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Zhang Y, You L, Deng P, Jiang X, Hsu HH. Self-Assembled Biohybrid: A Living Material To Bridge the Functions between Electronics and Multilevel Biological Modules/Systems. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32289-32298. [PMID: 35793791 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exoelectrogens are known to be specialized in reducing various extracellular electron acceptors to form conductive nanomaterials that are integrated with their cell bodies both structurally and functionally. Utilizing this unique capacity, we created a strategy toward the design and fabrication of a biohybrid electronic material by exploiting bioreduced graphene oxide (B-rGO) as the structural and functional linker to facilitate the interaction between the exoelectrogen community and external electronics. The metabolic functions of exoelectrogens encoded in this living hybrid can therefore be effectively translated toward corresponding microbial fuel cell applications. Furthermore, this material can serve as a fundamental building block to be integrated with other microorganisms for constructing various electronic components. Toward a broad impact of this biohybridization strategy, photosynthetic organelles and cells were explored to replace exoelectrogens as the active bioreducing components and as formed materials exhibited 4- and 8-fold improvements in photocurrent intensities as compared with native bioelectrode interfaces. Overall, a biologically driven strategy for the fabrication and assembly of electronic materials is demonstrated, which provides a unique opportunity to precisely probe and modulate desired biofunctions through deterministic electronic inputs/outputs and revolutionize the design and manufacturing of next-generation (bio)electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Le You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Pu Deng
- Materials Science and Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Xiaocheng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Huan-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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2
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Li F, Wei X, Zhang L, Liu C, You C, Zhu Z. Installing a Green Engine To Drive an Enzyme Cascade: A Light‐Powered In Vitro Biosystem for Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P. R. China
| | - Xinlei Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan Beijing 100093 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan Beijing 100093 P. R. China
| | - Chun You
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P. R. China
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Kim YJ, Hong H, Yun J, Kim SI, Jung HY, Ryu W. Photosynthetic Nanomaterial Hybrids for Bioelectricity and Renewable Energy Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005919. [PMID: 33236450 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Harvesting solar energy in the form of electricity from the photosynthesis of plants, algal cells, and bacteria has been researched as the most environment-friendly renewable energy technology in the last decade. The primary challenge has been the engineering of electrochemical interfacing with photosynthetic apparatuses, organelles, or whole cells. However, with the aid of low-dimensional nanomaterials, there have been many advances, including enhanced photon absorption, increased generation of photosynthetic electrons (PEs), and more efficient transfer of PEs to electrodes. These advances have demonstrated the possibility for the technology to advance to a new level. In this article, the fundamentals of photosynthesis are introduced. How PE harvesting systems have improved concerning solar energy absorption, PE production, and PE collection by electrodes is discussed. The review focuses on how different kinds of nanomaterials are applied and function in interfacing with photosynthetic materials for enhanced PE harvesting. Finally, the review analyzes how the performance of PE harvesting and stand-alone systems have evolved so far and its future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jae Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyeonaug Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - JaeHyoung Yun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Seon Il Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Ho Yun Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - WonHyoung Ryu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
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4
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Li F, Wei X, Zhang L, Liu C, You C, Zhu Z. Installing a Green Engine To Drive an Enzyme Cascade: A Light-Powered In Vitro Biosystem for Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111054. [PMID: 34664348 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Many existing in vitro biosystems harness power from the chemical energy contained in substrates and co-substrates, and light or electric energy provided from abiotic parts, leading to a compromise in atom economy, incompatibility between biological and abiotic parts, and most importantly, incapability to spatiotemporally co-regenerate ATP and NADPH. In this study, we developed a light-powered in vitro biosystem for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) synthesis using natural thylakoid membranes (TMs) to regenerate ATP and NADPH for a five-enzyme cascade. Through effective coupling of cofactor regeneration and mass conversion, 20 mM PHB was yielded from 50 mM sodium acetate with a molar conversion efficiency of carbon of 80.0 % and a light-energy conversion efficiency of 3.04 %, which are much higher than the efficiencies of similar in vitro PHB synthesis biosystems. This suggests the promise of installing TMs as a green engine to drive more enzyme cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Xinlei Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Chun You
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
