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Cleavage via Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Lignin or Lignin Model Compounds into Functional Chemicals. CHEMENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering5040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin, a complex aromatic polymer with different types of methoxylated phenylpropanoid connections, enables the sustainable supply of value-added chemicals and biofuels through its use as a feedstock. Despite the development of numerous methodologies that upgrade lignin to high-value chemicals such as drugs and organic synthesis intermediates, the variety of valuable products obtained from lignin is still very limited, mainly delivering hydrocarbons and oxygenates. Using selective oxidation and activation cleavage of lignin, we can obtain value-added aromatics, including phenols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acid. However, biorefineries will demand a broad spectrum of fine chemicals in the future, not just simple chemicals like aldehydes and ketones containing simple C = O groups. In particular, most n-containing aromatics, which have found important applications in materials science, agro-chemistry, and medicinal chemistry, such as amide, aniline, and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, are obtained through n-containing reagents mediating the oxidation cleavage in lignin. This tutorial review provides updates on recent advances in different classes of chemicals from the catalytic oxidation system in lignin depolymerization, which also introduces those functionalized products through a conventional synthesis method. A comparison with traditional synthetic strategies reveals the feasibility of the lignin model and real lignin utilization. Promising applications of functionalized compounds in synthetic transformation, drugs, dyes, and textiles are also discussed.
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Bourbiaux D, Pu J, Rataboul F, Djakovitch L, Geantet C, Laurenti D. Reductive or oxidative catalytic lignin depolymerization: An overview of recent advances. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Costa CAE, Vega-Aguilar CA, Rodrigues AE. Added-Value Chemicals from Lignin Oxidation. Molecules 2021; 26:4602. [PMID: 34361756 PMCID: PMC8346967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant component, next to cellulose, in lignocellulosic biomass. Large amounts of this polymer are produced annually in the pulp and paper industries as a coproduct from the cooking process-most of it burned as fuel for energy. Strategies regarding lignin valorization have attracted significant attention over the recent decades due to lignin's aromatic structure. Oxidative depolymerization allows converting lignin into added-value compounds, as phenolic monomers and/or dicarboxylic acids, which could be an excellent alternative to aromatic petrochemicals. However, the major challenge is to enhance the reactivity and selectivity of the lignin structure towards depolymerization and prevent condensation reactions. This review includes a comprehensive overview of the main contributions of lignin valorization through oxidative depolymerization to produce added-value compounds (vanillin and syringaldehyde) that have been developed over the recent decades in the LSRE group. An evaluation of the valuable products obtained from oxidation in an alkaline medium with oxygen of lignins and liquors from different sources and delignification processes is also provided. A review of C4 dicarboxylic acids obtained from lignin oxidation is also included, emphasizing catalytic conversion by O2 or H2O2 oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina A. Esteves Costa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.E.C.); (C.A.V.-A.)
| | - Carlos A. Vega-Aguilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.E.C.); (C.A.V.-A.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha−CIMO, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.E.C.); (C.A.V.-A.)
