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Wang Q, Peng Y, Chen M, Xu M, Ding J, Yao Q, Lu S. Synthesis of layered double hydroxides from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash for heavy metal adsorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169482. [PMID: 38135065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The process of urbanization has resulted in a continuous growth of the production of municipal solid waste, consequently leading to the increase of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) over time. This has prompted the need for effective disposal and value-added utilization strategies for MSWI FA. In this study, a hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize CaAl layered double hydroxides (LDHs) using MSWI FA as the raw material. The main objective was to investigate how different synthesis parameters affect the crystallinity of the layered bimetallic hydroxides. Subsequently, the synthesized LDHs were characterized using various techniques such as BET, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and XPS. The results revealed the presence of calcium and aluminum cations in the interlayer region of the synthesized material, with chloride ions, sulfate ions, and acetate ions being the predominant anions. Moreover, the formation of LDHs presents an effective approach for the self-purification of leachates derived from MSWI FA. The LDHs exhibited excellent adsorption capacity for Cd2+ and Cu2+ in wastewater, with maximum values of 730 mg·g-1 and 446 mg·g-1, respectively. The adsorption mechanisms involved isomorphous substitution, complexation, as well as the precipitation of hydroxides or interlayer anions. This method presents a novel approach for effectively utilizing MSWI FA to produce environmentally friendly value-added adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yaqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Min Chen
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Mengxia Xu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Jiamin Ding
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Qi Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Taizhou 318000, China
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Zhao HX, Li JC, Wang Y, Guo YR, Li S, Pan QJ. An environment-friendly technique for direct air capture of carbon dioxide via a designed cellulose and calcium system. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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High-temperature CO2 sorbents with citrate and stearate intercalated Ca Al hydrotalcite-like as precursor. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hu A, Du C, Hua Y, Shan Y, Liu C, Chen S, Li Q, Yu H. Preparation and Flame Retardant Properties of Calcium-Aluminium Hydrotalcite with Root Cutting Silicate Layers as Bamboo Flame Retardants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237319. [PMID: 34885474 PMCID: PMC8658417 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bamboo has been widely used in architecture, decoration and other fields because of its advantages of short growth period, high strength and degradability. However, bamboo, as a combustible material like wood, are easy to burn and cause building fires. However, the existing bamboo water-based flame retardants have some shortcomings, such as strong hygroscopicity and easy loss, which limits the application of bamboo products. In order to improve the flame retardant performance of bamboo, CaAl-SiO2 layered double hydroxide (LDH) as bamboo flame retardant was synthesised by coprecipitation method. The influence of preparation technology on CaAl-SiO3-LDH structures and properties as well as the flame retardant and smoke suppression characteristics of flame retardant-treated bamboo was discussed. The results revealed that the crystallisation temperature, crystallisation time and crystallisation concentration of CaAl-SiO3-LDHs considerably affected its structure and properties. The optimum technological parameters for preparing CaAl-SiO3-LDHs by using the coprecipitation method are as follows: crystallisation temperature of 100 °C, crystallisation time of 9 h and Ca2+ solution molar concentration of 0.33 mol/L. Compared with nonflame-retardant wood, CaAl-SiO3-LDH flame retardant treatment delayed the peak time of the heat release rate by 20 s and the ignition time by 77.78% and increased the carbon residue rate by 9.54%. This study can provide reference for the research of new flame retardant for bamboo products.