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Lee J, Shin H, Kang C, Kim S. Solar Energy Conversion through Thylakoid Membranes Wired by Osmium Redox Polymer and Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2216-2225. [PMID: 33754497 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, much attention has been paid to thylakoid membranes (TMs) as photocatalysts for converting solar light to electricity. Despite extensive research, current technology provides only limited photocurrents. Here, a novel method based on TM-composite material was developed for achieving high photocurrent. When a thin film composed of TMs, osmium redox polymer (Os-RP), and indium tin oxide nanoparticles (ITOnp) was formed on a porous graphite surface, appreciable photocurrent as high as 0.5 mA cm-2 was achieved at 0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Each component plays its own role in transferring electrons from TMs to the anode, resulting in sharp drop in photocurrent with missing any component. Optimization between these three components showed 1 : 0.5 : 30 (TM/Os-RP/ITOnp) was the best ratio. Action spectra confirmed that TMs was the origin of photocurrent. It was inferred from blocking experiments using 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea as an inhibitor that about 41 % of photocurrent was transferred from QA in photosystem II to the electrode via Os-RP and ITOnp. Quantum efficiencies at 430 and 660 nm were 12.2 and 18.5 %, respectively. Turnover frequency for water oxidation depended upon the amount of the composite. A complete cell with Pt/C cathode produced Pmax of 122 μW cm-2 at 758 μA cm-2 under one sun illumination, which is the highest power density to our knowledge. This study opened a possibility of using TMs as photocatalysts for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwan Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neudong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Hyosul Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Korea
| | - Chan Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neudong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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Hong H, Lee JM, Yun J, Kim YJ, Kim SI, Shin H, Ahn HS, Hwang SJ, Ryu W. Enhanced interfacial electron transfer between thylakoids and RuO 2 nanosheets for photosynthetic energy harvesting. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/20/eabf2543. [PMID: 33980487 PMCID: PMC8115919 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The harvesting of photosynthetic electrons (PEs) directly from photosynthetic complexes has been demonstrated over the past decade. However, their limited efficiency and stability have hampered further practical development. For example, despite its importance, the interfacial electron transfer between the photosynthetic apparatus and the electrode has received little attention. In this study, we modified electrodes with RuO2 nanosheets to enhance the extraction of PEs from thylakoids, and the PE transfer was promoted by proton adsorption and surface polarity characteristics. The adsorbed protons maintained the potential of an electrode more positive, and the surface polarity enhanced thylakoid attachment to the electrode in addition to promoting ensemble docking between the redox species and the electrode. The RuO2 bioanode exhibited a five times larger current density and a four times larger power density than the Au bioanode. Last, the electric calculators were successfully powered by photosynthetic energy using a RuO2 bioanode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonaug Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Mee Lee
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - JaeHyoung Yun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Il Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeIn Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ju Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - WonHyoung Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Kim SI, Kim YJ, Hong H, Yun J, Ryu W. Electrosprayed Thylakoid-Alginate Film on a Micro-Pillar Electrode for Scalable Photosynthetic Energy Harvesting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:54683-54693. [PMID: 33226773 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct harvesting of electricity from photosynthesis is highly desired as an eco-friendly and sustainable energy harvesting technology. Photosynthetic apparatuses isolated from plants, such as thylakoid membranes (TMs), are deposited on an electrode by which photosynthetic electrons (PEs) are collected from water splitting. To enhance PE collection efficiency, it is critical to increase the electrochemical interfaces between TMs and the electrode. Considering the size of TMs to be around a few hundred nanometer, we hypothesize that an array of micropillar-shaped (MP) electrode can maximize the TM/electrode interface area. Thus, we developed MP electrodes with different heights and investigated the electrospraying of TM-alginate mixtures to fill the gaps between MPs uniformly and conformally. The uniformity of the TM-alginate film and the interaction between the TM and the MP electrode were evaluated to understand how the MP heights and film quality influenced the magnitude of the PE currents. PE currents increased up to 2.4 times for an MP electrode with an A/R of 1.8 compared to a flat electrode, indicating increased direct contact interface between TMs and the electrode. Furthermore, to demonstrate the scalability of this approach, an array of replicated SU-8 MP electrodes was prepared and PE currents of up to 3.2 μA were monitored without a mediator under 68 mW/cm2. Finally, the PE current harvesting was sustained for 14 days without decay, demonstrating the long-term stability of the TM-alginate biophotoanodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Il Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonaug Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHyoung Yun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - WonHyoung Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Bioelectrocatalysis has become one of the most important research fields in electrochemistry and provided a firm base for the application of important technology in various bioelectrochemical devices, such as biosensors, biofuel cells, and biosupercapacitors. The understanding and technology of bioelectrocatalysis have greatly improved with the introduction of nanostructured electrode materials and protein-engineering methods over the last few decades. Recently, the electroenzymatic production of renewable energy resources and useful organic compounds (bioelectrosynthesis) has attracted worldwide attention. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the applications of enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis.
