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Yang L, Li F, Xiang Q. Advances and challenges in the modification of photoelectrode materials for photoelectrocatalytic water splitting. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1638-1657. [PMID: 38324371 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00020j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing consumption of fossil fuels, the development of clean and renewable alternative fuels has become a top priority. Hydrogen (H2) is an ideal primary clean energy source for its extremely high gravimetric energy density, carbon-free combustion, and abundant natural resources. Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) water splitting is among the most promising approaches for converting sunlight and water into H2. However, the cost-effectiveness and the overall solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency of PEC water splitting are still big challenges. In the past few decades, several studies have been devoted to this technology, and it is essential to develop economical photoelectrocatalysts with high conversion efficiency. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive and updated review of recent advances in the design, manufacture, and modification of efficient PEC water splitting systems. This review first starts with the basic mechanism of photoelectrochemical water splitting. Then the problems in PEC water splitting are discussed, and the methods of photoelectrode modulation such as nanostructure fabrication, doping engineering, surface modification, and heterojunction construction are introduced. Finally, the critical challenges and future trends/perspectives in the PEC water splitting are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyue Yang
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Fang Li
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Quanjun Xiang
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
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Sadhasivam S, Sadhasivam T, Oh T. Electrochemically synthesized Cd doped ZnO nanorods and integrated atomic Cd-S bridged Cd:ZnO/CdS heterostructure photoanode for enhanced visible light responsive water oxidation applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Kim H, Choe A, Ha SB, Narejo GM, Koo SW, Han JS, Chung W, Kim JY, Yang J, In SI. Quantum Dots, Passivation Layer and Cocatalysts for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201925. [PMID: 36382625 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen production is one potential pathway to establish a carbon-neutral society. Nowadays, quantum dots (QDs)-sensitized semiconductors have emerged as promising materials for PEC hydrogen production due to their tunable bandgap by size or morphology control, displaying excellent optical and electrical properties. Nevertheless, they still suffer from anodic corrosion during long-term cycling, offering poor stability. This Review discussed advancements to improve long-term stability of QDs particularly in terms of cocatalysts and passivation layers. The working principle of PEC cells was reviewed, along with all important configurations adopted over recent years. The equations to assess PEC performance were also described. A greater emphasized was placed on QDs and incorporation of cocatalysts or passivation layers that could enhance the PEC performance by influencing the charge transfer and surface recombination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwapyong Kim
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988 (Republic of, Korea
| | - Ayeong Choe
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988 (Republic of, Korea
| | - Seung Beom Ha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University (DKU), Yongin-si, 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghulam Mustafa Narejo
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988 (Republic of, Korea
| | - Sung Wook Koo
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988 (Republic of, Korea
| | - Ji Su Han
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988 (Republic of, Korea
| | - Wookjin Chung
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988 (Republic of, Korea
| | - Jae-Yup Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University (DKU), Yongin-si, 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Yang
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988 (Republic of, Korea
| | - Su-Il In
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988 (Republic of, Korea
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Gao L, Wang P, Chai H, Li S, Jin J, Ma J. Expediting hole transfer via surface states in hematite-based composite photoanodes. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17044-17052. [PMID: 36367117 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04445e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regarding the indirect hole transfer route in hematite-based photoelectrodes, the widely accepted viewpoint is that the FeIVO states act as a hole transfer medium, while other types of surface states act as recombination centers. Alternatively, it has rarely been reported that the recombining surface states may contribute to the charge transport in modified photoelectrodes. In this study, we employed CoCr layered double hydroxide (LDH)/Fe2O3 and CoCr LDH/Zr:Fe2O3 as research models to investigate the distinct charge transfer pathways in composite photoanodes. Different from the adverse role of surface states at ∼0.7 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (r-SS) in the bare hematite photoelectrodes (Fe2O3 or Zr:Fe2O3), the r-SS in the composite photoanodes (CoCr LDH/Fe2O3 or CoCr LDH/Zr:Fe2O3) served as a hole transfer station to induce high-valent Co cations, and the position of r-SS determined the onset potential of the composite photoelectrodes. Moreover, the FeIVO states still acted as active intermediates to transport numerous holes to the cocatalyst, which enhanced the charge utilization efficiency at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) to a large extent. Besides, a noteworthy fact is that Zr doping increased the number of active FeIVO states, which significantly contributed to the enhancement in current density. However, it led to a delayed onset potential because of the positively shifted surface states (r-SS and FeIVO). Evidently, the different surface state distributions between Fe2O3 and Zr:Fe2O3 gave rise to anisotropic charge transfer and recombination behavior in the composite photoanodes. This study gives extensive insight into the hole transfer route in composite photoanodes and reveals the surface state-tuning effects of dopants and cocatalysts, which are significant for a deep understanding of the surface states and optimal design of composite photoanodes via surface state modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), The Key Laboratory of Catalytic Engineering of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), The Key Laboratory of Catalytic Engineering of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), The Key Laboratory of Catalytic Engineering of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Shuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), The Key Laboratory of Catalytic Engineering of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), The Key Laboratory of Catalytic Engineering of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Jiantai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), The Key Laboratory of Catalytic Engineering of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu, 741001, P. R. China
