1
|
Yamanoi Y. Hydrosilane/Organoiodine Coupling-Enabled Studies of Organosilane Physical Properties. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3325-3341. [PMID: 37939280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThis Account summarizes recent developments in metal-mediated coupling reactions between hydrosilanes and aryl iodides in the presence of Pd(P(t-Bu)3)2 and base. Alkylated organosilanes are obtained when Pt(P(t-Bu)3)2 and a base are employed in reactions between hydrosilanes and aliphatic iodides. These transformations show unusual reactivity compared to the typical behavior of hydrosilanes toward organoiodides in the presence of PdCl2 or PtCl2, and they proceed in high yields under mild conditions. In addition, the reaction demonstrates (1) high functional group tolerances, (2) stepwise introduction of substituents onto silicon atoms from secondary silanes, and (3) transformation without cleavage of weak Si-Si σ bonds in the molecules.This transformation can serve as a powerful tool for the synthesis of functional organosilicon compounds. The advantage is the flexibility in the molecular structure due to the large size compared to carbon. These compounds have relatively sparse packing in the crystalline state, unlike π-conjugated molecules, which induce dense π-π interactions. Consequently, they have significantly different physical properties in solution and in the solid state. Among them, aromatic disilanes and oligosilanes are important substance groups, because the conjugated chain within these molecules expands due to σ-π interaction between Si-Si σ bond and π orbital of aromatic ring. σ-π Conjugation is most efficient when the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring and the Si-Si bond is 90°, resulting in the overlap of σ orbital and π orbital. The conformational structure, packing, and physical properties of these compounds can change in tandem in response to external stimuli through a crystal phase transition. The interlocking changes in structure and physical properties are reversible, easily returning to their original state with different external stimulus. This account covers several important aspects, including solid-state emission with high fluorescence intensity, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) in water-THF system, mechanochromic fluorescence, organic light emitting diode (OLED), second harmonic generation (SHG) and thermosalient phenomena.This reaction can synthesize optically active tertiary and quaternary silanes by the enantioselective arylation of secondary silanes with aryl iodides using a palladium catalyst modified with a TADDOL-derived amide phosphoric acid ester as a chiral ligand. These optically active compounds can be used as useful circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials due to their strong luminescence intensity (Φ) and luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) attributed to the chiral silicon atom. The efficient synthesis of sila-pharmaceuticals using this method as a key step is also described.The technique enables the design and synthesis of various silicon-containing bioactive substances and medical chemicals. Through the synthesis of organosilane compounds using this method, it is anticipated that the development of functional organic silanes will accelerate their practical applications in a wide range of fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Yamanoi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiao L, Zhang AA, Chen J, Li GW, Gao YY, Fan B, Liu L. Palladium-Catalyzed Disilylation of 2-Bromoarylferrocenes: An Efficient Approach to 1-Trimethylsilyl-2-(2-trimethylsilylaryl)ferrocenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
3
|
Rhodium hydride enabled enantioselective intermolecular C–H silylation to access acyclic stereogenic Si–H. Nat Commun 2022; 13:847. [PMID: 35165278 PMCID: PMC8844420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tremendous success of stereogenic carbon compounds has never ceased to inspire researchers to explore the potentials of stereogenic silicon compounds. Intermolecular C–H silylation thus represents the most versatile and straightforward strategy to construct C–Si bonds, however, its enantioselective variant has been scarcely reported to date. Herein we report a protocol that allows for the enantioselective intermolecular C–H bond silylation, leading to the construction of a wide array of acyclic stereogenic Si–H compounds under simple and mild reaction conditions. Key to the success is (1) a substrate design that prevents the self-reaction of prochiral silane and (2) the employment of a more reactive rhodium hydride ([Rh]-H) catalyst as opposed to the commonly used rhodium chloride ([Rh]-Cl) catalyst. This work unveils opportunities in converting simple arenes into value-added stereogenic silicon compounds. Construction of chiral organosilicon compounds could have implications in photophysical, biological, and chemical fields, as silicon is isoelectronic with carbon, and can mimic carbon atoms while providing slightly different properties. Here the authors present an intermolecular, enantioselective C–H