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Gacitua M, Urrejola C, Carrasco J, Vicuña R, Srain BM, Pantoja-Gutiérrez S, Leech D, Antiochia R, Tasca F. Use of a Thermophile Desiccation-Tolerant Cyanobacterial Culture and Os Redox Polymer for the Preparation of Photocurrent Producing Anodes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:900. [PMID: 32974292 PMCID: PMC7471869 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis conducted by cyanobacteria has dramatically transformed the geochemistry of our planet. These organisms have colonized most habitats, including extreme environments such as the driest warm desert on Earth: the Atacama Desert. In particular, cyanobacteria highly tolerant to desiccation are of particular interest for clean energy production. These microorganisms are promising candidates for designing bioelectrodes for photocurrent generation owing to their ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis and to withstand long periods of desiccation. Here, we present bioelectrochemical assays in which graphite electrodes were modified with the extremophile cyanobacterium Gloeocapsopsis sp. UTEXB3054 for photocurrent generation. Optimum working conditions for photocurrent generation were determined by modifying directly graphite electrode with the cyanobacterial culture (direct electron transfer), as well as using an Os polymer redox mediator (mediated electron transfer). Besides showing outstanding photocurrent production for Gloeocapsopsis sp. UTEXB3054, both in direct and mediated electron transfer, our results provide new insights into the metabolic basis of photocurrent generation and the potential applications of such an assisted bioelectrochemical system in a worldwide scenario in which clean energies are imperative for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gacitua
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Quiìmica y Biologiìa, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Urrejola
- Departamento Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Carrasco
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Quiìmica y Biologiìa, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Vicuña
- Departamento Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín M Srain
- Departamento de Oceanografía and Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Silvio Pantoja-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Oceanografía and Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Donal Leech
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Tasca
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Quiìmica y Biologiìa, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Vieira Lemos R, Tsujimura S, Ledezma P, Tokunou Y, Okamoto A, Freguia S. Extracellular electron transfer by Microcystis aeruginosa is solely driven by high pH. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 137:107637. [PMID: 32898791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular electron transfer (EET) by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa was investigated. Observations indicate that EET onto an electrode poised at + 0.6 vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is triggered by high pH, more evidently at pH levels above 9. Light intensity does not appear to affect electricity generation, indicating that this may not be a "biophotovoltaic" process. The generated current density was amplified with stepwise pH increases from approximately 5 mA m-2 at pH 7.8 to 30 mA m-2 at pH 10.5, for dense (0.4 mg mL-1 dry weight) Microcystis aeruginosa suspensions with dissolved CO2 and O2 approaching equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations. The upsurge in current density was more pronounced (from 5 mA m-2 at pH 7.8 to 40 mA m-2 at pH 10.2) in the absence of the cells' natural electron acceptors, dissolved CO2 and O2. However, the latter effect is more likely due to competition for electrons by oxygen than to reductive stress. EET in this species is therefore a light-independent process that is enhanced by increasing pH, with reasons that are still unknown, but either related to the involvement of protons in the last step of electron transfer, or to intracellular pH control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vieira Lemos
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Seiya Tsujimura
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Pablo Ledezma
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yoshihide Tokunou
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Akihiro Okamoto
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, 13 Kita, 8 Nishi, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Stefano Freguia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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Fang D, Gao G, Yang Y, Wang Y, Gao L, Zhi J. Redox Mediator‐Based Microbial Biosensors for Acute Water Toxicity Assessment: A Critical Review. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 PR China
- Current address: Ningde Amperex Technology Limited (ATL) Ningde 352100 PR China
| | - Guanyue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Yajie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis Beijing 100089 PR China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis Beijing 100089 PR China
| | - Jinfang Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
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12
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Masi M, Bollella P, Katz E. DNA Release from a Modified Electrode Triggered by a Bioelectrocatalytic Process. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47625-47634. [PMID: 31794177 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA release from an electrode surface was stimulated by application of a mild electrical potential (0 V vs Ag/AgCl). The release process was activated by interfacial pH increase originating from H+ consumption during O2 reduction bio-electrocatalyzed by bilirubin oxidase immobilized at the electrode surface. The pH increase resulted in a change of the electrical charge from positive to negative at the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles (200 nm) associated with the electrode surface and functionalized with trigonelline and boronic acid. While the negatively charged DNA molecules were electrostatically bound to the positively charged surface, the negative charge produced upon O2 reduction resulted in the DNA repulsion and release from the modified interface. The small electrical potential for O2 reduction resulting in the interface recharge was allowed due to the bio-electrocatalysis using bilirubin oxidase enzyme. While, in the first set of experiments, the potential was applied on the modified electrode from an electrochemical instrument, later it was generated in situ by biocatalytic or photo-biocatalytic processes at a connected electrode. A multistep biocatalytic cascade generating NADH or photosynthetic process in thylakoid membranes was used to produce in situ a small potential to stimulate the DNA release catalyzed by bilirubin oxidase. The designed system can be used for different release processes triggered by various signals (electrical, biomolecular, and light signals, etc.), thus representing a general interfacial platform for the controlled release of different biomolecules and nanosize species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Masi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science , Clarkson University , Potsdam , New York 13699-5810 , United States
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science , Clarkson University , Potsdam , New York 13699-5810 , United States
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science , Clarkson University , Potsdam , New York 13699-5810 , United States
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13
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Ciornii D, Kölsch A, Zouni A, Lisdat F. A precursor-approach in constructing 3D ITO electrodes for the improved performance of photosystem I-cyt c photobioelectrodes. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15862-15870. [PMID: 31380869 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04344f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the use of photoelectrodes based on conductive metal oxides has become very popular in the field of photovoltaics. The application of 3D electrodes holds great promise since they can integrate large amounts of photoactive proteins. In this study photosystem I (PSI) from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus was immobilized on 3D ITO electrodes and electrically wired via the redox protein cytochrome c (cyt c). The main goal, however, was the investigation of construction parameters of such electrodes for achieving a high performance. For this, ITO electrodes were constructed from liquid precursors resulting in improved transmission compared to previous nanoparticle-based preparation protocols. First, the doping level of Sn was varied for establishing suitable conditions for a fast cyt c electrochemistry on such 3D electrodes. In a second step the pore diameter was varied in order to elucidate optimal conditions. Third, the scalability of the template-based preparation was studied from 3 to 15 layers during spin coating and the subsequent baking step. In the thickness range from 3 to 17 μm no limitation in the protein immobilization and also in the photocurrent generation was found. Consequently, a photocurrent of about 270 μA cm-2 and a turnover number (Te) of 30 e- s-1 at PSI were achieved. Because of the high current flow the withdrawal of electrons at the stromal side of PSI becomes clearly rate limiting. Here improved transport conditions and alternative electron acceptors were studied to overcome this limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Ciornii
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, Technical University Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Hochschulring 1, Germany.