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Pauletto G, Vaccari A, Groppi G, Bricaud L, Benito P, Boffito DC, Lercher JA, Patience GS. FeCrAl as a Catalyst Support. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7516-7550. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Pauletto
- Chemical Engineering Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Édourd-Montpetit, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 4 Lichtenbergstr, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Angelo Vaccari
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 41036 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Groppi
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes, Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa 34, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Lauriane Bricaud
- Chemical Engineering Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Édourd-Montpetit, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
- Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines, 158 Cours Fauriel, 42023 St Etienne, France
| | - Patricia Benito
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 41036 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daria C. Boffito
- Chemical Engineering Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Édourd-Montpetit, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Johannes A. Lercher
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 4 Lichtenbergstr, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Institute for Integrated Catalysis, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gregory S. Patience
- Chemical Engineering Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Édourd-Montpetit, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
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Macchi A, Plouffe P, Patience GS, Roberge DM. Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Micro‐reactors. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Macchi
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of OttawaOttawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Patrick Plouffe
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of OttawaOttawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Gregory S. Patience
- Department of Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique de Montréal Montréal QC H3C 3A7 Canada
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Menéndez M, Herguido J, Bérard A, Patience GS. Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Reactors—fluidized beds. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Menéndez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Zaragoza50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Javier Herguido
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Zaragoza50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ariane Bérard
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPolytechnique MontréalC.P. 6079, Succ. CV Montréal QC, H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Gregory S. Patience
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPolytechnique MontréalC.P. 6079, Succ. CV Montréal QC, H3C 3A7 Canada
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Bi Z, Lai B, Zhao Y, Yan L. Fast Disassembly of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Lignin and Sugars by Molten Salt Hydrate at Low Temperature for Overall Biorefinery. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2984-2993. [PMID: 30023856 PMCID: PMC6044876 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is a complex of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, whose overall conversion is still a challenge, especially by a fast and efficient method. Here, a very simple method has been developed using acidic molten salt of zinc chloride hydrate as the solvent and catalyst for complete disassembly of lignocellulose at 95 °C and atmospheric pressure in 12 min. The major products are lignin and monosaccharides, such as glucose and xylose. It was found that high-purity lignin in yield of about 20 wt % can be obtained with various biomass, and the maximum yield of glucose from bamboo is 40.56 wt % and that of xylose from wheat straw is 16.82 wt %. Importantly, zinc chloride can be recovered through precipitation by ammonia and reused for next cycles. It provides a simple route to separate and efficiently convert lignocellulose, especially high-grade feedstock for biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lifeng Yan
- E-mail: . Tel: +86-551-63606853.
Fax: +86-551-63603748
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Schutyser W, Renders T, Van den Bosch S, Koelewijn SF, Beckham GT, Sels BF. Chemicals from lignin: an interplay of lignocellulose fractionation, depolymerisation, and upgrading. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:852-908. [PMID: 29318245 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00566k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 823] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of more sustainable and competitive biorefineries, the effective valorisation of lignin is key. An alluring opportunity is the exploitation of lignin as a resource for chemicals. Three technological biorefinery aspects will determine the realisation of a successful lignin-to-chemicals valorisation chain, namely (i) lignocellulose fractionation, (ii) lignin depolymerisation, and (iii) upgrading towards targeted chemicals. This review provides a summary and perspective of the extensive research that has been devoted to each of these three interconnected biorefinery aspects, ranging from industrially well-established techniques to the latest cutting edge innovations. To navigate the reader through the overwhelming collection of literature on each topic, distinct strategies/topics were delineated and summarised in comprehensive overview figures. Upon closer inspection, conceptual principles arise that rationalise the success of certain methodologies, and more importantly, can guide future research to further expand the portfolio of promising technologies. When targeting chemicals, a key objective during the fractionation and depolymerisation stage is to minimise lignin condensation (i.e. formation of resistive carbon-carbon linkages). During fractionation, this can be achieved by either (i) preserving the (native) lignin structure or (ii) by tolerating depolymerisation of the lignin polymer but preventing condensation through chemical quenching or physical removal of reactive intermediates. The latter strategy is also commonly applied in the lignin depolymerisation stage, while an alternative approach is to augment the relative rate of depolymerisation vs. condensation by enhancing the reactivity of the lignin structure towards depolymerisation. Finally, because depolymerised lignins often consist of a complex mixture of various compounds, upgrading of the raw product mixture through convergent transformations embodies a promising approach to decrease the complexity. This particular upgrading approach is termed funneling, and includes both chemocatalytic and biological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schutyser
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Rehder D. Implications of vanadium in technical applications and pharmaceutical issues. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wang M, Lu J, Zhang X, Li L, Li H, Luo N, Wang F. Two-Step, Catalytic C–C Bond Oxidative Cleavage Process Converts Lignin Models and Extracts to Aromatic Acids. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Hongji Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Nengchao Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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Abstract
We combine thermo-chemical processes with oxidative catalysis to convert lignin to aliphatic carboxylic acids mainly C4 acids. Acid selectivity changed with catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Lotfi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Montréal H3C 3A7 (Canada)
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Darabi Mahboub MJ, Lotfi S, Dubois JL, Patience GS. Gas phase oxidation of 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol to methacrylic acid over heteropolyacid catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01025c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteropolyacids with Cs, V and Cu partially oxidize 2MPDO to methacrylic acid (40% selectivity) in the gas phase at 250 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samira Lotfi
- École Polytechnique de Montréal
- Montréal
- H3T IJ4 Canada
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