silylation of heterocycles via rhodium catalysis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Som S, Choi J, Katsoulis D, Lee KL. A direct method to access various functional arylalkoxysilanes by Rh-catalysed intermolecular C–H silylation of alkoxysilanes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10759-10764. [PMID: 36320708 PMCID: PMC9491085 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03727k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient protocols for intermolecular C–H silylations of unactivated arenes and heteroarenes with HMe2SiOEt are disclosed. The silylations are catalysed by a Rh-complex (0.5 mol%) derived from commercially available [Rh(coe)2Cl]2 and (S,S)-Ph-BPE in the presence of cyclohexene at 100 °C, furnishing desired arylethoxydimethylsilanes up to 99% yield. The regioselectivity is mainly affected by the steric bulk of the substituents in arenes and by electronic effects as an ancillary factor. Mechanistic study revealed that the mono-hydrido dimeric Rh-complex, [Rh2(Ph-BPE)2(μ-H)(μ-Cl)], is an active catalytic intermediate, which further suppresses the formation of redistribution byproducts in the silylation. Preliminary results show that the current protocol can be extended to double C–H silylations affording bis-silylated arenes and is applicable to the silylation of HMeSi(OEt)2 to deliver the corresponding (aryl)SiMe(OEt)2. The control of alkoxysilane redistribution enables the direct access of functional arylalkoxysilanes by Rh-catalyzed C–H silylations.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salina Som
- University of Central Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4111 Libra Drive, PSB #255, Orlando, FL, USA 32816
| | - Jongwook Choi
- Dow Chemical Company, 2200 West Salzburg Road, Auburn, MI, USA 48611
| | | | - Kangsang L. Lee
- University of Central Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4111 Libra Drive, PSB #255, Orlando, FL, USA 32816
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou XH, Fang XJ, Ling FY, Xu Z, Hong LQ, Ye F, Xu LW. Catalytic C(sp)–Si cross-coupling silylation of alkynyl bromides with hydrosilanes by palladium catalysis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01253g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented and convenient Si–C(sp) bond-forming cross-coupling of alkynyl bromides with hydrosilanes has been established for the facile synthesis of alkynylsilanes in good yields and with excellent chemoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Ying Ling
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Li-Quan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
- Deqing Third People's Hospital and The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute (SRI), Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hurst MR, Zakharov LN, Cook AK. The mechanism of oxidative addition of Pd(0) to Si-H bonds: electronic effects, reaction mechanism, and hydrosilylation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13045-13060. [PMID: 34745535 PMCID: PMC8513848 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04419b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative addition of Pd to Si-H bonds is a crucial step in a variety of catalytic applications, and many aspects of this reaction are poorly understood. One important yet underexplored aspect is the electronic effect of silane substituents on reactivity. Herein we describe a systematic investigation of the formation of silyl palladium hydride complexes as a function of silane identity, focusing on electronic influence of the silanes. Using [(μ-dcpe)Pd]2 (dcpe = dicyclohexyl(phosphino)ethane) and tertiary silanes, data show that equilibrium strongly favours products formed from electron-deficient silanes, and is fully dynamic with respect to both temperature and product distribution. A notable kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 1.21 is observed with H/DSiPhMe2 at 233 K, and the reaction is shown to be 0.5th order in [(μ-dcpe)Pd]2 and 1st order in silane. Formed complexes exhibit temperature-dependent intramolecular H/Si ligand exchange on the NMR timescale, allowing determination of the energetic barrier to reversible oxidative addition. Taken together, these results give unique insight into the individual steps of oxidative addition and suggest the initial formation of a σ-complex intermediate to be rate-limiting. The insight gained from these mechanistic studies was applied to hydrosilylation of alkynes, which shows parallel trends in the effect of the silanes' substituents. Importantly, this work highlights the relevance of in-depth mechanistic studies of fundamental steps to catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hurst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Amanda K Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miura H, Hirata R, Tomoya T, Shishido T. Electrophilic C(sp
2
)−H Silylation by Supported Gold Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries Kyoto University 1-30 Goryo-Ohara Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
| | - Ryuji Hirata
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Toyomasu Tomoya
