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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Şahin İ, Bingöl Z, Onur S, Güngör SA, Köse M, Gülçin İ, Tümer F. Enzyme Inhibition Properties and Molecular Docking Studies of 4-Sulfonate Containing Aryl α-Hydroxyphosphonates Based Hybrid Molecules. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100787. [PMID: 35315972 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of new hybrid molecules containing two important functional groups on the same skeleton were designed. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde and its two different derivatives were converted into their respective sulphonates by interacting with tosylchloride and methanesulfonyl chloride. Then, the desired molecules were synthesized by adding diethoxyphosphonate to the aldehyde group. Also, novel synthesis of hybrid compounds (4a-c and 5a-c) were tested toward some metabolic enzymes like carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The synthesis of hybrid compounds (4a-c and 5a-c) showed Ki values of in range of 25.084±4.73-69.853±15.19 nM against hCA I, 32.325±1.67-82.761±22.73 nM against hCA II and 1.699±0.25 and 3.500±0.91 nM against AChE. For these compounds, compound 4c showed maximum inhibition effect against hCA I and hCA II isoenzymes and compound 5b showed maximum inhibition effect against AChE enzyme. By performing docking studies of the most active compounds for their binding modes and interactions were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Şahin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, TR, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Zeynebe Bingöl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240-Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sultan Onur
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, TR, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Seyit Ali Güngör
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, TR, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Köse
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, TR, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240-Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ferhan Tümer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, TR, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Jud W, Salazar CA, Imbrogno J, Verghese J, Guinness SM, Desrosiers JN, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Electrochemical Oxidation of Alcohols Using Nickel Oxide Hydroxide as Heterogeneous Electrocatalyst in Batch and Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jud
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Chase A. Salazar
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Joseph Imbrogno
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jenson Verghese
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven M. Guinness
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jean-Nicolas Desrosiers
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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4
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Guschakowski M, Schröder U. Direct and Indirect Electrooxidation of Glycerol to Value-Added Products. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5216-5225. [PMID: 33945223 PMCID: PMC9290622 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, different approaches for the direct and indirect electrooxidation of glycerol, a by-product of oleochemistry and biodiesel production, for the synthesis of value-added products and of intermediates for biofuel/electrofuel production, were investigated and compared. For the direct electrooxidation, metallic catalysts were used, whose surfaces were modified by promoters or second catalysts. Bi-modified Pt electrodes (Ptx Biy /C) served as model systems for promoter-supported electrocatalysis, whereas IrO2 -modified RuO2 electrodes were studied as catalyst combinations, which were compared under acidic conditions with the respective monometallic catalysts (Pt/C, RuO2 /Ti, IrO2 /Ti). Furthermore, inorganic halide mediators (chloride, bromide, iodide) and organic nitroxyl mediators (4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl and 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl) were evaluated for indirect electrooxidation. These different approaches were discussed regarding selectivity, conversion, and coulombic efficiency of the electrochemical glycerol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guschakowski
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A – Sustainable and Energy-Efficient AviationTechnische Universität BraunschweigGermany
| | - Uwe Schröder
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A – Sustainable and Energy-Efficient AviationTechnische Universität BraunschweigGermany