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14
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Adachi T, Kataoka K, Kitazumi Y, Shirai O, Kano K. A Bio-solar Cell with Thylakoid Membranes and Bilirubin Oxidase. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Adachi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kunishige Kataoka
- Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitazumi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Osamu Shirai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Kano
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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15
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Pankratov D, Zhao J, Nur MA, Shen F, Leech D, Chi Q, Pankratova G, Gorton L. The influence of surface composition of carbon nanotubes on the photobioelectrochemical activity of thylakoid bioanodes mediated by osmium-complex modified redox polymer. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Vitale S, Laramée-Milette B, Amato ME, Hanan GS, Tuccitto N, Licciardello A. A nano-junction of self-assembled mixed-metal-centre molecular wires on transparent conductive oxides. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4788-4793. [PMID: 30698580 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of stable, highly conductive molecular nano-junctions is one of the main research goals in the field of molecular electronics. In this paper we report on the self-assembly and functional characterisation of highly conductive molecular wires, based on mixed-metal polynuclear complexes, at the surface of a transparent conductive oxide. The adopted synthetic approach involves metal-coordination reactions on oxide surfaces, pre-functionalised with a monolayer of terpyridine moieties that are used as anchoring sites for the integration of ditopic, redox-active ruthenium-bisterpyridine molecules through iron(ii) centres. By the stepwise iteration of the iron-coordination reaction, molecular wires of the desired length can be prepared, which alternate iron and ruthenium centres in the wire backbone. The stepwise assembly of the wires at the transparent conductive oxide surface was characterised by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy and, at the nanoscale, by means of ToF-SIMS measurements. The electrical characteristics of the wires were obtained by the liquid-metal eutectic-gain nano-junction technique, with results that show good electron transport capabilities along the wires. The demonstrated feasibility of the integration of these metal-polypyridinic, redox-active, conductive wires at the surface of a transparent and conductive oxide, and the evidence for good electrical conduction indicates prospective applications in the field of nanoscale molecular optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vitale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and CSGI, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, I 95125, Catania, Italy.
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17
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Dervishogullari D, Gizzie EA, Jennings GK, Cliffel DE. Polyviologen as Electron Transport Material in Photosystem I-Based Biophotovoltaic Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15658-15664. [PMID: 30495963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic protein complex, photosystem I (PSI), can be photoexcited with a quantum efficiency approaching unity and can be integrated into solar energy conversion devices as the photoactive electrode. The incorporation of PSI into conducting polymer frameworks allows for improved conductivity and orientational control in the photoactive layer. Polyviologens are a unique class of organic polycationic polymers that can rapidly accept electrons from a primary donor such as photoexcited PSI and subsequently can donate them to a secondary acceptor. Monomeric viologens, such as methyl viologen, have been widely used as diffusible mediators in wet PSI-based photoelectrochemical cells on the basis of their suitable redox potentials for accepting electrons. Polyviologens possess similar electronic properties to their monomers with the added advantage that they can shuttle electrons in the solid state. Depositing polyviologen directly onto a film of PSI protein results in significant photocurrent enhancement, which confirms its role as an electron-transport material. The polymer film not only improves the photocurrent by aiding the electron transfer but also helps preserve the protein film underneath. The composite polymer-PSI assembly enhances the charge-shuttling processes from individual protein molecules within the PSI multilayer, greatly reducing charge-transfer resistances. The resulting PSI-based solid-state platform demonstrates a much higher photocurrent than the corresponding photoelectrochemical cell built using a similar architecture.