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shishido
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries Kyoto University 1-30 Goryo-Ohara Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang M, Gao S, Tang J, Chen L, Liu A, Sheng S, Zhang AQ. Asymmetric synthesis of chiral organosilicon compounds via transition metal-catalyzed stereoselective C-H activation and silylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8250-8263. [PMID: 34323898 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This feature article details the progress of transition metal-catalyzed stereoselective sp2 and sp3 C-H activation and silylation in the synthesis of chiral organosilicon compounds, and the asymmetric C-H silylation includes intramolecular cyclizing silylation and intermolecular silylation. The silylating reagents include monohydrosilanes, dihydrosilanes, silacylcobutanes and disilanes. In general, catalytic systems include a transition metal salt as the catalyst and a chiral ligand. No external chiral ligand is required in some cases where the chiral substrates act as the source of chirality. Many kinds of silylated compounds with central, axial, planar, or helical chirality have been constructed via C-H activation by asymmetric rhodium, iridium or palladium catalysis. Some pharmacophores and material building blocks were successfully introduced into the target molecules. Some silylated products proved to be useful in medicinal chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and materials science. Besides reaction development, mechanisms for stereoselective C-H activation and silylation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu Campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang J, Liu S, Zhang T, Liu T, Lan Y. Oxidation of Pd(II) with disilane in a palladium-catalyzed disilylation of aryl halides: a theoretical view. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7656-7666. [PMID: 33973588 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00399b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculation has been used to reveal the mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed disilylation reaction of aryl halides. The DFT calculations indicate that the reaction starts with the oxidative addition of the C-I bond to the Pd(0) catalyst. Concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) can then generate a five-membered palladacycle. Insertion of Pd(ii) into the Si-Si bond in disilane followed by two sequential steps of reductive eliminations yields the disilylation product and regenerates the Pd(0) catalyst. According to the NPA charge analysis along the reaction coordinates, the formal oxidative addition of the Si-Si bond to palladium could be considered as the insertion of palladium into the Si-Si bond. However, the conventional oxidative addition of the C-I bond to palladium is exactly an oxidation process with the electron transfer from the palladium atom to the C-I bond. Therefore, electron rich Pd(0) is beneficial for the oxidation process, and Pd(ii) prone to acquire electrons is beneficial for the insertion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Shihan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China. and Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He T, Li B, Liu L, Ma W, He W. Rhodium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Silylation of C sp -H by Silacyclobutanes. Chemistry 2021; 27:5648-5652. [PMID: 33522645 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The signature reactivity of silacyclobutane (SCB) is their cycloaddition reactions with various π bonds. Recently, the first cases were disclosed where SCBs reacted with both Csp2 -H and Csp3 -H σ bonds in an intramolecular fashion. Herein, it is reported that SCB is also an efficient reagent for Csp -H bond silylation. Thus, rhodium-catalyzed intermolecular reactions between SCBs and terminal alkynes produced a series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical tetraorganosilicons bearing a Csp -Si functionality. Preliminary studies suggested that the reaction did not involve a cycloaddition pathway, but instead a direct activation of Csp -H bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of, Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of, Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lichuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of, Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenpeng Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of, Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of, Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang JJ, Xu Z, Nie YX, Lu SQ, Zhang J, Xu LW. Long-Distance Chirality Transfer from P-Ligand to Prochiral Dihydrosilanes via Pd(II) Aryl Iodide Complex in Pd-Catalyzed Silylation of Aryl Iodide: A DFT Study. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14360-14368. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xue Nie