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Brown RCD. The Longer Route can be Better: Electrosynthesis in Extended Path Flow Cells. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2472-2487. [PMID: 34302434 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This personal account provides an overview of work conducted in my research group, and through collaborations with other chemists and engineers, to develop flow electrolysis cells and apply these cells in organic electrosynthesis. First, a brief summary of my training and background in organic synthesis is provided, leading in to the start of flow electrosynthesis in my lab in collaboration with Derek Pletcher. Our work on the development of extended path electrolysis flow reactors is described from a synthetic organic chemist's perspective, including laboratory scale-up to give several moles of an anodic methoxylation product in one day. The importance of cell design is emphasised with regards to achieving good performance in laboratory electrosynthesis with productivities from hundreds of mg h-1 to many g h-1 , at high conversion in a selective fashion. A simple design of recycle flow cell that can be readily constructed in a small University workshop is also discussed, including simple modifications to improve cell performance. Some examples of flow electrosyntheses are provided, including Shono-type oxidation, anodic cleavage of protecting groups, Hofer-Moest reaction of cubane carboxylic acids, oxidative esterification and amidation of aldehydes, and reduction of aryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, The University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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7
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Novaes LFT, Liu J, Shen Y, Lu L, Meinhardt JM, Lin S. Electrocatalysis as an enabling technology for organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7941-8002. [PMID: 34060564 PMCID: PMC8294342 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has recently gained increased attention as a versatile strategy for achieving challenging transformations at the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry. Electrochemistry's unique ability to generate highly reactive radical and radical ion intermediates in a controlled fashion under mild conditions has inspired the development of a number of new electrochemical methodologies for the preparation of valuable chemical motifs. Particularly, recent developments in electrosynthesis have featured an increased use of redox-active electrocatalysts to further enhance control over the selective formation and downstream reactivity of these reactive intermediates. Furthermore, electrocatalytic mediators enable synthetic transformations to proceed in a manner that is mechanistically distinct from purely chemical methods, allowing for the subversion of kinetic and thermodynamic obstacles encountered in conventional organic synthesis. This review highlights key innovations within the past decade in the area of synthetic electrocatalysis, with emphasis on the mechanisms and catalyst design principles underpinning these advancements. A host of oxidative and reductive electrocatalytic methodologies are discussed and are grouped according to the classification of the synthetic transformation and the nature of the electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Zhong X, Hoque MA, Graaf MD, Harper KC, Wang F, Genders JD, Stahl SS. Scalable Flow Electrochemical Alcohol Oxidation: Maintaining High Stereochemical Fidelity in the Synthesis of Levetiracetam. Org Process Res Dev 2021; 25:2601-2607. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew D. Graaf
- Process R&D, AbbVie, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kaid C. Harper
- Process R&D, AbbVie, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - J. David Genders
- Electrosynthesis Company, Inc., Lancaster, New York 14086-9779, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Sommer F, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Electrochemically Enabled One-Pot Multistep Synthesis of C19 Androgen Steroids. Chemistry 2021; 27:6044-6049. [PMID: 33556193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of many valuable C19 androgens can be accomplished by removal of the C17 side chain from more abundant corticosteroids, followed by further derivatization of the resulting 17-keto derivative. Conventional chemical reagents pose significant drawbacks for this synthetic strategy, as large amounts of waste are generated, and quenching of the reaction mixture and purification of the 17-ketosteroid intermediate are typically required. Herein, we present mild, safe, and sustainable electrochemical strategies for the preparation of C19 steroids. A reagent and catalyst free protocol for the removal of the C17 side chain of corticosteroids via anodic oxidation has been developed, enabling several one-pot, multistep procedures for the synthesis of androgen steroids. In addition, simultaneous anodic C17 side chain cleavage and cathodic catalytic hydrogenation of a steroid has been demonstrated, rendering a convenient and highly atom economic procedure for the synthesis of saturated androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sommer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
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10
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Zhixing Xiong, Ouyang D, Zhang W. Voltammetric Study of the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of L-Sodium Lactate by 4-Acetamido-TEMPO. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193520110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Peñafiel I, Dryfe RAW, Turner NJ, Greaney MF. Integrated Electro‐Biocatalysis for Amine Alkylation with Alcohols. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Peñafiel
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub The University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Robert A. W. Dryfe
