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Rossino G, Marrubini G, Brindisi M, Granje M, Linciano P, Rossi D, Collina S. A green Heck reaction protocol towards trisubstituted alkenes, versatile pharmaceutical intermediates. Front Chem 2024; 12:1431382. [PMID: 39050371 PMCID: PMC11266092 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1431382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Heck reaction is widely employed to build a variety of biologically relevant scaffolds and has been successfully implemented in the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Typically, the reaction with terminal alkenes gives high yields and stereoselectivity toward the trans-substituted alkenes product, and many green variants of the original protocol have been developed for such substrates. However, these methodologies may not be applied with the same efficiency to reactions with challenging substrates, such as internal olefins, providing trisubstituted alkenes. In the present work, we have implemented a Heck reaction protocol under green conditions to access trisubstituted alkenes as final products or key intermediates of pharmaceutical interest. A set of preliminary experiments performed on a model reaction led to selecting a simple and green setup based on a design of experiments (DoE) study. In such a way, the best experimental conditions (catalyst loading, equivalents of alkene, base and tetraalkylammonium salt, composition, and amount of solvent) have been identified. Then, a second set of experiments were performed, bringing the reaction to completion and considering additional factors. The protocol thus defined involves using EtOH as the solvent, microwave (mw) irradiation to achieve short reaction times, and the supported catalyst Pd EnCat®40, which affords an easier recovery and reuse. These conditions were tested on different aryl bromides and internal olefines to evaluate the substrate scope. Furthermore, with the aim to limit as much as possible the production of waste, a simple isomerization procedure was developed to convert the isomeric byproducts into the desired conjugated E alkene, which is also the thermodynamically favoured product. The approach herein disclosed represents a green, efficient, and easy-to-use handle towards different trisubstituted alkenes via the Heck reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Marc Granje
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Li Y, Zhao C, Wang Z, Zeng Y. Halogen Bond Catalysis: A Physical Chemistry Perspective. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:507-527. [PMID: 38214658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
As important noncovalent interactions, halogen bonds have been widely used in material science, supramolecular chemistry, medicinal chemistry, organocatalysis, and other fields. In the past 15 years, halogen bond catalysis has become a developed field in organocatalysis for the catalysts' advantages of being environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and recyclable. Halogen bonds can induce various organic reactions, and halogen bond catalysis has become a powerful alternative to the fully explored hydrogen bond catalysis. From a physical chemistry view, this perspective provides an overview of the latest progress and key examples of halogen bond catalysis via activation of the lone pair systems of organic functional group, π systems, and metal complexes. The research progresses in halogen bond catalysis by our group were also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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Li Y, Zhao C, Zhang H, Zeng Y. Halogen bond catalysis of the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of 2-alkenylindoles: catalytic modes and stereoselectivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:477-484. [PMID: 38078846 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Halogen bond donor catalysts have been widely used in organic reactions because they are environmentally friendly, inexpensive and recyclable. The [4+2] cycloaddition reaction is a key reaction in organic synthesis because of its ease of use, fast speed, and wide range of applications. In this work, halogen bond catalysis in the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction between 2-alkenylindoles was investigated based on DFT calculations. There are two modes of I⋯π halogen bond catalysis: either on the ethenyl of 2-alkenylindole (mode A) or on the five-membered ring of 2-alkenylindole (mode B). Both modes involve two steps: the formation of carbon-carbon bonds and the formation of six-membered rings. Gibbs free energy barriers were determined to investigate the stereoselectivity of the endo pathway and exo pathway. For mode A, the exo products were more easily generated when the substituent R = H, and the N-H⋯π interaction promoted high endo selectivity in the case of the substituent R = Ph. For mode B, an increasing proportion of endo products can be obtained in the order of catalyst I2, IBr and ICl. The π⋯π interaction of the substituent R = Ph promotes the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction, which is consistent with the experimental observation that R = Ph has a higher yield than R = H. The study of different catalytic modes and stereoselectivity would provide new ideas for the further study of the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Chang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Yanli Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Ward LC, McCue HV, Rigden DJ, Kershaw NM, Ashbrook C, Hatton H, Goulding E, Johnson JR, Carnell AJ. Carboxyl Methyltransferase Catalysed Formation of Mono- and Dimethyl Esters under Aqueous Conditions: Application in Cascade Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117324. [PMID: 35138660 PMCID: PMC9307002 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Carboxyl methyltransferase (CMT) enzymes catalyse the biomethylation of carboxylic acids under aqueous conditions and have potential for use in synthetic enzyme cascades. Herein we report that the enzyme FtpM from Aspergillus fumigatus can methylate a broad range of aromatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids in good to excellent conversions. The enzyme shows high regioselectivity on its natural substrate fumaryl-l-tyrosine, trans, trans-muconic acid and a number of the dicarboxylic acids tested. Dicarboxylic acids are generally better substrates than monocarboxylic acids, although some substituents are able to compensate for the absence of a second acid group. For dicarboxylic acids, the second methylation shows strong pH dependency with an optimum at pH 5.5-6. Potential for application in industrial biotechnology was demonstrated in a cascade for the production of a bioplastics precursor (FDME) from bioderived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C. Ward