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Si-Qi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Miura H, Masaki Y, Fukuta Y, Shishido T. Silylation of Aryl Chlorides by Bimetallic Catalysis of Palladium and Gold on Alloy Nanoparticles. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental SciencesTokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based SocietyTokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & BatteriesKyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
| | - Yosuke Masaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental SciencesTokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Yohei Fukuta
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental SciencesTokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shishido
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental SciencesTokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based SocietyTokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Research Center for Gold ChemistryTokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & BatteriesKyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu LJ, Yang LF, Li JH, Wang QA. Dicarbonylative benzannulation of 3-acetoxy-1,4-enynes with CO and silylboranes by Pd and Cu cooperative catalysis: one-step access to 3-hydroxyarylacylsilanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1669-1672. [PMID: 31939456 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09077k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A new, general Pd/Cu-cocatalysed dicarbonylative benzannulation of 3-acetoxy-1,4-enynes with CO and silylboranes is described. The method utilizes CO as both a one-carbon (C1) unit and an external addition functional reagent to achieve an unprecedented dicarbonylative benzannulation process, and represents a facile, efficient route to 3-hydroxyarylacylsilanes. Mechanistically, the silyl-Cu intermediate formed from CuF2 and silylboranes, and silyl-Pd intermediate generated by transmetallation are two key factors for successfully targeting the reaction and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Z, Pan D, Li T, Jin Z. N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)-Organocatalyzed Kinetic Resolutions, Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions, and Desymmetrizations. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2149-2163. [PMID: 29900699 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The last couple of decades have witnessed tremendous development within N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalysis. NHCs have been used as powerful organic catalysts in asymmetric synthesis. Although great achievements have been made in asymmetric NHC catalysis, their applications in kinetic resolution (KR), dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR), and desymmetrization processes have been relatively less developed. Moreover, limited activation modes have been involved in these processes. This review provides an overview of the NHC-organocatalyzed KR, DKR, and desymmetrization reactions in the preparation of chiral functional molecules. The aim is to highlight both the importance and elegance of these methods in the construction of challenging chiral compounds and to provide our own perspective on future development in this direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyao Wang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Dingwu Pan
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yoshida T, Ilies L, Nakamura E. Silylation of Aryl Halides with Monoorganosilanes Activated by Lithium Alkoxide. Org Lett 2018; 20:2844-2847. [PMID: 29714484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lithium alkoxide activates a monoorganosilane to generate a transient LiH/alkoxysilane complex, which quickly reacts with aryl and alkenyl halides at 25 °C to deliver a diorganosilane product. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the reaction includes nucleophilic attack of LiH on the halogen atom of the organic halide to generate a transient organolithium/alkoxysilane intermediate, which undergoes quick carbon-silicon bond formation within the complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Laurean Ilies
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fang H, Hou W, Liu G, Huang Z. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Site-Selective Intramolecular Silylation of Primary C-H Bonds for Synthesis of Sila-Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11601-11609. [PMID: 28745875 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating the silicon element into bioactive organic molecules has received increasing attention in medicinal chemistry. Moreover, organosilanes are valuable synthetic intermediates for fine chemicals and materials. Transition metal-catalyzed C-H silylation has become an important strategy for C-Si bond formations. However, despite the great advances in aromatic C(sp2)-H bond silylations, catalytic methods for aliphatic C(sp3)-H bond silylations are relatively rare. Here we report a pincer ruthenium catalyst for intramolecular silylations of various primary C(sp3)-H bonds adjacent to heteroatoms (O, N, Si, Ge), including the first intramolecular silylations of C-H bonds α to O, N, and Ge. This method provides a general, synthetically efficient approach to novel classes of Si-containing