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Cioc RC, Crockatt M, van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx PCA. The Interplay between Kinetics and Thermodynamics in Furan Diels-Alder Chemistry for Sustainable Chemicals Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114720. [PMID: 35014138 PMCID: PMC9304315 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived furanic platform molecules have emerged as promising building blocks for renewable chemicals and functional materials. To this aim, the Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition stands out as a versatile strategy to convert these renewable resources in highly atom-efficient ways. Despite nearly a century worth of examples of furan DA chemistry, clear structure-reactivity-stability relationships are still to be established. Detailed understanding of the intricate interplay between kinetics and thermodynamics in these very particular [4+2] cycloadditions is essential to push further development and truly expand the scope beyond the ubiquitous addend combinations of electron-rich furans and electron-deficient olefins. Herein, we provide pertinent examples of DA chemistry, taken from various fields, to highlight trends, establish correlations and answer open questions in the field with the aim to support future efforts in the sustainable chemicals and materials production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan C. Cioc
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Crockatt
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNOLeeghwaterstraat 442628CADelftThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. van der Waal
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNOLeeghwaterstraat 442628CADelftThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Cioc R, Crockatt M, Van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx P. The Interplay between Kinetics and Thermodynamics in Furan Diels‐Alder Chemistry for Sustainable Chemicals Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Cioc
- Utrecht University: Universiteit Utrecht Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Marc Crockatt
- TNO Sustainable Process and Energy Systems NETHERLANDS
| | | | - Pieter Bruijnincx
- Utrecht University Chemistry Universiteitsweg99Netherlands 3584 CG Utrecht NETHERLANDS
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3
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Cioc RC, Smak TJ, Crockatt M, van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx PCA. Furoic acid and derivatives as atypical dienes in Diels-Alder reactions. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:5503-5510. [PMID: 34381306 PMCID: PMC8327927 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01535d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The furan Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition reaction has become an important tool in green chemistry, being central to the sustainable synthesis of many chemical building blocks. The restriction to electron-rich furans is a significant limitation of the scope of suitable dienes, in particular hampering the use of the furans most readily obtained from biomass, furfurals and their oxidized variants, furoic acids. Herein, it is shown that despite their electron-withdrawing substituents, 2-furoic acids and derivatives (esters, amides) are in fact reactive dienes in Diels-Alder couplings with maleimide dienophiles. The reactions benefit from a substantial rate-enhancement when water is used as solvent, and from activation of the 2-furoic acids by conversion to the corresponding carboxylate salts. This approach enables Diels-Alder reactions to be performed under very mild conditions, even with highly unreactive dienes such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. The obtained DA adducts of furoic acids are shown to be versatile synthons in the conversion to various saturated and aromatic carbocyclic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan C Cioc
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Tom J Smak
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marc Crockatt
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNO Leeghwaterstraat 44 2628 CA Delft The Netherlands
| | - Jan C van der Waal
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNO Leeghwaterstraat 44 2628 CA Delft The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C A Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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Gómez Millán G, Hellsten S, King AW, Pokki JP, Llorca J, Sixta H. A comparative study of water-immiscible organic solvents in the production of furfural from xylose and birch hydrolysate. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rohling R, Tranca IC, Hensen EJM, Pidko EA. Mechanistic Insight into the [4 + 2] Diels-Alder Cycloaddition over First Row d-Block Cation-Exchanged Faujasites. ACS Catal 2019; 9:376-391. [PMID: 30775064 PMCID: PMC6369662 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder cycloaddition (DAC) is a powerful tool to construct C-C bonds. The DAC reaction can be accelerated in several ways, one of which is reactant confinement as observed in supramolecular complexes and Diels-Alderases. Another method is altering the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of the reactants by using homogeneous transition-metal complexes whose active sites exhibit d-orbitals suitable for net-bonding orbital interactions with the substrates. Both features can be combined in first row d-block (TM) exchanged faujasite catalysts where the zeolite framework acts as a stabilizing ligand for the active site while confining the reactants. Herein, we report on a mechanistic and periodic DFT study on TM-(Cu(I), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cr(III), Sc(III), V(V))exchanged faujasites to elucidate the effect of d-shell filling on the DAC reaction between 2,5-dimethylfuran and ethylene. Two pathways were found: one being the concerted one-step and the other being the stepwise two-step pathway. A decrease in d-shell filling results in a concomitant increase in reactant activation as evidenced by increasingly narrow energy gaps and lower activation barriers. For models holding relatively small d-block cations, the zeolite framework was found to bias the DAC reaction toward an asynchronous one-step pathway instead of the two-step pathway. This work is an example of how the active site properties and the surrounding chemical environment influence the reaction mechanism of chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderigh