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Dual-doping in the bulk and the surface to ameliorate the hematite anode for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 624:60-69. [PMID: 35660911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the drawbacks of hematite like poor conductivity and tardy oxidation kinetics, herein, we utilized dual dopants in the bulk and surface to ameliorate the situation. Specifically, doping optimal amount of Zr4+ in the hematite (Zr:Fe2O3) enhances the conductivity of hematite due to the higher charge carrier density. Further, F:FeOOH could form p-n heterojunction in bulk where a potential barrier is built up that repels electrons but prompts holes transferring to F:FeOOH for water oxidation. What's more, the high electronegative of F- would withdraw electron from the Fe site in FeOOH, and the enhanced positive electricity of Fe3+ is beneficial for adsorption of OH- as well as enhance the conductivity of FeOOH to expedite holes transfer. As a result, the composite photoanode (F:FeOOH/Zr:Fe2O3) shows a 3.25-times enhanced photocurrent density comparing with α-Fe2O3. The special designation employs ultrathin F:FeOOH to act as both p-type semiconductor and efficient co-catalyst, avoiding redundant layer that would extend the migration distance of holes. On the top of that, the dual modification approach provides an extensive prospect for the further application of hematite.
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Engineering of cobalt oxide-integrated nitric acid-functionalized Zr-Fe2O3 nanocoral photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0750-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Moi CT, Bhowmick S, Sahu TK, Qureshi M. Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution surpassing benchmark RuO2 using stable, noble metal free vanadium doped hematite co-modified by NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kim S, Mahadik MA, Periyasamy A, Chae WS, Ryu J, Choi SH, Jang JS. Rational design of interface refining through Ti4+/Zr4+ diffusion/doping and TiO2/ZrO2 surface crowning of ZnFe2O4 nanocorals for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between diffusion/doping and surface passivation of TZF NCs exhibits a breakthrough photocurrent density of 0.73 mA cm−2 (1.23 V vs. RHE) with 98% stability over 10 h in the TZF/Al2O3/CoOx photoanode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarang Kim
- Division of Biotechnology
- Advanced Institute of Environmental and Bioscience
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
- Iksan 570-752
| | - Mahadeo A. Mahadik
- Division of Biotechnology
- Advanced Institute of Environmental and Bioscience
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
- Iksan 570-752
| | - Anushkkaran Periyasamy
- Division of Biotechnology
- Advanced Institute of Environmental and Bioscience
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
- Iksan 570-752
| | - Weon-Sik Chae
- Daegu Center
- Korea Basic Science Institute
- Daegu 41566
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Ryu
- Geologic Environment Research Division
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)
- Daejeon 305-350
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Choi
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang 790-784
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jum Suk Jang
- Division of Biotechnology
- Advanced Institute of Environmental and Bioscience
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
- Iksan 570-752
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Mahadik MA, Chae WS, Cho M, Jang JS. Self-supported CdSe nanowire/nanosheet photoanodes on cadmium foil via in situ hydrothermal transformation of CdSe(en) 0.5 complex nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19241-19252. [PMID: 32929435 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04704j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To solve energy crisis, the engineering of highly efficient and cost-effective photoanodes is urgently required for clean fuel generation. Herein, CdSe(en)0.5 (en = ethylenediamine) hybrid photoanodes were synthesized by a solvothermal approach. It was revealed that a second in situ hydrothermal treatment successfully converts cadmium foil-based inorganic-organic CdSe(en)0.5 (en = ethylenediamine) hybrid nanosheets to an oriented cadmium hydroxide crowned CdSe nanowire-decorated porous nanosheet (Cd(OH)2/CdSe NW/NS) heterostructure by dissolution and regrowth mechanisms. The alteration in second hydrothermal reaction conditions could modify the morphology and optical properties of the Cd(OH)2/CdSe NW/NS heterostructure photoanodes. The possible growth mechanism of the Cd(OH)2/CdSe NW/NS porous structure is studied at various second hydrothermal times using the control experiments of the synthesis. The optimized 3D porous Cd(OH)2/CdSe NW/NS photoanodes exhibited an outstanding photocurrent density of 6.1 mA cm-2 at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl, which is approximately 7.6 times higher than that of the inorganic-organic CdSe(en)0.5 hybrid under light irradiation (>420 nm cut off filter). A mechanism is proposed to explain the enhanced charge separation at the Cd(OH)2/CdSe NW/NS photoanode/electrolyte interface, which is supported by PL and photoelectrochemical analyses. These findings open an avenue of phase and morphology transmutation for efficient formation of other hierarchical structures of metal selenides and sulfides. Additionally, the Al2O3 co-catalyst can act as effective hole trapping sites and improves the stability of the photoelectrode through the timely consumption of photogenerated charges, particularly holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadeo A Mahadik
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environmental and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Republic of Korea.