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Hannah V. McCue
- GeneMill, Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
| | - Daniel J. Rigden
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
| | - Neil M. Kershaw
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Chloe Ashbrook
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Harry Hatton
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Ellie Goulding
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - James R. Johnson
- GeneMill, Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
| | - Andrew J. Carnell
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
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Ward LC, McCue HV, Rigden DJ, Kershaw NM, Ashbrook C, Hatton H, Goulding E, Johnson JR, Carnell AJ. Carboxyl Methyltransferase Catalysed Formation of Mono‐ and Dimethyl Esters under Aqueous Conditions: Application in Cascade Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C. Ward
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Hannah V. McCue
- GeneMill, Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZB UK
| | - Daniel J. Rigden
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZB UK
| | - Neil M. Kershaw
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Chloe Ashbrook
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Harry Hatton
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Ellie Goulding
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - James R. Johnson
- GeneMill, Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZB UK
| | - Andrew J. Carnell
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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Luo X, Lu R, Jiang H, Si X, Xu J, Lu F. Catalytic Conversion of Sugar-Derived Polyhydroxy Acid to Trimellitate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huifang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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Engineering glucose metabolism for enhanced muconic acid production in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Metab Eng 2020; 59:64-75. [PMID: 31931111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 has received increasing attention as an important biocatalyst for the conversion of diverse carbon sources to multiple products, including the olefinic diacid, cis,cis-muconic acid (muconate). P. putida has been previously engineered to produce muconate from glucose; however, periplasmic oxidation of glucose causes substantial 2-ketogluconate accumulation, reducing product yield and selectivity. Deletion of the glucose dehydrogenase gene (gcd) prevents 2-ketogluconate accumulation, but dramatically slows growth and muconate production. In this work, we employed adaptive laboratory evolution to improve muconate production in strains incapable of producing 2-ketogluconate. Growth-based selection improved growth, but reduced muconate titer. A new muconate-responsive biosensor was therefore developed to enable muconate-based screening using fluorescence activated cell sorting. Sorted clones demonstrated both improved growth and muconate production. Mutations identified by whole genome resequencing of these isolates indicated that glucose metabolism may be dysregulated in strains lacking gcd. Using this information, we used targeted engineering to recapitulate improvements achieved by evolution. Deletion of the transcriptional repressor gene hexR improved strain growth and increased the muconate production rate, and the impact of this deletion was investigated using transcriptomics. The genes gntZ and gacS were also disrupted in several evolved clones, and deletion of these genes further improved strain growth and muconate production. Together, these targets provide a suite of modifications that improve glucose conversion to muconate by P. putida in the context of gcd deletion. Prior to this work, our engineered strain lacking gcd generated 7.0 g/L muconate at a productivity of 0.07 g/L/h and a 38% yield (mol/mol) in a fed-batch bioreactor. Here, the resulting strain with the deletion of hexR, gntZ, and gacS achieved 22.0 g/L at 0.21 g/L/h and a 35.6% yield (mol/mol) from glucose in similar conditions. These strategies enabled enhanced muconic acid production and may also improve production of other target molecules from glucose in P. putida.
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Mascal M. Across the Board: Mark Mascal on the Challenges of Lignin Biorefining. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:274-277. [PMID: 31793729 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this series of articles, the board members of ChemSusChem discuss recent research articles that they consider of exceptional quality and importance for sustainability. This entry features Prof. M. Mascal, who describes some creative solutions to the challenge of lignin biorefining and shares thoughts about how the purposes of sustainability are best served. Topics discussed include lignin saturation and hydrodeoxygenation, lignin isolation, a lignin to muconic acid pathway, and the production of 2,4- and 2,5-pyrinedicarboxylic acids from lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mascal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Riverside, 95616, USA
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