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub The University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Michael F. Greaney
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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Liu J, Zhang S, Luan Z, Liu Y, Ke Z. Ruthenium Catalyzed Selective Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Allylic Alcohols to α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyls. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202107037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Mo Y, Rughoobur G, Nambiar AMK, Zhang K, Jensen KF. A Multifunctional Microfluidic Platform for High‐Throughput Experimentation of Electroorganic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Girish Rughoobur
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Anirudh M. K. Nambiar
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Kara Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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Mo Y, Rughoobur G, Nambiar AMK, Zhang K, Jensen KF. A Multifunctional Microfluidic Platform for High‐Throughput Experimentation of Electroorganic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20890-20894. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Girish Rughoobur
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Anirudh M. K. Nambiar
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Kara Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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15
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Collin DE, Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Pletcher D, Light ME, Linclau B, Brown RCD. Cubane Electrochemistry: Direct Conversion of Cubane Carboxylic Acids to Alkoxy Cubanes Using the Hofer-Moest Reaction under Flow Conditions. Chemistry 2020; 26:374-378. [PMID: 31593312 PMCID: PMC6973092 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The highly strained cubane system is of great interest as a scaffold and rigid linker in both pharmaceutical and materials chemistry. The first electrochemical functionalisation of cubane by oxidative decarboxylative ether formation (Hofer-Moest reaction) was demonstrated. The mild conditions are compatible with the presence of other oxidisable functional groups, and the use of flow electrochemical conditions allows straightforward upscaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Collin
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Derek Pletcher
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Mark E. Light
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Richard C. D. Brown
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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16
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Xu J, Yang Z, Hua J, Lin Y, Bian M, Li Y, Liu C, He W, Fang Z, Guo K. The continuous-flow electrosynthesis of 4-(sulfonylmethyl)isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones from N-alkyl-N-methacryloyl benzamides under metal-free and oxidant-free conditions. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00909a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and green electrochemical continuous flow approach has been developed for the synthesis of 4-(sulfonylmethyl)isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones through sulfonylation of alkenes under metal-free and oxidant-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Zhao Yang
- College of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210003
- China
| | - Jiawei Hua
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Yang Lin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Mixue Bian
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Yuguang Li
- Institute of Nanjing Advanced Biomaterials &Processing Equipment
- Nanjing 211200
- China
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Wei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
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17
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Gleede B, Selt M, Gütz C, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Large, Highly Modular Narrow-Gap Electrolytic Flow Cell and Application in Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Phenols. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gleede
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Gütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Direct electrochemical oxidation of alcohols with hydrogen evolution in continuous-flow reactor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2796. [PMID: 31243290 PMCID: PMC6594969 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol oxidation reactions are widely used for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones. The electrolysis of alcohols to carbonyl compounds have been underutilized owing to low efficiency. Herein, we report an electrochemical oxidation of various alcohols in a continuous-flow reactor without external oxidants, base or mediators. The robust electrochemical oxidation is performed for a variety of alcohols with good functional group tolerance, high efficiency and atom economy, whereas mechanistic studies support the benzylic radical intermediate formation and hydrogen evolution. The electrochemical oxidation proves viable on diols with excellent levels of selectivity for the benzylic position.