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18
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Utschig LM, Soltau SR, Mulfort KL, Niklas J, Poluektov OG. Z-scheme solar water splitting via self-assembly of photosystem I-catalyst hybrids in thylakoid membranes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8504-8512. [PMID: 30568774 PMCID: PMC6256728 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02841a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature's solar energy converters, the Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII) reaction center proteins, flawlessly manage photon capture and conversion processes in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria to drive oxygenic water-splitting and carbon fixation. Herein, we utilize the native photosynthetic Z-scheme electron transport chain to drive hydrogen production from thylakoid membranes by directional electron transport to abiotic catalysts bound at the stromal end of PSI. Pt-nanoparticles readily self-assemble with PSI in spinach and cyanobacterial membranes as evidenced by light-driven H2 production in the presence of a mediating electron shuttle protein and the sacrificial electron donor sodium ascorbate. EPR characterization confirms placement of the Pt-nanoparticles on the acceptor end of PSI. In the absence of sacrificial reductant, H2 production at PSI occurs via coupling to light-induced PSII O2 evolution as confirmed by correlation of catalytic activity to the presence or absence of the PSII inhibitor DCMU. To create a more sustainable system, first-row transition metal molecular cobaloxime and nickel diphosphine catalysts were found to perform photocatalysis when bound in situ to cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes. Thus, the self-assembly of abiotic catalysts with photosynthetic membranes demonstrates a tenable method for accomplishing solar overall water splitting to generate H2, a renewable and clean fuel. This work benchmarks a significant advance toward improving photosynthetic efficiency for solar fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Utschig
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA .
| | - Sarah R Soltau
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA .
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA .
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA .
| | - Oleg G Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA .
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19
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Longatte G, Sayegh A, Delacotte J, Rappaport F, Wollman FA, Guille-Collignon M, Lemaître F. Investigation of photocurrents resulting from a living unicellular algae suspension with quinones over time. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8271-8281. [PMID: 30542576 PMCID: PMC6238620 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03058h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants, algae, and some bacteria convert solar energy into chemical energy by using photosynthesis. In light of the current energy environment, many research strategies try to benefit from photosynthesis in order to generate usable photobioelectricity. Among all the strategies developed for transferring electrons from the photosynthetic chain to an outer collecting electrode, we recently implemented a method on a preparative scale (high surface electrode) based on a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii green algae suspension in the presence of exogenous quinones as redox mediators. While giving rise to an interesting performance (10-60 μA cm-2) in the course of one hour, this device appears to cause a slow decrease of the recorded photocurrent. In this paper, we wish to analyze and understand this gradual fall in performance in order to limit this issue in future applications. We thus first show that this kind of degradation could be related to over-irradiation conditions or side-effects of quinones depending on experimental conditions. We therefore built an empirical model involving a kinetic quenching induced by incubation with quinones, which is globally consistent with the experimental data provided by fluorescence measurements achieved after dark incubation of algae in the presence of quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Longatte
- PASTEUR , Département de chimie , École Normale Supérieure , PSL University , Sorbonne Université , CNRS , 75005 Paris , France . ;
| | - Adnan Sayegh
- PASTEUR , Département de chimie , École Normale Supérieure , PSL University , Sorbonne Université , CNRS , 75005 Paris , France . ;
| | - Jérôme Delacotte
- PASTEUR , Département de chimie , École Normale Supérieure , PSL University , Sorbonne Université , CNRS , 75005 Paris , France . ;
| | - Fabrice Rappaport
- Laboratory of Membrane and Molecular Physiology at IBPC , UMR7141 CNRS/ Sorbonne Université , 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Francis-André Wollman
- Laboratory of Membrane and Molecular Physiology at IBPC , UMR7141 CNRS/ Sorbonne Université , 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Manon Guille-Collignon
- PASTEUR , Département de chimie , École Normale Supérieure , PSL University , Sorbonne Université , CNRS , 75005 Paris , France . ;
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- PASTEUR , Département de chimie , École Normale Supérieure , PSL University , Sorbonne Université , CNRS , 75005 Paris , France . ;
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20
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Zhao F, Hartmann V, Ruff A, Nowaczyk MM, Rögner M, Schuhmann W, Conzuelo F. Unravelling electron transfer processes at photosystem 2 embedded in an Os-complex modified redox polymer. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Kornienko N, Zhang JZ, Sakimoto KK, Yang P, Reisner E. Interfacing nature's catalytic machinery with synthetic materials for semi-artificial photosynthesis. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:890-899. [PMID: 30291349 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Semi-artificial photosynthetic systems aim to overcome the limitations of natural and artificial photosynthesis while providing an opportunity to investigate their respective functionality. The progress and studies of these hybrid systems is the focus of this forward-looking perspective. In this Review, we discuss how enzymes have been interfaced with synthetic materials and employed for semi-artificial fuel production. In parallel, we examine how more complex living cellular systems can be recruited for in vivo fuel and chemical production in an approach where inorganic nanostructures are hybridized with photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic microorganisms. Side-by-side comparisons reveal strengths and limitations of enzyme- and microorganism-based hybrid systems, and how lessons extracted from studying enzyme hybrids can be applied to investigations of microorganism-hybrid devices. We conclude by putting semi-artificial photosynthesis in the context of its own ambitions and discuss how it can help address the grand challenges facing artificial systems for the efficient generation of solar fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Z Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kelsey K Sakimoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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22
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Cai P, Li G, Yang Y, Su X, Zhang Z. Co-assembly of thylakoid and graphene oxide as a photoelectrochemical composite film for enhanced mediated electron transfer. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Pankratova G, Szypulska E, Pankratov D, Leech D, Gorton L. Electron Transfer between the Gram-Positive Enterococcus faecalis
Bacterium and Electrode Surface through Osmium Redox Polymers. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Pankratova
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University P.O. Box 124; SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Ewelina Szypulska
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warsaw Pasteura 1; 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dmitry Pankratov
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Dónal Leech
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National; University of Ireland Galway; University Road Galway Ireland
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University P.O. Box 124; SE-22100 Lund Sweden
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24
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Scalable long-term extraction of photosynthetic electrons by simple sandwiching of nanoelectrode array with densely-packed algal cell film. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:15-22. [PMID: 29879583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Direct extraction of photosynthetic electrons from the whole photosynthetic cells such as plant cells or algal cells can be highly efficient and sustainable compared to other approaches based on isolated photosynthetic apparatus such as photosystems I, II, and thylakoid membranes. However, insertion of nanoelectrodes (NEs) into individual cells are time-consuming and unsuitable for scale-up processes. We propose simple and efficient insertion of massively-populated NEs into cell films in which algal cells are densely packed in a monolayer. After stacking the cell film over an NE array, gentle pressing of the stack allows a large number of NEs to be inserted into the cells in the cell film. The NE array was fabricated by metal-assisted chemical etching (MAC-etching) followed by additional steps of wet oxidation and oxide etching. The cell film was prepared by mixing highly concentrated algal cells with alginate hydrogel. Photosynthetic currents of up to 106 nA/cm2 was achieved without aid of mediators, and the photosynthetic function was maintained for 6 days after NE array insertion into algal cells.
