutive runs without loss of catalytic activity or selectivity in cyclooctene oxidation. Moreover, the catalytic system showed very good reactivity toward epoxidation of a range of terminal, substituted, cyclic or acyclic, aliphatic and aromatic olefins, including terpene and steroid derivatives, affording a range of biologically relevant epoxides in excellent yields. The isobutyric acid, formed as side-product, was recovered with high yield and purity, which provides the potential reutilization of this important industrial product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D. Dias
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M. B. Carrilho
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - César A. Henriques
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Giusi Piccirillo
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Auguste Fernandes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Técnico Superior, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liane M. Rossi
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brasil
| | - M. Filipa Ribeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Técnico Superior, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mário J. F. Calvete
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariette M. Pereira
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Drageset A, Elumalai V, Bjørsvik HR. Synthesis of Boscalidviaa three-step telescoped continuous flow process implemented on a MJOD reactor platform. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00049b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A three step continuous/semi-flow process leading to the fungicide Boscalid® is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audun Drageset
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bergen
- N-5007 Bergen
- Norway
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9
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Petroselli M, Melone L, Cametti M, Punta C. LipophilicN-Hydroxyphthalimide Catalysts for the Aerobic Oxidation of Cumene: Towards Solvent-Free Conditions and Back. Chemistry 2017; 23:10616-10625. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Petroselli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”; Politecnico di Milano and INSTM Local Unit; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Lucio Melone
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”; Politecnico di Milano and INSTM Local Unit; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Massimo Cametti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”; Politecnico di Milano and INSTM Local Unit; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Carlo Punta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”; Politecnico di Milano and INSTM Local Unit; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
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10
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Vanoye L, Wang J, Pablos M, de Bellefon C, Favre-Réguillon A. Epoxidation using molecular oxygen in flow: facts and questions on the mechanism of the Mukaiyama epoxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00309e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mukaiyama reaction was performed G/L continuous-flow microreactor. In less than 5 minutes at room temperature, cyclooctene was efficiently transformed to the corresponding epoxide using O2 as oxidant and aldehyde as co-reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vanoye
- Univ Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- CPE Lyon
- F-69100 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Jiady Wang
- Univ Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- CPE Lyon
- F-69100 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Mertxe Pablos
- Univ Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- CPE Lyon
- F-69100 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Claude de Bellefon
- Univ Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- CPE Lyon
- F-69100 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Alain Favre-Réguillon
- Univ Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- CPE Lyon
- F-69100 Villeurbanne
- France
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11
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Ferreri M, Drageset A, Gambarotti C, Bjørsvik HR. Continuous flow synthesis of the iodination agent 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione telescoped with semi-continuous product isolation. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00051g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis for the iodination agent DIH was devised, developed, and optimized for both batch and flow mode. A concatenated semi-continuous product work-up by means of vacuum filtration was used for the isolation of a target product that precipitated during the course of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ferreri
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bergen
- N-5007 Bergen
- Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
| | - Audun Drageset
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bergen
- N-5007 Bergen
- Norway
| | - Cristian Gambarotti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- I-20133 Milan
- Italy
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12
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Mo Y, Jensen KF. A miniature CSTR cascade for continuous flow of reactions containing solids. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00132g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous handling of solids creates challenges for realizing continuous production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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14
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Myers RM, Battilocchio C, Ingham RJ. Machine-Assisted Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10122-36. [PMID: 26193360 PMCID: PMC4834626 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this Review we describe how the advent of machines is impacting on organic synthesis programs, with particular emphasis on the practical issues associated with the design of chemical reactors. In the rapidly changing, multivariant environment of the research laboratory, equipment needs to be modular to accommodate high and low temperatures and pressures, enzymes, multiphase systems, slurries, gases, and organometallic compounds. Additional technologies have been developed to facilitate more specialized reaction techniques such as electrochemical and photochemical methods. All of these areas create both opportunities and challenges during adoption as enabling technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK).
| | - Daniel E Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Rebecca M Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Richard J Ingham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Myers RM, Battilocchio C, Ingham RJ. Maschinengestützte organische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Bjørsvik HR, Liguori L. Continuous Flow Olefin Metathesis Using a Multijet Oscillating Disk Reactor as the Reaction Platform. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500223e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-René Bjørsvik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten
41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lucia Liguori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten
41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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Petroselli M, Franchi P, Lucarini M, Punta C, Melone L. Aerobic oxidation of alkylaromatics using a lipophilic N-hydroxyphthalimide: overcoming the industrial limit of catalyst solubility. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:2695-2703. [PMID: 25044330 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
4,4'-(4,4'-Isopropylidenediphenoxy)bis(N-hydroxyphthalimide), which is a new lipophilic analogue of N-hydroxyphthalimide, can act as an effective catalyst in the aerobic oxidation of alkylaromatics under reduced amounts of polar cosolvent. The catalyst was selected on the basis of an in-depth study of the influence that substituents on the aromatic ring of N-hydroxyphthalimide exert on determining the NO-H bond dissociation energy (BDE). BDE values for a range of model molecules are calculated by DFT and measured by EPR spectroscopy. The new catalyst can be successfully employed in the aerobic oxidation of cumene, ethylbenzene, and cyclohexylbenzene, affording, in all cases, good conversions and high selectivity for the corresponding hydroperoxide. The effect of solvent, catalyst, and temperature has also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Petroselli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano (Italy), Fax: (+39) 0223993180
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18
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Melone L, Franchi P, Lucarini M, Punta C. Sunlight Induced Oxidative Photoactivation ofN-Hydroxyphthalimide Mediated by Naphthalene Imides. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Saisaha P, Buettner L, van der Meer M, Hage R, Feringa BL, Browne WR, de Boer JW. Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohols, Aldehydes, Alkanes and Alkenes Employing Manganese Catalysts and Hydrogen Peroxide. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Melone L, Punta C. Metal-free aerobic oxidations mediated by N-hydroxyphthalimide. A concise review. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1296-310. [PMID: 23843925 PMCID: PMC3701383 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the century, N-hydroxyphthalimide and related compounds have been revealed to be efficient organocatalysts for free-radical processes and have found ample application in promoting the aerobic oxidation of a wide range of organic substrates. When combined with different co-catalysts, they are activated to the corresponding N-oxyl radical species and become able to promote radical chains, involving molecular oxygen, directly or indirectly. Most of the examples reported in the literature describe the use of these N-hydroxy derivatives in the presence of transition-metal complexes. However, eco-friendly standards, including the demand for highly selective transformations, impose the development of metal-free processes, especially for large-scale productions, as in the case of the oxygenation of hydrocarbons. For this reason, many efforts have been devoted in the past decade to the design of new protocols for the activation of N-hydroxy imides in the presence of nonmetal initiators. Herein we provide a concise overview of the most significant and successful examples in this field, with the final aim to furnish a useful instrument for all scientists actively involved in the O2-mediated selective oxidation of organic compounds and looking for environmentally safe alternatives to metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Melone
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, Milano 20131, Italy ; INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Italy
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Turrà N, Neuenschwander U, Hermans I. Molecule-Induced Peroxide Homolysis. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1666-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Sleveland D, Bjørsvik HR. Synthesis of Phenylboronic Acids in Continuous Flow by Means of a Multijet Oscillating Disc Reactor System Operating at Cryogenic Temperatures. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op3000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Sleveland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hans-René Bjørsvik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
- Fluens Synthesis, Thormøhlensgate 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
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