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The Effect of the Temperature and Moisture to the Permeation Properties of PEO-Based Membranes for Carbon-Dioxide Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132053. [PMID: 34201629 PMCID: PMC8271453 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased demand for energy in recent decades has caused an increase in the emissions of combustion products, among which carbon-dioxide is the most harmful. As carbon-dioxide induces negative environmental effects, like global warming and the greenhouse effect, a decrease of the carbon-dioxide emission has emerged as one of the most urgent tasks in engineering. In this work, the possibility for the application of the polymer-based, dense, mixed matrix membranes for flue gas treatment was tested. The task was to test a potential decrease in the permeability and selectivity of a mixed-matrix membrane in the presence of moisture and at elevated temperature. Membranes are based on two different poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymers filled with two different zeolite powders (ITR and IWS). An additive of detergent type was added to improve the contact properties between the zeolite and polymer matrix. The measurements were performed at three different temperatures (30, 60, and 90 °C) under wet conditions, with partial pressure of the water equal to the vapor pressure of the water at the given temperature. The permeability of carbon-dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen was measured, and the selectivity of the carbon-dioxide versus other gases was determined. Obtained results have shown that an increase of temperature and partial pressure of the vapor slightly increase both the selectivity and permeability of the synthesized membranes. It was also shown that the addition of the zeolite powder increases the permeability of carbon-dioxide while maintaining the selectivity, compared to hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
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Deng M, Zhou A, Cheng C, Wang S, Duan Y, Yue X. Role of polyurethane-modified layered double hydroxides on SCFAs extraction from waste activated sludge fermentation liquid for elevating denitrification: Kinetics and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109696. [PMID: 32474312 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from fermentation liquid of waste activated sludge (WAS) is the key bottleneck hindering its application as electron donor in denitrification. This study explores the feasibility of polyether-type polyurethane (PU)-modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs, prepared using eggshell waste as calcium source) in SCFAs adsorbing from WAS fermentation liquid (SFL). The adsorption parameters were first optimized by adsorption tests using artificial fermentation liquid (AFL). Then, adsorption kinetics, thermodynamic and isotherms were explored to further understand the adsorption mechanism. It revealed that SCFAs absorption by PU-LDHs from SFL was an endothermic and spontaneous process with positive enthalphy (ΔH◦) values and negative Gibbs free energy (ΔG◦) values. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacity of 208.0 mg SCFAs/g PU-LDHs was obtained from the Langmuir isotherm. Noting that both soluble carbohydrates and soluble proteins were simultaneously extracted, with efficiencies of 30.9%, 6.2%, respectively, compared with 62.9% SCFAs. The reuse tests confirmed that the prepared PU-LDHs can be used at least three times with high adsorptive capacity. With PU-LDHs-loaded SFL as external carbon source in the biodenitrification process, a denitrification rate of 0.014 mg NO3--N/mg mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS)·d was recorded. This study provided a sound basis for the preparation of cost-effective biodenitrification carbon source from SFL by a novel adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Deng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingzexi Road, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Aijuan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingzexi Road, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Chen Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingzexi Road, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Sufang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingzexi Road, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Yanqing Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingzexi Road, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Xiuping Yue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingzexi Road, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China; Shanxi Engineer Research Institute of Sludge Disposition and Resources, 79 Yingzexi Road, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China.
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Enhanced Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 on Rutile TiO2/MgAl Layered Double Oxides with H2O Under Ambient Temperature. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-02991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Megías-Sayago C, Bingre R, Huang L, Lutzweiler G, Wang Q, Louis B. CO 2 Adsorption Capacities in Zeolites and Layered Double Hydroxide Materials. Front Chem 2019; 7:551. [PMID: 31448261 PMCID: PMC6691059 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of technologies that allow us to reduce CO2 emissions is mandatory in today's society. In this regard, we present herein a comparative study of CO2 adsorption over three types of materials: zeolites, layered double hydroxides (LDH), and zeolites coated LDH composites. The influence of the zeolite Si/Al ratio on zeolites sorption capacity along with the presence of mesopores was investigated. By comparing these results with the well-known performance of LDHs, we aim to provide insights on the factors that may influence the CO2 capture capacity over zeolites, thus providing useful tools for tuning their properties upon post-treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Megías-Sayago
- ICPEES - Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, Energy and Fuels for a Sustainable Environment Team, UMR 7515 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg - ECPM, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rogéria Bingre
- ICPEES - Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, Energy and Fuels for a Sustainable Environment Team, UMR 7515 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg - ECPM, Strasbourg, France
| | - Liang Huang
- ICPEES - Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, Energy and Fuels for a Sustainable Environment Team, UMR 7515 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg - ECPM, Strasbourg, France.,Environmental Functional Nanomaterials (EFN) Laboratory, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qiang Wang
- Environmental Functional Nanomaterials (EFN) Laboratory, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Benoît Louis
- ICPEES - Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, Energy and Fuels for a Sustainable Environment Team, UMR 7515 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg - ECPM, Strasbourg, France
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9