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25
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Sunlight photocurrent generation from thylakoid membranes on gold nanoparticle modified screen-printed electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Kurbanoglu S, Zafar MN, Tasca F, Aslam I, Spadiut O, Leech D, Haltrich D, Gorton L. Amperometric Flow Injection Analysis of Glucose and Galactose Based on Engineered Pyranose 2-Oxidases and Osmium Polymers for Biosensor Applications. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Ankara University, Tandogan; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - Federico Tasca
- Department of Materials Chemistry; University of Santiago of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Iqra Aslam
- Department of Biochemistry; Govt. College University Faisalabad; Pakistan
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna A-1190 Austria
| | - Dónal Leech
- School of Chemistry & Ryan Institute; National University of Ireland Galway; University Road Galway Ireland
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna A-1190 Austria
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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27
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Thylakoid-Deposited Micro-Pillar Electrodes for Enhanced Direct Extraction of Photosynthetic Electrons. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040189. [PMID: 29587387 PMCID: PMC5923519 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis converts solar energy to electricity in a highly efficient manner. Since only water is needed as fuel for energy conversion, this highly efficient energy conversion process has been rigorously investigated. In particular, photosynthetic apparatus, such as photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI), or thylakoids, have been isolated from various plants to construct bio-hybrid anodes. Although PSII or PSI decorated anodes have shown potentials, there still remain challenges, such as poor stability of PSII-based systems or need for electron donors other than water molecules of PSI-based systems. Thylakoid membranes are relatively stable after isolation and they contain all the necessary photosynthetic apparatus including the PSII and PSI. To increase electrical connections between thylakoids and anodes, nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires, nanoparticles, or graphene have been employed. However, since they rely on the secondary electrical connections between thylakoids and anodes; it is desired to achieve larger direct contacts between them. Here, we aimed to develop micro-pillar (MP) array anodes to maximize direct contact with thylakoids. The thylakoid morphology was analyzed and the MP array was designed to maximize direct contact with thylakoids. The performance of MP anodes and a photosynthetic fuel cell based on MP electrodes was demonstrated and analyzed.
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28
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Longatte G, Guille-Collignon M, Lemaître F. Electrocatalytic Mechanism Involving Michaelis-Menten Kinetics at the Preparative Scale: Theory and Applicability to Photocurrents from a Photosynthetic Algae Suspension With Quinones. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2643-2650. [PMID: 28618080 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past years, many strategies have been implemented to benefit from oxygenic photosynthesis to harvest photosynthetic electrons and produce a significant photocurrent. Therefore, electrochemical tools were considered and have globally relied on the electron transfer(s) between the photosynthetic chain and a collecting electrode. In this context, we recently reported the implementation of an electrochemical set-up at the preparative scale to produce photocurrents from a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae suspension with an appropriate mediator (2,6-DCBQ) and a carbon gauze as the working electrode. In the present work, we wish to describe a mathematical modeling of the recorded photocurrents to better understand the effects of the experimental conditions on the photosynthetic extraction of electrons. In that way, we established a general model of an electrocatalytic mechanism at the preparative scale (that is, assuming a homogenous bulk solution at any time and a constant diffusion layer, both assumptions being valid under forced convection) in which the chemical step involves a Michaelis-Menten-like behaviour. Dependences of transient and steady-state corresponding currents were analysed as a function of different parameters by means of zone diagrams. This model was tested to our experimental data related to photosynthesis. The corresponding results suggest that competitive pathways beyond photosynthetic harvesting alone should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Longatte
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ENS, CNRS, PASTEUR, 75005, Paris, France.,Current address: School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Manon Guille-Collignon
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ENS, CNRS, PASTEUR, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ENS, CNRS, PASTEUR, 75005, Paris, France
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29
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Longatte G, Rappaport F, Wollman FA, Guille-Collignon M, Lemaître F. Electrochemical Harvesting of Photosynthetic Electrons from Unicellular Algae Population at the Preparative Scale by Using 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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30
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31
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Hasan K, Milton RD, Grattieri M, Wang T, Stephanz M, Minteer SD. Photobioelectrocatalysis of Intact Chloroplasts for Solar Energy Conversion. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul Hasan
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ross D. Milton
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matteo Grattieri