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19
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Huang C, Qian XY, Xu HC. Continuous-Flow Electrosynthesis of Benzofused S-Heterocycles by Dehydrogenative C-S Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6650-6653. [PMID: 30908799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is the synthesis of benzofused six-membered S-heterocycles by intramolecular dehydrogenative C-S coupling using a modular flow electrolysis cell. The continuous-flow electrosynthesis not only ensures efficient product formation, but also obviates the need for transition-metal catalysts, oxidizing reagents, and supporting electrolytes. Reaction scale-up is conveniently achieved through extended electrolysis without changing the reaction conditions and equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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20
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Huang C, Qian X, Xu H. Continuous‐Flow Electrosynthesis of Benzofused S‐Heterocycles by Dehydrogenative C−S Cross‐Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiang‐Yang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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21
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Bal MK, Banks CE, Jones AM. Metabolism Mimicry: An Electrosynthetic Method for the Selective Deethylation of Tertiary Benzamides. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep K. Bal
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
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22
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Beejapur HA, Zhang Q, Hu K, Zhu L, Wang J, Ye Z. TEMPO in Chemical Transformations: From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b05001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazi Ahmad Beejapur
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Kecheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Ye
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada
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23
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Walsh FC, Ponce de León C. Progress in electrochemical flow reactors for laboratory and pilot scale processing. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Modern Electrochemical Aspects for the Synthesis of Value-Added Organic Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6018-6041. [PMID: 29359378 PMCID: PMC6001547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of electricity instead of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizers or reducing agents in synthesis is very appealing for economic and ecological reasons, and represents a major driving force for research efforts in this area. To use electron transfer at the electrode for a successful transformation in organic synthesis, the intermediate radical (cation/anion) has to be stabilized. Its combination with other approaches in organic chemistry or concepts of contemporary synthesis allows the establishment of powerful synthetic methods. The aim in the 21st Century will be to use as little fossil carbon as possible and, for this reason, the use of renewable sources is becoming increasingly important. The direct conversion of renewables, which have previously mainly been incinerated, is of increasing interest. This Review surveys many of the recent seminal important developments which will determine the future of this dynamic emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
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25
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Nutting JE, Rafiee M, Stahl SS. Tetramethylpiperidine N-Oxyl (TEMPO), Phthalimide N-Oxyl (PINO), and Related N-Oxyl Species: Electrochemical Properties and Their Use in Electrocatalytic Reactions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4834-4885. [PMID: 29707945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
N-Oxyl compounds represent a diverse group of reagents that find widespread use as catalysts for the selective oxidation of organic molecules in both laboratory and industrial applications. While turnover of N-oxyl catalysts in oxidation reactions may be accomplished with a variety of stoichiometric oxidants, N-oxyl reagents have also been extensively used as catalysts under electrochemical conditions in the absence of chemical oxidants. Several classes of N-oxyl compounds undergo facile redox reactions at electrode surfaces, enabling them to mediate a wide range of electrosynthetic reactions. Electrochemical studies also provide insights into the structural properties and mechanisms of chemical and electrochemical catalysis by N-oxyl compounds. This review provides a comprehensive survey of the electrochemical properties and electrocatalytic applications of aminoxyls, imidoxyls, and related reagents, of which the two prototypical and widely used examples are 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) and phthalimide N-oxyl (PINO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Nutting
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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26
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Moderne Aspekte der Elektrochemie zur Synthese hochwertiger organischer Produkte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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27
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Zhang W, Chen P, Chen S, Wei Y. Electrolyte sensitivity of TEMPO mediated methanol and glycine electrooxidation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1892] [Impact Index Per Article: 270.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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29
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Pletcher D, Green RA, Brown RCD. Flow Electrolysis Cells for the Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4573-4591. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Pletcher
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Robert A. Green
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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30
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Gütz C, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Highly Modular Flow Cell for Electroorganic Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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32
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Ciriminna R, Ghahremani M, Karimi B, Pagliaro M. Electrochemical Alcohol Oxidation Mediated by TEMPO-like Nitroxyl Radicals. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:5-10. [PMID: 28168142 PMCID: PMC5288755 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols mediated by TEMPO-like nitroxyl radicals is an economically and industrially viable method that will shortly find commercial application in the synthesis of valued substances including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), valued natural product derivatives, fine chemicals, and valued nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Ciriminna