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Lee S, Ryu H, Lee WJ, Bae JS. Improvement of an Al2O3/CuO heterostructure photoelectrode by controlling the Al2O3 precursor concentration. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Meshram N, Mahadik MA, Jeong IK, Seo YS, Cho M, Jang JS. Effect of tetravalent ions dopants and CoO surface modification on hematite nanorod array for photoelectrochemical degradation of Orange-II dye. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Facile synthesis of Bi2S3 nanosheet/Zr:Fe2O3 nanorod heterojunction: Effect of Ag interlayer on the change transport and photoelectrochemical stability. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Park JW, Subramanian A, Mahadik MA, Lee SY, Choi SH, Jang JS. Insights into the enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of hydrothermally controlled hematite nanostructures for proficient solar water oxidation. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:4076-4086. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04536k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A controlled hydrothermal reaction time showed an improvement in the PEC performance of 1D α-Fe2O3 nanorods due to an optimum aspect ratio and Sn4+ diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Park
- Division of Biotechnology
- Safety
- Environment and Life Science Institute
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
| | - Arunprabaharan Subramanian
- Division of Biotechnology
- Safety
- Environment and Life Science Institute
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
| | - Mahadeo A. Mahadik
- Division of Biotechnology
- Safety
- Environment and Life Science Institute
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
| | - Su Yong Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang 37673
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Choi
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang 37673
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jum Suk Jang
- Division of Biotechnology
- Safety
- Environment and Life Science Institute
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
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Yu Y, Wang E. Noble-metal-free ternary CN–ZCS–NiS nanocomposites for enhanced solar photocatalytic H2-production activity. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1171-1178. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03553e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nanocomposite of ZCS/CN heterojunctions loaded with NiS possesses photocatalytic hydrogen production activity 405 times higher than the pure CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun, Jilin 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Enbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun, Jilin 130024
- P. R. China
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Huang X, Woo H, Wu P, Hong HJ, Jung WG, Kim BJ, Vanel JC, Choi JW. Simple eco-friendly synthesis of the surfactant free SnS nanocrystal toward the photoelectrochemical cell application. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16531. [PMID: 29184092 PMCID: PMC5705658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, low cost, non-toxic and eco-friendly pathway for synthesizing efficient sunlight-driven tin sulfide photocatalyst was studied. SnS nanocrystals were prepared by using mechanical method. The bulk SnS was obtained by evaporation of SnS nanocrystal solution. The synthesized samples were characterized by using XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-vis, and Raman analyses. Well crystallized SnS nanocrystals were verified and the electrochemical characterization was also performed under visible light irradiation. The SnS nanocrystals have shown remarkable photocurrent density of 7.6 mA cm-2 under 100 mW cm-2 which is about 10 times larger than that of the bulk SnS under notably stable operation conditions. Furthermore, the SnS nanocrystals presented higher stability than the bulk form. The IPCE(Incident photon to current conversion efficiency) of 9.3% at 420 nm was obtained for SnS nanocrystal photoanode which is strikingly higher than that of bulk SnS, 0.78%. This work suggests that the enhancement of reacting area by using SnS nanocrystal absorbers could give rise to the improvement of photoelectrochemical cell efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heechul Woo
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Korea
| | - Peinian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hyo Jin Hong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Gil Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Joong Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean-Charles Vanel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces, LPICM, UMR 7647 CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Jin Woo Choi
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Korea.
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