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Megan Stephanz
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Tanaka K, Kaneko M, Ishikawa M, Kato S, Ito H, Kamachi T, Kamiya K, Nakanishi S. Specific Interaction between Redox Phospholipid Polymers and Plastoquinone in Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:878-881. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113–8656 Japan
| | - Masahito Ishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furocho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464–8603 Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry Osaka University 1–3, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
| | - Souichiro Kato
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry Osaka University 1–3, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Japan
| | - Hidehiro Ito
- Education Academy of Computational Life Sciences Tokyo Institute of Technology 2–12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152–8550 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kamachi
- Department of Life Science and Technology Graduated School of Bioscience and Biotechnology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2–12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152–8550 Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kamiya
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry Osaka University 1–3, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
| | - Shuji Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry Osaka University 1–3, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
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33
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Hasan K, Grippo V, Sperling E, Packer MA, Leech D, Gorton L. Evaluation of Photocurrent Generation from Different Photosynthetic Organisms. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Utah; 315 S 1400 E Room 2020 Salt lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Valentina Grippo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P.O. Box 124 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Eva Sperling
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P.O. Box 124 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
| | | | - Dónal Leech
- School of Chemistry & Ryan Institute; National University of Ireland Galway; University Road Galway Ireland
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P.O. Box 124 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
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34
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Halan B, Tschörtner J, Schmid A. Generating Electric Current by Bioartificial Photosynthesis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 167:361-393. [PMID: 29224082 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abundant solar energy can be a sustainable source of energy. This chapter highlights recent advancements, challenges, and future scenarios in bioartificial photosynthesis, which is a new subset of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) and technologies. BES technologies exploit the catalytic interactions between biological moieties and electrodes. At the nexus of BES and photovoltaics, this review focuses on light-harvesting technologies based on bioartificial photosynthesis. Such technologies are promising because electrical energy is generated from sunlight and water without the need for additional organic feedstock. This review focuses on photosynthetic electron generation and transfer and compares the current status of bioartificial photosynthesis with other artificial systems that mimic the chemistry of photosynthetic energy transformation.The fundamental principles and the operation of functional units of bioartificial photosynthesis are addressed. Selected photobioelectrochemical systems employed to obtain light-driven electric currents from photosynthetic organisms are presented. The achievable current output and theoretical maxima are revisited by conceptualizing operational and process window techniques. Factors affecting overall photocurrent efficiency, performance limitations, and scaleup bottlenecks are highlighted in view of enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of photobioelectrochemical systems. To finish, the challenges associated with bioartificial photosynthetic technologies are outlined. Graphical Abstract Operational window for (bio-)artificial photosynthesis. Green circle in the upper right corner: development objective for research and engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Halan
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jenny Tschörtner
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Hybrid bio-photo-electro-chemical cells for solar water splitting. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12552. [PMID: 27550091 PMCID: PMC4996976 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical water splitting uses solar power to decompose water to hydrogen and oxygen. Here we show how the photocatalytic activity of thylakoid membranes leads to overall water splitting in a bio-photo-electro-chemical (BPEC) cell via a simple process. Thylakoids extracted from spinach are introduced into a BPEC cell containing buffer solution with ferricyanide. Upon solar-simulated illumination, water oxidation takes place and electrons are shuttled by the ferri/ferrocyanide redox couple from the thylakoids to a transparent electrode serving as the anode, yielding a photocurrent density of 0.5 mA cm−2. Hydrogen evolution occurs at the cathode at a bias as low as 0.8 V. A tandem cell comprising the BPEC cell and a Si photovoltaic module achieves overall water splitting with solar to hydrogen efficiency of 0.3%. These results demonstrate the promise of combining natural photosynthetic membranes and man-made photovoltaic cells in order to convert solar power into hydrogen fuel. Photoelectrochemical water splitting uses solar power to decompose water to hydrogen and oxygen. Here, the authors integrate thylakoid membranes extracted from spinach into a bio-photo-electro-chemical cell capable of overall water splitting without the need for any sacrificial reagents.
