1
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The importance of Brønsted acid sites on C O bond rupture selectivities during hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of esters. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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2
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Nakagawa Y, Hayasaka H, Asano T, Tamura M, Okumura K, Tomishige K. One-pot production of dioctyl ether from 1,2-octanediol over rutile-titania-supported palladium-tungsten catalyst. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Pfriem N, Liu Y, Zahn F, Shi H, Haller GL, Lercher JA. Impact of the Local Concentration of Hydronium Ions at Tungstate Surfaces for Acid-Catalyzed Alcohol Dehydration. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20133-20143. [PMID: 34813324 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tungstate domains supported on ZrO2, Al2O3, TiO2, and activated carbon drastically influence the hydronium-ion-catalyzed aqueous-phase dehydration of alcohols. For all catalysts, the rate of cyclohexanol dehydration normalized to the concentration of Brønsted acid sites (turnover frequencies, TOFs) was lower for monotungstates than for polytungstates and larger crystallites of WO3. TOFs were constant when reaching or exceeding the monolayer coverage of tungstate, irrespective of the specific nature of surface structures that continuously evolve with the surface W loading. However, the TOFs with polytungstates and large WO3 crystallites depend strongly on the underlying support (e.g., WOx/C catalysts are 10-50-fold more active than WOx/Al2O3 catalysts). The electrical double layer (EDL) surrounding the negatively charged WOx domains contains hydrated hydronium ions, whose local concentrations change with the support. This varying concentration of interfacial hydronium ions ("local ionic strength") impacts the excess chemical potential of the reacting alcohols and induces the marked differences in the TOFs. Primary H/D kinetic isotope effects (∼3), together with the substantially positive entropy of activation (111-195 J mol-1 K-1), indicate that C-H(D) bond cleavage is involved in the kinetically relevant step of an E1-type mechanistic sequence, regardless of the support identity. The remarkable support dependence of the catalytic activity observed here for the aqueous-phase dehydration of cycloalkanols likely applies to a broad set of hydronium-ion-catalyzed organic reactions sensitive to ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Pfriem
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Florian Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Hui Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Gary L Haller
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Garching 85747, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8682, United States
| | - Johannes A Lercher
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Garching 85747, Germany.,Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Lluna‐Galán C, Izquierdo‐Aranda L, Adam R, Cabrero‐Antonino JR. Catalytic Reductive Alcohol Etherifications with Carbonyl-Based Compounds or CO 2 and Related Transformations for the Synthesis of Ether Derivatives. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3744-3784. [PMID: 34237201 PMCID: PMC8518999 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ether derivatives have myriad applications in several areas of chemical industry and academia. Hence, the development of more effective and sustainable protocols for their production is highly desired. Among the different methodologies reported for ether synthesis, catalytic reductive alcohol etherifications with carbonyl-based moieties (aldehydes/ketones and carboxylic acid derivatives) have emerged in the last years as a potential tool. These processes constitute appealing routes for the selective production of both symmetrical and asymmetrical ethers (including O-heterocycles) with an increased molecular complexity. Likewise, ester-to-ether catalytic reductions and hydrogenative alcohol etherifications with CO2 to dialkoxymethanes and other acetals, albeit in less extent, have undergone important advances, too. In this Review, an update of the recent progresses in the area of catalytic reductive alcohol etherifications using carbonyl-based compounds and CO2 have been described with a special focus on organic synthetic applications and catalyst design. Complementarily, recent progress made in catalytic acetal/ketal-to-ether or ester-to-ether reductions and other related transformations have been also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Lluna‐Galán
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politécnica de València-Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC)Avda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Luis Izquierdo‐Aranda
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politécnica de València-Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC)Avda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Rosa Adam
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politécnica de València-Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC)Avda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Jose R. Cabrero‐Antonino
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politécnica de València-Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC)Avda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
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Shetty M, Wang H, Chen F, Jaegers N, Liu Y, Camaioni DM, Gutiérrez OY, Lercher JA. Directing the Rate-Enhancement for Hydronium Ion Catalyzed Dehydration via Organization of Alkanols in Nanoscopic Confinements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2304-2311. [PMID: 33009700 PMCID: PMC7898603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alkanol dehydration rates catalyzed by hydronium ions are enhanced by the dimensions of steric confinements of zeolite pores as well as by intraporous intermolecular interactions with other alkanols. The higher rates with zeolite MFI having pores smaller than those of zeolite BEA for dehydration of secondary alkanols, 3-heptanol and 2-methyl-3-hexanol, is caused by the lower activation enthalpy in the tighter confinements of MFI that offsets a less positive activation entropy. The higher activity in BEA than in MFI for dehydration of a tertiary alkanol, 2-methyl-2-hexanol, is primarily attributed to the reduction of the activation enthalpy by stabilizing intraporous interactions of the Cβ -H transition state with surrounding alcohol molecules. Overall, we show that the positive impact of zeolite confinements results from the stabilization of transition state provided by the confinement and intermolecular interaction of alkanols with the transition state, which is impacted by both the size of confinements and the structure of alkanols in the E1 pathway of dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Shetty