Y. Rohling
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ionut C. Tranca
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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Hu Y, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Li G, Wang A, Cong Y, Zhang T, Wang F, Li N. Synthesis of 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic Acid and 1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylates from Formaldehyde, Crotonaldehyde and Acrylate/Fumarate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Hu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhitong Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; College of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Environmental and Biological Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yanting Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Guangyi Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Yu Cong
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Feng Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Ning Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
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Hu Y, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Li G, Wang A, Cong Y, Zhang T, Wang F, Li N. Synthesis of 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic Acid and 1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylates from Formaldehyde, Crotonaldehyde and Acrylate/Fumarate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6901-6905. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Hu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhitong Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; College of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Environmental and Biological Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yanting Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Guangyi Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Yu Cong
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Feng Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Ning Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
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Li H, Riisager A, Saravanamurugan S, Pandey A, Sangwan RS, Yang S, Luque R. Carbon-Increasing Catalytic Strategies for Upgrading Biomass into Energy-Intensive Fuels and Chemicals. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- State-Local Joint Engineering Lab for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Anders Riisager
- Centre
for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shunmugavel Saravanamurugan
- Laboratory
of Bioproduct Chemistry, Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Rajender S. Sangwan
- Laboratory
of Bioproduct Chemistry, Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Song Yang
- State-Local Joint Engineering Lab for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Cordoba, Spain
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Hu Y, Li N, Li G, Wang A, Cong Y, Wang X, Zhang T. Sustainable Production of o-Xylene from Biomass-Derived Pinacol and Acrolein. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:2880-2885. [PMID: 28621498 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
o-Xylene (OX) is a large-volume commodity chemical that is conventionally produced from fossil fuels. In this study, an efficient and sustainable two-step route is used to produce OX from biomass-derived pinacol and acrolein. In the first step, the phosphotungstic acid (HPW)-catalyzed pinacol dehydration in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([emim]Cl) selectively affords 2,3-dimethylbutadiene. The high selectivity of this reaction can be ascribed to the H-bonding interaction between Cl- and the hydroxy group of pinacol. The stabilization of the carbocation intermediate by the surrounding anion Cl- may be another reason for the high selectivity. Notably, the good reusability of the HPW/[emim]Cl system can reduce the waste output and production cost. In the second step, OX is selectively produced by a Diels-Alder reaction of 2,3-dimethylbutadiene and acrolein, followed by a Pd/C-catalyzed decarbonylation/aromatization cascade in a one-pot fashion. The sustainable two-step process efficiently produces renewable OX in 79 % overall yield. Analogously, biomass-derived crotonaldehyde and pinacol can also serve as the feedstocks for the production of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China
- iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Guangyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China
- iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Yu Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China
- iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China
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Ni L, Xin J, Dong H, Lu X, Liu X, Zhang S. A Simple and Mild Approach for the Synthesis of p-Xylene from Bio-Based 2,5-Dimethyfuran by Using Metal Triflates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:2394-2401. [PMID: 28190293 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The production of aromatic platform chemicals from biomass-derived feedstocks is of considerable importance in biomass conversion. However, the development of effective routes with simple steps and under mild conditions is still challenging. In this work, we report an original route for the direct synthesis of p-xylene from 2,5-dimethylfuran and acrylic acid catalyzed by scandium(III) triflate (Sc(OTf)3 ) in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emim]NTf2 ) under mild conditions. An overall 63 % selectivity towards p-xylene and 78 % selectivity towards aromatics were obtained at 90 % conversion of 2,5-dimethylfuran by enhancing the dehydration and introducing an extra one-pot decarboxylation step. Furthermore, various dienes and dienophiles were employed as reactants to extend the substrate scope. The aromatic compounds were obtained in moderate yields, which proved the potential of the method to be a generic approach for the conversion of bio-based furanics into renewable aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Ni
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- Sino Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jiayu Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Huixian Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Xingmei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- Sino Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- Sino Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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