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Structure and Modification of Electrode Materials for Protein Electrochemistry. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 158:43-73. [PMID: 27506830 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between proteins and electrode surfaces are of fundamental importance in bioelectrochemistry, including photobioelectrochemistry. In order to optimise the interaction between electrode and redox protein, either the electrode or the protein can be engineered, with the former being the most adopted approach. This tutorial review provides a basic description of the most commonly used electrode materials in bioelectrochemistry and discusses approaches to modify these surfaces. Carbon, gold and transparent electrodes (e.g. indium tin oxide) are covered, while approaches to form meso- and macroporous structured electrodes are also described. Electrode modifications include the chemical modification with (self-assembled) monolayers and the use of conducting polymers in which the protein is imbedded. The proteins themselves can either be in solution, electrostatically adsorbed on the surface or covalently bound to the electrode. Drawbacks and benefits of each material and its modifications are discussed. Where examples exist of applications in photobioelectrochemistry, these are highlighted.
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Longatte G, Rappaport F, Wollman FA, Guille-Collignon M, Lemaître F. Mechanism and analyses for extracting photosynthetic electrons using exogenous quinones – what makes a good extraction pathway? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:969-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00076b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of photosynthetic electrons by exogenous quinones on unicellular green algae was investigated with fluorescence measurements. Zone diagrams were built for defining the most appropriate harvesting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Longatte
- Ecole normale supérieure
- PSL Research University
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
- CNRS
- Département de Chimie
| | - F. Rappaport
- Laboratoire de physiologie membranaire et moléculaire du chloroplaste
- CNRS
- UPMC UMR 7141
- I.B.PC
- 75005 Paris
| | - F.-A. Wollman
- Laboratoire de physiologie membranaire et moléculaire du chloroplaste
- CNRS
- UPMC UMR 7141
- I.B.PC
- 75005 Paris
| | - M. Guille-Collignon
- Ecole normale supérieure
- PSL Research University
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
- CNRS
- Département de Chimie
| | - F. Lemaître
- Ecole normale supérieure
- PSL Research University
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
- CNRS
- Département de Chimie
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Lee J, Im J, Kim S. Mediatorless solar energy conversion by covalently bonded thylakoid monolayer on the glassy carbon electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 108:21-7. [PMID: 26625272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Light reactions of photosynthesis that take place in thylakoid membranes found in plants or cyanobacteria are among the most effective ways of utilizing light. Unlike most researches that use photosystem I or photosystem II as conversion units for converting light to electricity, we have developed a simple method in which the thylakoid monolayer was covalently immobilized on the glassy carbon electrode surface. The activity of isolated thylakoid membrane was confirmed by measuring evolving oxygen under illumination. Glassy carbon surfaces were first modified with partial or full monolayers of carboxyphenyl groups by reductive C-C coupling using 4-aminobenzoic acid and aniline and then thylakoid membrane was bioconjugated through the peptide bond between amine residues of thylakoid and carboxyl groups on the surface. Surface properties of modified surfaces were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, contact angle measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Photocurrent of 230 nA cm(-2) was observed when the thylakoid monolayer was formed on the mixed monolayer of 4-carboxylpheny and benzene at applied potential of 0.4V vs. Ag/AgCl. A small photocurrent resulted when the 4-carboxyphenyl full monolayer was used. This work shows the possibility of solar energy conversion by directly employing the whole thylakoid membrane through simple surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Jaekyun Im
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea.
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Longatte G, Fu HY, Buriez O, Labbé E, Wollman FA, Amatore C, Rappaport F, Guille-Collignon M, Lemaître F. Evaluation of photosynthetic electrons derivation by exogenous redox mediators. Biophys Chem 2015; 205:1-8. [PMID: 26051794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis is the complex process that occurs in plants or algae by which the energy from the sun is converted into an electrochemical potential that drives the assimilation of carbon dioxide and the synthesis of carbohydrates. Quinones belong to a family of species commonly found in key processes of the Living, like photosynthesis or respiration, in which they act as electron transporters. This makes this class of molecules a popular candidate for biofuel cell and bioenergy applications insofar as they can be used as cargo to ship electrons to an electrode immersed in the cellular suspension. Nevertheless, such electron carriers are mostly selected empirically. This is why we report on a method involving fluorescence measurements to estimate the ability of seven different quinones to accept photosynthetic electrons downstream of photosystem II, the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. To this aim we use a mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, impaired in electron downstream of photosystem II and assess the ability of quinones to restore electron flow by fluorescence. In this work, we defined and extracted a "derivation parameter" D that indicates the derivation efficiency of the exogenous quinones investigated. D then allows electing 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone, 2,5-dichlorobenzoquinone and p-phenylbenzoquinone as good candidates. More particularly, our investigations suggested that other key parameters like the partition of quinones between different cellular compartments and their propensity to saturate these various compartments should also be taken into account in the process of selecting exogenous quinones for the purpose of deriving photoelectrons from intact algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Longatte
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Han-Yi Fu
- Laboratoire de physiologie membranaire et moléculaire du chloroplaste, CNRS, UPMC UMR 7141, I.B.P.C., 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eric Labbé
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francis-André Wollman
- Laboratoire de physiologie membranaire et moléculaire du chloroplaste, CNRS, UPMC UMR 7141, I.B.P.C., 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christian Amatore
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Rappaport
- Laboratoire de physiologie membranaire et moléculaire du chloroplaste, CNRS, UPMC UMR 7141, I.B.P.C., 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Manon Guille-Collignon
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
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