- Institute of Integrated CatalysisPacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)P.O. Box 999RichlandWA99352USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Institute of Integrated CatalysisPacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)P.O. Box 999RichlandWA99352USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Integrated CatalysisPacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)P.O. Box 999RichlandWA99352USA
| | - Nicholas Jaegers
- Institute of Integrated CatalysisPacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)P.O. Box 999RichlandWA99352USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485747MünchenGermany
| | - Donald M. Camaioni
- Institute of Integrated CatalysisPacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)P.O. Box 999RichlandWA99352USA
| | - Oliver Y. Gutiérrez
- Institute of Integrated CatalysisPacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)P.O. Box 999RichlandWA99352USA
| | - Johannes A. Lercher
- Institute of Integrated CatalysisPacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)P.O. Box 999RichlandWA99352USA
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485747MünchenGermany
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6
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Shetty M, Wang H, Chen F, Jaegers N, Liu Y, Camaioni DM, Gutiérrez OY, Lercher JA. Directing the Rate‐Enhancement for Hydronium Ion Catalyzed Dehydration via Organization of Alkanols in Nanoscopic Confinements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Shetty
- Institute of Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) P.O. Box 999 Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Institute of Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) P.O. Box 999 Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) P.O. Box 999 Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Nicholas Jaegers
- Institute of Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) P.O. Box 999 Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technical University München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 München Germany
| | - Donald M. Camaioni
- Institute of Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) P.O. Box 999 Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Oliver Y. Gutiérrez
- Institute of Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) P.O. Box 999 Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Johannes A. Lercher
- Institute of Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) P.O. Box 999 Richland WA 99352 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technical University München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 München Germany
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Chang H, Bajaj I, Huber GW, Maravelias CT, Dumesic JA. Catalytic strategy for conversion of fructose to organic dyes, polymers, and liquid fuels. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2020; 22:5285-5295. [PMID: 34703386 PMCID: PMC8544604 DOI: 10.1039/d0gc01576h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a process to produce a versatile platform chemical from biomass-derived fructose for organic dye, polymer, and liquid fuel industries. An aldol-condensed chemical (HAH) is synthesized as a platform chemical from fructose by catalytic reactions in acetone/water solvent with non-noble metal catalysts (e.g., HCl, NaOH). Then, selective reactions (e.g., etherification, reduction, dimerization) of the functional groups, such as enone and hydroxyl groups, in the HAH molecule enable applications in organic dyes and polyether precursors. High yields of target products, such as 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural (HMF) (85.9% from fructose) and HAH (86.3% from HMF) are achieved by sequential dehydration and aldol-condensation with a simple purification process (>99% HAH purity). The use of non-noble metal catalysts, the high yield of each reaction, and the simple purification of the target product allow for beneficial economics of the process. Techno-economic analysis indicates that the process produces HAH at minimum selling price (MSP) of $1958/ton. The MSP of HAH product allows the economic viability of applications in organic dye and polyether markets by replacing its counterparts, such as anthraquinone ($3200-$3900/ton) and bisphenol-A ($1360-$1720/ton).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hochan Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ishan Bajaj
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - George W. Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christos T. Maravelias
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - James A. Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Corresponding :
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8
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Qi L, Zhang Y, Conrad MA, Russell CK, Miller J, Bell AT. Ethanol Conversion to Butadiene over Isolated Zinc and Yttrium Sites Grafted onto Dealuminated Beta Zeolite. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14674-14687. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qi
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew A. Conrad
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher K. Russell
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexis T. Bell
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Allen MC, Hoffman AJ, Liu TW, Webber MS, Hibbitts D, Schwartz TJ. Highly Selective Cross-Etherification of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural with Ethanol. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C. Allen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Forest Bioproducts Research Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Alexander J. Hoffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32612, United States
| | - Tsung-wei Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32612, United States
| | - Matthew S. Webber
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - David Hibbitts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32612, United States