five-membered [1,3]-sila-heterocycles, including oxasilolanes, azasilolanes, disila-heterocycles, and germasilolane. The trend in the reactivity of five classes of C(sp3)-H bonds toward the Ru-catalyzed silylation is elucidated. Mechanistic studies indicate that the rate-determining step is the C-H bond cleavage involving a ruthenium silyl complex as the key intermediate, while a η2-silene ruthenium hydride species is determined to be an off-cycle intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaquan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenjun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu Z, Xu JZ, Zhang J, Zheng ZJ, Cao J, Cui YM, Xu LW. Mechanistic Insights into Palladium-Catalyzed Silylation of Aryl Iodides with Hydrosilanes through a DFT Study. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1749-1757. [PMID: 28452198 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic cycles of palladium-catalyzed silylation of aryl iodides, which are initiated by oxidative addition of hydrosilane or aryl iodide through three different mechanisms characterized by intermediates R3 Si-PdII -H (Cycle A), Ar-PdII -I (Cycle B), and PdIV (Cycle C), have been explored in detail by hybrid DFT. Calculations suggest that the chemical selectivity and reactivity of the reaction depend on the ligation state of the catalyst and specific reaction conditions, including feeding order of substrates and the presence of base. For less bulky biligated catalyst, Cycle C is energetically favored over Cycle A, through which the silylation process is slightly favored over the reduction process. Interestingly, for bulky monoligated catalyst, Cycle B is energetically more favored over generally accepted Cycle A, in which the silylation channel is slightly disfavored in comparison to that of the reduction channel. Moreover, the inclusion of base in this channel allows the silylated product become dominant. These findings offer a good explanation for the complex experimental observations. Designing a reaction process that allows the oxidative addition of palladium(0) complex to aryl iodide to occur prior to that with hydrosilane is thus suggested to improve the reactivity and chemoselectivity for the silylated product by encouraging the catalytic cycle to proceed through Cycles B (monoligated Pd0 catalyst) or C (biligated Pd0 catalyst), instead of Cycle A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Zhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Suzhou Research Institute and State Key Laboratory, for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhu F, Spannenberg A, Wu XF. Rhodium-catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of silyl-substituted indenones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:13149-13152. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08210j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel and efficient rhodium-catalyzed procedure for the preparation of silyl-substituted indenones has been developed. With silanes and internal alkynes as the substrates in the presence of CO, good to excellent yields of the desired indenones can be isolated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiang Zhu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cui YM, Lin Y, Xu LW. Catalytic synthesis of chiral organoheteroatom compounds of silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur via asymmetric transition metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
Lee KS, Katsoulis D, Choi J. Intermolecular C–H Silylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes with HSiEt3 under Operationally Diverse Conditions: Neat/Stoichiometric and Acceptor/Acceptorless. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-sang Lee
- Dow Corning Corporation, 2200 West Salzburg Road, Auburn, Michigan 48611, United States
| | - Dimitris Katsoulis
- Dow Corning Corporation, 2200 West Salzburg Road, Auburn, Michigan 48611, United States
| | - Jongwook Choi
- Dow Corning Corporation, 2200 West Salzburg Road, Auburn, Michigan 48611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shimada M, Yamanoi Y, Nishihara H. Unusual Reactivity of Group 14 Hydrides toward Organic Halides: Synthetic Studies and Application to Functional Materials. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2016. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.74.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
22
|
Chen L, Huang JB, Xu Z, Zheng ZJ, Yang KF, Cui YM, Cao J, Xu LW. Palladium-catalyzed Si–C bond-forming silylation of aryl iodides with hydrosilanes: an enhanced enantioselective synthesis of silicon-stereogenic silanes by desymmetrization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12873d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An enantioselective Pd-catalyzed silicon–carbon bond-forming silylation reaction of aryl iodides with hydrosilanes for the synthesis of silicon-stereogenic silanes has been developed with good enantioselectivity under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Bo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Ke-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
| |
Collapse
|