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNRvia Ugo La Malfa 15390146PalermoItaly
| | - Mina Ghahremani
- Department of ChemistryInstitute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)Gava Zang, PO Box 45195-1159Zanjan45137-66731Iran
| | - Babak Karimi
- Department of ChemistryInstitute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)Gava Zang, PO Box 45195-1159Zanjan45137-66731Iran
| | - Mario Pagliaro
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNRvia Ugo La Malfa 15390146PalermoItaly
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33
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Ahn SD, Fisher AC, Buchard A, Bull SD, Bond AM, Marken F. Hydrodynamic Rocking Disc Electrode Study of the TEMPO-mediated Catalytic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunyhik D. Ahn
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Adrian C. Fisher
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Cambridge, New Museums Site; Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3RA UK
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Steven D. Bull
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Alan M. Bond
- Monash University, School of Chemistry; Clayton Vic 3800 Australia
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
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34
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Rafiee M, Miles KC, Stahl SS. Electrocatalytic Alcohol Oxidation with TEMPO and Bicyclic Nitroxyl Derivatives: Driving Force Trumps Steric Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14751-7. [PMID: 26505317 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclic nitroxyl derivatives, such as 2-azaadamantane N-oxyl (AZADO) and 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane N-oxyl (ABNO), have emerged as highly effective alternatives to TEMPO-based catalysts for selective oxidation reactions (TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine N-oxyl). Their efficacy is widely attributed to their smaller steric profile; however, electrocatalysis studies described herein show that the catalytic activity of nitroxyls is more strongly affected by the nitroxyl/oxoammonium redox potential than by steric effects. The inexpensive, high-potential TEMPO derivative, 4-acetamido-TEMPO (ACT), exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity than AZADO and ABNO for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols. Mechanistic studies provide insights into the origin of these unexpected reactivity trends. The superior activity of ACT is especially noteworthy at high pH, where bicyclic nitroxyls are inhibited by formation of an oxoammonium hydroxide adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kelsey C Miles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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35
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Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity Induces Host-Guest Substrate Selectivity in Heterogeneous 4-Benzoyloxy-TEMPO-Catalysed Alcohol Oxidations. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-015-0284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Green RA, Pletcher D, Leach SG, Brown RCD. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Mediated Oxidative Electrosynthesis of Esters in a Microflow Cell. Org Lett 2015; 17:3290-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Green
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Derek Pletcher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - Richard C. D. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
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37
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Scialdone O, Galia A, Sabatino S, Mira D, Amatore C. Electrochemical Conversion of Dichloroacetic Acid to Chloroacetic Acid in a Microfluidic Stack and in a Series of Microfluidic Reactors. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Kaluza D, Jönsson-Niedziólka M, Ahn SD, Owen RE, Jones MD, Marken F. Solid-solid EC’ TEMPO-electrocatalytic conversion of diphenylcarbinol to benzophenone. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Ciriminna R, Palmisano G, Pagliaro M. Electrodes Functionalized with the 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidinyloxy Radical for the Waste-Free Oxidation of Alcohols. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Ren K, Hu B, Zhao M, Tu Y, Xie X, Zhang Z. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Oxidation of Allyl Alcohols with Intermolecular Hydrogen Transfer: Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2170-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500042h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ren
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Bei Hu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Tu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Xie
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoguo Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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41
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Francke R, Little RD. Redox catalysis in organic electrosynthesis: basic principles and recent developments. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2492-521. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60464k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1071] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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42
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Scialdone O, Galia A, Sabatino S, Vaiana GM, Agro D, Busacca A, Amatore C. Electrochemical Conversion of Dichloroacetic Acid to Chloroacetic Acid in Conventional Cell and in Two Microfluidic Reactors. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Li C, Zeng CC, Hu LM, Yang FL, Yoo SJ, Little RD. Electrochemically induced CH functionalization using bromide ion/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl dual redox catalysts in a two-phase electrolytic system. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Green RA, Hill-Cousins JT, Brown RC, Pletcher D, Leach SG. A voltammetric study of the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) mediated oxidation of benzyl alcohol in tert-butanol/water. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Li WC, Zeng CC, Hu LM, Tian HY, Little RD. Efficient Indirect Electrochemical Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzoxazoles using Sodium Iodide as Mediator. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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46
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Wang J, Liu C, Yuan J, Lei A. Transition-metal-free aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Kuleshova J, Hill-Cousins JT, Birkin PR, Brown RC, Pletcher D, Underwood TJ. The methoxylation of N-formylpyrrolidine in a microfluidic electrolysis cell for routine synthesis. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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