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Shang S, Hanif A, Sun M, Tian Y, Ok YS, Yu IKM, Tsang DCW, Gu Q, Shang J. Novel M (Mg/Ni/Cu)-Al-CO 3 layered double hydroxides synthesized by aqueous miscible organic solvent treatment (AMOST) method for CO 2 capture. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:285-293. [PMID: 30925388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been intensively studied in recent years owing to their great potential in CO2 capture. However, the severe aggregation between platelets and low surface area restricted it from exhibiting very high CO2 adsorption capacity and CO2/N2 selectivity. In this research, we for the first time synthesized Ni-Al-CO3 and Cu-Al-CO3 LDHs using aqueous miscible organic solvent treatment (AMOST) method. The as-synthesized materials were evaluated for CO2 adsorption at three different temperatures (50, 80, 120 °C) applicable to post-combustion CO2 capture. Characterized with XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, TEM, EDX, and TGA, we found the newly synthesized Ni-Al-CO3 LDH showed a nano-flower-like morphology comprising randomly oriented 2D nanoplatelets with both high surface area (249.45 m2/g) and pore volume (0.59 cc/g). Experimental results demonstrated that un-calcined Ni-Al-CO3 LDH is superior in terms of CO2 capture among the three LDHs, with a maximum CO2 adsorption capacity of 0.87 mmol/g and the ideal CO2/N2 selectivity of 166 at 50 °C under 1200 mbar for typical flue gas CO2/N2 composition (CO2:N2 = 15:85, v/v). This is the first report of a delaminated Ni-Al-CO3 LDH showing better CO2 capture performance than the well-reported optimal Mg layered double hydroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Shang
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, 8 Yuexing 1st Road, Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, P.R. China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Aamir Hanif
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, 8 Yuexing 1st Road, Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, P.R. China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhe Sun
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, 8 Yuexing 1st Road, Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, P.R. China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Yuanmeng Tian
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, 8 Yuexing 1st Road, Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Iris K M Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Qinfen Gu
- The Australian Synchrotron (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Jin Shang
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, 8 Yuexing 1st Road, Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, P.R. China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
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Yang ZZ, Wei JJ, Zeng GM, Zhang HQ, Tan XF, Ma C, Li XC, Li ZH, Zhang C. A review on strategies to LDH-based materials to improve adsorption capacity and photoreduction efficiency for CO2. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Wang J, Zhang T, Li M, Yang Y, Lu P, Ning P, Wang Q. Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using layered double hydroxide derived adsorbents, a critical review. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22694-22709. [PMID: 35539721 PMCID: PMC9081627 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03647k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic pollution has become a worldwide environmental concern. Dangerous arsenic concentrations in natural waters threaten the health of millions of people, and this has received significant attention. Among the various technologies that have been developed for arsenic removal from water, the use of adsorption technology is considered to be a prevailing method, because the adsorption approach usually has high removal efficiency and the advantage of convenience of handling. In recent years, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have become prime candidates for arsenic removal, due to their hydrophilic nature and cationic layered structures. Research on arsenic removal using LDHs is mainly focused on (1) the influence of the synthesis method and composition of the LDH, (2) the influence of the particle size of the LDH, (3) the influence of the Mg/Al ratio in LDHs, (4) LDH-based hybrids and (5) the competition with other anions. This paper provides a review of the currently available literature focusing on arsenic removal using LDHs for the five parts mentioned above. In addition, based on this overview, a closing section will suggest research efforts for future work. It is expected that this review will provide a summary of the main research in this area, and will also shed light on the direction of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 Yunnan P. R. China +86 13708409187
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 Yunnan P. R. China +86 13708409187
| | - Min Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 Yunnan P. R. China +86 13708409187
| | - Ying Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 Yunnan P. R. China +86 13708409187
| | - Peng Lu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 Zhejing P. R. China
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 Yunnan P. R. China +86 13708409187
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District Beijing 100083 P. R. China
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Naeem MA, Armutlulu A, Imtiaz Q, Müller CR. CaO-Based CO2
Sorbents Effectively Stabilized by Metal Oxides. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3280-3285. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais Naeem
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering; ETH Zurich; Leonhardstrasse 21 Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Andac Armutlulu
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering; ETH Zurich; Leonhardstrasse 21 Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Qasim Imtiaz
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering; ETH Zurich; Leonhardstrasse 21 Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Christoph R. Müller
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering; ETH Zurich; Leonhardstrasse 21 Zurich 8092 Switzerland
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Zheng L, Xia S, Lu X, Hou Z. Transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate over calcined Ca-Al hydrocalumite. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(15)60915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Kim TK, Lee KJ, Yuh J, Kwak SK, Moon HR. Multi-core MgO NPs@C core–shell nanospheres for selective CO2 capture under mild conditions. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A composite material of 3 nm magnesium oxide nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanospheres showed selective CO2 adsorption capacity over N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyung Kim
- Interdisciplinary School of Green Energy
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
- Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Joo Lee
- Interdisciplinary School of Green Energy
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
- Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhan Yuh
- New Growth Technology Strategy Department
- Corporate Technology Division
- POSCO
- POSCO center
- Seoul 135-777, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- UNIST-gil 50
- Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi Ri Moon
- Interdisciplinary School of Green Energy
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
- Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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