| | - Thomas J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Forest Bioproducts Research Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Frontier Institute for Research in Sensor Technology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
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10
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Yu Z, Lu X, Bai H, Xiong J, Feng W, Ji N. Effects of Solid Acid Supports on the Bifunctional Catalysis of Levulinic Acid to γ‐Valerolactone: Catalytic Activity and Stability. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1182-1201. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
| | - Xuebin Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science School of Science Tibet University Lhasa 850000 P.R. China
| | - Hui Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science School of Science Tibet University Lhasa 850000 P.R. China
| | - Wenli Feng
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science School of Science Tibet University Lhasa 850000 P.R. China
| | - Na Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
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11
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Aziz MAA, Jalil AA, Wongsakulphasatch S, Vo DVN. Understanding the role of surface basic sites of catalysts in CO2 activation in dry reforming of methane: a short review. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface oxygen basic sites are vital to the CO2 activation in dry reforming of methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. A. Aziz
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 UTM Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - A. A. Jalil
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 UTM Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - S. Wongsakulphasatch
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok
- 10800 Bangkok
- Thailand
| | - Dai-Viet N. Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN)
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City 755414
- Vietnam
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12
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Performance-advantaged ether diesel bioblendstock production by a priori design. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26421-26430. [PMID: 31843899 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911107116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass offers a renewable carbon source which can be anaerobically digested to produce short-chain carboxylic acids. Here, we assess fuel properties of oxygenates accessible from catalytic upgrading of these acids a priori for their potential to serve as diesel bioblendstocks. Ethers derived from C2 and C4 carboxylic acids are identified as advantaged fuel candidates with significantly improved ignition quality (>56% cetane number increase) and reduced sooting (>86% yield sooting index reduction) when compared to commercial petrodiesel. The prescreening process informed conversion pathway selection toward a C11 branched ether, 4-butoxyheptane, which showed promise for fuel performance and health- and safety-related attributes. A continuous, solvent-free production process was then developed using metal oxide acidic catalysts to provide improved thermal stability, water tolerance, and yields. Liter-scale production of 4-butoxyheptane enabled fuel property testing to confirm predicted fuel properties, while incorporation into petrodiesel at 20 vol % demonstrated 10% improvement in ignition quality and 20% reduction in intrinsic sooting tendency. Storage stability of the pure bioblendstock and 20 vol % blend was confirmed with a common fuel antioxidant, as was compatibility with elastomeric components within existing engine and fueling infrastructure. Technoeconomic analysis of the conversion process identified major cost drivers to guide further research and development. Life-cycle analysis determined the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50 to 271% relative to petrodiesel, depending on treatment of coproducts.
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Rorrer JE, Toste FD, Bell AT. Mechanism and Kinetics of Isobutene Formation from Ethanol and Acetone over ZnxZryOz. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie E. Rorrer
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexis T. Bell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Method for Effective Improvement of Cyclodextrin Yield and Product Specificity. Chem Res Chin Univ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-019-8406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rorrer JE, Bell AT, Toste FD. Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Ethers for Use as Fuels and Lubricants. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:2835-2858. [PMID: 31232521 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ethers synthesized from biomass-derived compounds have exceptional properties as fuels, lubricants, and specialty chemicals and can serve as replacements for petroleum-derived products. Recent efforts have identified heterogeneous catalysts for the selective synthesis of ethers from alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, furans, esters, olefins, carboxylic acids, and other molecules derived from biomass. This Review highlights the scope of etherification reactions and provides insights into the choice of catalysts and reaction conditions best suited for producing targeted ethers from the available starting materials. First, the properties of ethers for specific applications and the methods by which synthons for ether synthesis can be obtained from biomass are discussed. Then the progress that has been made on the synthesis of ethers via the following methods is summarized: direct etherification of alcohols; reductive etherification of alcohols with aldehydes or ketones; etherification of furanic compounds, esters, and carboxylic acids; and the addition of alcohols to olefins. Next, the mechanisms of these reactions and catalyst properties required to promote them are discussed, with the goal of understanding how reaction conditions can be tuned to optimize catalyst activity and selectivity towards desired ethers. The Review closes by examining the tradeoffs between catalyst selectivity, activity, stability, and reaction conditions required to achieve the most economically and environmentally favorable routes to biomass-derived ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Rorrer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alexis T Bell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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